Proto-Uralic/new: Difference between revisions
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(reconstruction of Mari etc.) |
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| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "blood" | | "blood" | ||
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || | | *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || *wöör <!--Hi @ ~ Me ü-->|| *vir || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "water" | | "water" | ||
| *veti || - || veď || | | *veti || - || veď || *wööt || U. vu ~ K. va || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt | ||
| ← IE? | | ← IE? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to go" | | "to go" | ||
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || '''mije-''' || U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- || mën- || *min- || *men- || *mên- | | *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || '''*mije-''' || U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- || mën- || *min- || *men- || *mên- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to do" | | "to do" | ||
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || tëv- || *tij- || *tej- || - | | *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || tëv- || *tij- || *tej- || - | ||
| ← IE | | ← IE | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to hit" | | "to hit" | ||
| *löö- || - || - || lüe- || K. lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw- | | *löö- || - || - || *lüe- || K. lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw- | ||
| WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi? | | WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "lip" | | "lip" | ||
| - || *pɤŋsɤm || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän''' | | - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän''' | ||
| -ms- ? | | -ms- ? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 57: | Line 53: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "skin" | | "skin" | ||
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || | | *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || *köör || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti | ||
| OU *kEr | | OU *kEr | ||
|- | |||
| "skin" | |||
| *keti || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || - | |||
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "middle" | | "middle" | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to be in time" | | "to be in time" | ||
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || əšte- || K. eštɯ- || - || - || - || - | | *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *əšte- <!-- Hi ə ~ Me ɤ--> || K. eštɯ- || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "leaf" | | "leaf" | ||
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || ləštaš || - || - || - || - || - | | *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *ləštaš || - || - || - || - || - | ||
| ← IE | | ← IE | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 92: | Line 92: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "matter" | | "matter" | ||
| - || *séjɤ || sij || šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| eev || style="color:red"| '''*säj''' || *ɬöj || *tiəj | | - || *séjɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| eev || style="color:red"| '''*säj''' || *ɬöj || *tiəj | ||
| *sexji | | *sexji | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "mushroom" | | "mushroom" | ||
| *seeni || '''*čáná''' || - || | | *seeni || '''*čáná''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || *šiinəɣ || *säänəɣ || - | ||
| *śexni | | *śexni | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 112: | Line 112: | ||
| "to find" | | "to find" | ||
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || - | | *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "brother" | | "brother" | ||
| Line 121: | Line 120: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "tongue" | | "tongue" | ||
| *keeli || *kélɤ || *käĺ || | | *keeli || *kélɤ || *käĺ || *kəl || *kɯl || - || *kääl || *kööl || *keəj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "broth" | | "broth" | ||
| *leemi || *lémɤ || *ĺäm || lem || U. lɯm ~ K. '''ĺem''' || lee || *lääm || - || - | | *leemi || *lémɤ || *ĺäm || *lem || U. lɯm ~ K. '''ĺem''' || lee || *lääm || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "mind" | | "mind" | ||
| Line 133: | Line 132: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to swallo" | | "to swallo" | ||
| *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- <!-- -M in Komi-->|| ńel- || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-''' | | *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || *nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- <!-- -M in Komi-->|| ńel- || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-''' | ||
| CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää- | | CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 157: | Line 156: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "thick" | | "thick" | ||
| - || *kɤsé || - || | | - || *kɤsé || - || *kööžgə || *kɯz || - || - || *köɬ || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "heart" | | "heart" | ||
| *sütän || *čɤðém || śedeɲ || | | *sütän || *čɤðém || śedeɲ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv || *šim || *sem || '''*sejə''' | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="11" | *ü_a (for comparision) | ! colspan="11" | *ü_a (for comparision) | ||
| Line 168: | Line 167: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "elbow" | | "elbow" | ||
| *küünärä || style="color:red"| '''*kɤrńélé''' || keńeŕ || kəńer || *gɯr(dža) <!-- -ja in K.-->|| köńök || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || - | | *küünärä || style="color:red"| '''*kɤrńélé''' || keńeŕ || *kəńer || *gɯr(dža) <!-- -ja in K.-->|| köńök || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "with" | | "with" | ||
| *möö || *mɤŋé- || mej || möŋgə || K. mɯ- || mög- || - || - || - | | *möö || *mɤŋé- || mej || *möŋgə <!-- Hi *ə ~ Me *ö-->|| K. mɯ- || mög- || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "wart" | | "wart" | ||
| *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || śiĺge || šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || - | | *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || śiĺge || *šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || - | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
! colspan="11" | FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê | ! colspan="11" | FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "nest" | | "nest" | ||
| *pesä || *peasé || pizə || | | *pesä || *peasé || pizə || *pəžäš || *pooz || feesek || *pit || *peɬ || *pêtä | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "thumb" | | "thumb" | ||
| Line 187: | Line 186: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "3" | | "3" | ||
| *kolme || *kolmɤ || kolmo || | | *kolme || *kolmɤ || kolmo || *kɤɤm || U. kwiń ~ K. kujim || haarom || *kuurəm || *kooləm || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "minor river" | | "minor river" | ||
| *joki || *jokɤ || jov || joɣə || *ju || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || - | | *joki || *jokɤ || jov || *joɣə || *ju || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || - | ||
|- style="background:#DDDDDD" | |- style="background:#DDDDDD" | ||
| "major river" | | "major river" | ||
| Line 197: | Line 196: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "dry" | | "dry" | ||
| *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || | | *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || *kaškə- || U. kwaś ~ K. koś || - || - || - || *kåsə- | ||
| F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. | | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bow" | | "bow" | ||
| *jouci || '''*jóksɤ''' || joŋks || | | *jouci || '''*jóksɤ''' || joŋks || *jaaŋež || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə | ||
| *-ŋs- | | *-ŋs- | ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0" | |- style="background:#A0FFA0" | ||
| Line 207: | Line 206: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "I" | | "I" | ||
| *minä || *mon || mon || məń || U. mon ~ K. me || een || *äm || *mä || *mən | | *minä || *mon || mon || *məń || U. mon ~ K. me || een || *äm || *mä || *mən | ||
| rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. | | rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "thou" | | "thou" | ||
| *tinä || *ton || ton || tiń || U. ton ~ K. te || te || - || - || *tən | | *tinä || *ton || ton || *tiń || U. ton ~ K. te || te || - || - || *tən | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "bird" | | "bird" | ||
| *lintu || *lonté || - || style="color:red"| | | *lintu || *lonté || - || style="color:red"| *lɤɤðə || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "sleeve" | | "sleeve" | ||
| Line 223: | Line 222: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "phloem" | | "phloem" | ||
| *nila || *ńɤlɤ || nola || nolo || U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla || - || *ńol || *ńal || - | | *nila || *ńɤlɤ || nola || Me. nolo || U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla || - || *ńol || *ńal || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to wash" | | "to wash" | ||
| Line 235: | Line 234: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "skin" | | "skin" | ||
| *iho || *ɤsé || jožo || juž || K. ež || - || - || - || - | | *iho || *ɤsé || jožo || Hi. juž || K. ež || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to bind" | | "to bind" | ||
| Line 244: | Line 243: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "to sharpen" | | "to sharpen" | ||
| *hijo- || *sɤjé- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| | | *hijo- || *sɤjé- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| *šɤɤme- || - || - || - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "" | | "" | ||
Revision as of 23:58, 25 June 2009
Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
- *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
- *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.
- Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_i (std. *e_i ?) | ||||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | peĺe- | - | *pool- | feel- | *pil- | *pel- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | veŕ | *wöör | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veti | - | veď | *wööt | U. vu ~ K. va | viiz | *wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | teje~tije- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE |
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | *lüe- | K. lɯj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi? |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | *piťem | *peɬem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vikë- | vije- | - | *vaj(ɯ)- | vi- | *wi- | *we- | - | FV *wixxi- ?? |
| "2" | *kakti | *kókté | kavto, kafta | kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | FV *kakta |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvé- | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsé- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | (föö-) | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | OU *pEɬ |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *köör | *koor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | *kêti | OU *kEr |
| "skin" | *keti | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | - | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *əšte- | K. eštɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| *e_i in *ê-system (all long or difthongal?) | ||||||||||
| "to sell" | *müü- | *mékɤ- | mije- | - | *med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexi |
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *paaj- | - | *pi- | *pexi; cf. *pêsi ! |
| "matter" | - | *séjɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *sexji |
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čáná | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šiinəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śexni |
| "to drink" | *seemV- | - | śime- | - | - | - | - | - | - | (check if a loan) |
| "girl" | *nej-ti | *néjtɤ | ni | - | *nɯl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | neiti pro *neisi in Finnish, WTF? |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *léwlɤ | - | - | *lool | leelek | *liil | *liil | - | |
| "to find" | *lewtä- | - | - | - | - | leel | - | - | - | |
| "brother" | *velji | *véljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| *äx_i = F, S *ee, Smy. *eə, elsewhere per *ä | ||||||||||
| "tongue" | *keeli | *kélɤ | *käĺ | *kəl | *kɯl | - | *kääl | *kööl | *keəj | |
| "broth" | *leemi | *lémɤ | *ĺäm | *lem | U. lɯm ~ K. ĺem | lee | *lääm | - | - | |
| "mind" | *meeli | *mélɤ | *mäĺ | - | *mɯl | - | - | - | - | |
| "side" | *veeri | *vérɤ | *väŕä | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to swallo" | *neele- | *ńélɤ- | ńiĺe- | *nela- | *ńɯl(ɯ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeel- | *nɤl- | CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää- |
| "rope" | *kewti | *kévðɤ | - | - | U. kal ~ K. kɤl | - | *kääləɣ | *kööləɣ | *kürə | *-xwð- ?? |
| "fine, thin" | *heeno | - | - | - | K. dženɯt | - | - | - | - | Weak; ambiguous. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *ê_a | ||||||||||
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɯki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F. |
| "glue" | *tümä | *ðɤmé | - | - | *ĺem | - | - | - | *jêmä | |
| "thick" | - | *kɤsé | - | *kööžgə | *kɯz | - | - | *köɬ | - | |
| "heart" | *sütän | *čɤðém | śedeɲ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm | siiv | *šim | *sem | *sejə | |
| *ü_a (for comparision) | ||||||||||
| "to push" | *lükkä- | - | - | - | - | lök- | *lük- | *lök- | - | |
| "elbow" | *küünärä | *kɤrńélé | keńeŕ | *kəńer | *gɯr(dža) | köńök | *küŋgəl | *köń-ŋääj | - | |
| "with" | *möö | *mɤŋé- | mej | *möŋgə | K. mɯ- | mög- | - | - | - | |
| "wart" | *süklä | *čivlé | śiĺge | *šəɣəĺe | - | süĺ | - | - | - | |
| FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê | ||||||||||
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasé | pizə | *pəžäš | *pooz | feesek | *pit | *peɬ | *pêtä | |
| "thumb" | *peukalo | *pealké | päĺkä | - | U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev | - | - | - | *pêj | |
| *ô_i | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolme | *kolmɤ | kolmo | *kɤɤm | U. kwiń ~ K. kujim | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooləm | - | |
| "minor river" | *joki | *jokɤ | jov | *joɣə | *ju | joo | *jɯɯɣɯɯ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| "dry" | *koski | koškɤ- | kośke- | *kaškə- | U. kwaś ~ K. koś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "bow" | *jouci | *jóksɤ | joŋks | *jaaŋež | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| *ô_a | ||||||||||
| "I" | *minä | *mon | mon | *məń | U. mon ~ K. me | een | *äm | *mä | *mən | Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. |
| "thou" | *tinä | *ton | ton | *tiń | U. ton ~ K. te | te | - | - | *tən | |
| "bird" | *lintu | *lonté | - | *lɤɤðə | - | luud | *luuntə | *låånt | - | |
| "sleeve" | *hija | *soajé | ||||||||
| "sleeve" | *hiha | *sɤsé | oža | sokš | *sooj | ujj | *tɯɯjət | *ɬɯɯt | *tüəj | |
| "phloem" | *nila | *ńɤlɤ | nola | Me. nolo | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla | - | *ńol | *ńal | - | |
| "to wash" | *liko- | - | - | - | - | - | *låwt- | *loɣɯɯt- | - | |
| "to curse" | *kiro- | *kɤro- | kor- | - | - | - | *kår- | *koorəm | *kərä- | |
| "to scrape" | *vito- | *vɤco- | - | - | *vušt- | vaasik- | *ašeɣ- | *wooč- | - | |
| "skin" | *iho | *ɤsé | jožo | Hi. juž | K. ež | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bind" | *sito- | - | sodo- | šüðüš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "price" | *hinta | - | čonda | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sharpen" | *hijo- | *sɤjé- | šova- | *šɤɤme- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
