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| {{Infobox|name=Carune | | {{Infobox|name=Carune |
| |pronounce=/karune/ /kar\une/ /ka4une/ | | |pronounce=/karune/ |
| |tu=[[Alternate Earth]], modern era | | |tu=none |
| |species=Human | | |species=Human |
| |in=[[Carune (nation)|Carune]] | | |in=Carune |
| |no=23 million | | |no=23 million |
| |script=Latin | | |script=Latin |
| |tree=[[Proto-Indo-European|Indo-European]]<br> | | |tree=Indo-European<br> |
| Italic<br> | | Italic<br> |
| Romance<br> | | Romance<br> |
| Italo-Western<br> | | Italo-Western<br> |
| Ibero-Italic<br> | | Italo-Dalmation<br> |
| [[Italo-Carune]]<br>
| | '''Carune''' |
| Central Carune
| | |morph=inflecting, fusional |
| '''[[Carune]]'''
| | |ms=Accusative-Dative |
| |morph=Inflecting | |
| |ms=Nominative-Accusative | |
| |wo=SVO | | |wo=SVO |
| |creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]] | | |creator=Sectori |
| |date=December 2005}} | | |date=December 2005}} |
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| http://img50.imageshack.us/img50/7560/picture19nl.th.gif
| | Carune was my first, pitiful attempt at a romlang. It has since seen two major revisions. This page reflects the most recent version of Carune starting at the top and moving down as I revise it. |
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| The Carune flag has six colors: red, yellow, green, blue, white, and orange. Red and yellow represent Spain; Blue, white, and red represent France; Yellow, blue, and red represent Romania; green and red represent Portugal; and red, green, and white represent Italy, the major areas where Romance languages are spoken. Orange represents the sovereign nation of Carune.
| | ==Phonology== |
| | Carune has seven vowel phonemes and eighteen consonant phonemes. |
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| Carune is a Romance conlang (Romlang) created by [[User:Sectori|Sectori]] on the [http://www.conlanger.com/cbb CBB]. It participated in the first CBB Conlang Relay starting on March 2, 2006.
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | <div style="text-align: center;"> |
| | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" |
| | !colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels |
| | |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" |
| | | ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || i || || || || || || || || || u |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || || || e || || || || || || || o |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Mid || || || || || |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low-mid || || || e || || || || || || || o |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Near-low || || || |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || || || || || a |
| | |} |
| | </div> |
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| Carune is spoken in a nation which is, in our world, northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War). This nation depends greatly on tourism, especially skiers ('''esquiare''' is ''to ski'', sed io no esquio), as well as on mining and animal herding. However, the capital, Torine (Turin), as well as Milane (Milan) and Monze feature large computer industries, and Milane has become a world fashion center. The southern area of the country is also a haven for archaeologists seeking Roman ruins. Grenobela (Grenoble), in what is in our world France, Torine, Zergattum in our Switzerland, and Genova (Genoa), in our Italy have all hosted Olympic games at one time or another.
| | ===Consonants=== |
| | <div style="text-align: center;"> |
| | {| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;" |
| | !colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants |
| | |- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em" |
| | | ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || gn || || |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || p || b || || || || || t || d || || || || || c(h) || g(h) |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || f || v || || || s || || || || || || || || |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || z || || || || || || c(i) || g(i) |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || r |
| | |- |
| | |style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l || || || || gl |
| | |} |
| | </div> |
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| ==Phonology/Orthography== | | ===Notes=== |
| Carune has 20 letters in its alphabet.
| | <e> is realized as [{{IPA|e}}] when it descends from Latin <tt>OE Ē I</tt> and as [{{IPA|ɛ}}] when it descends from Latin <tt>AE E</tt>. Stressed <e> is [{{IPA|ɛ}}]. <o> is realized as [{{IPA|o}}] when it descends from Latin <tt>AU Ō U</tt> and as [{{IPA|ɔ}}] when it descends from Latin <tt>O</tt>. Stressed <o> is [{{IPA|ɔ}}]. |
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| *Vowels: <tt>/a E i o u/ </tt>
| | < c> is realized as [k] before <a o u >, and as [tʃ] before <nowiki><i e></ nowiki>. < g> is realized as [g] before <a o u> , and as [dʒ] before <nowiki>< i e> </ nowiki>. <ch> is always [k], and <gh> is always [g ]. <ci gi> before <a o u> are realized as affricates without pronouncing <nowiki>< i>< /nowiki> . Multiple vowels are usually realized as diphthongs. |
| *Vowel Orthography: <a e i o u> | |
| *Consonants: <tt>/g|dZ s t d v n z m k|tS f b tS r kw l/ </tt>
| |
| *Consonant Orthography: <g s t d v n z m c f b ch r qu l>
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| *Before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <g> is /g/. Before /e/ or /i/, <g> is /dZ/
| | ===Stress=== |
| *Before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <c> is /k/. Before /e/ or /i/, <c> is /tS/
| | Stress in Carune may be unmarked or marked. Marked stress is shown by a grave accent, e.g. '''parlarì''' [parlaˈri]. Unmarked stress falls as follows: |
| Double consonants are pronounced twice: '''collere''' (to color) is /kol'lere/, not /koLere/, /kojere/, or any other variation thereof.
| |
| Double vowels are pronounced individually: no diphthongs.
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| ==Syntax and Stress==
| | * If the word ends in a vowel or '''n''', stress falls on the penultimate syllable, e.g. '''parlare''' [parˈlare]. |
| Carune is an SVO language, usually, but in interrogative sentences, word order is VSO. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable in words ending in a vowel, and on the ultimate syllable in words ending in a consonant.
| | * Otherwise, stress falls on the ultimate syllable. |
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| ==Subject Pronouns== | | ===Allophony=== |
| Carune's subject pronouns are as follows: | | There are three main allophonic variations that occur in spoken Carune: |
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| *'''Io''': I | | * word-final /a/ is realized as [{{IPA|ǝ}}] in polysyllabic words where it is unstressed, e.g. '''vita''' "life" /ˈvita/ realized as [ˈvitǝ] |
| *'''Tu''': you, singular, familiar
| | * intervocalic /s/ is often realized as [z], e.g. '''usare''' "use" /uˈsar{{IPA|ɛ}}/ realized as [uˈzar{{IPA|ɛ}}] |
| *'''Ele''': he
| | * intervocalic /ts/ is generally realized as [dz], e.g. '''sezi''' "sixteen" /s{{IPA|ɛ}}tsi/ realized as [s{{IPA|ɛ}}dzi] |
| *'''Ela''': she | |
| *'''Vusse/vussa''': you, singular, formal ('''vusse''' conjugates as the third person singular, not second person singular)
| |
| *'''Noi''': we | |
| *'''Voi''': you, plural
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| *'''Eli''': they, masculine
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| *'''Elae''': they, feminine
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| |
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Simple Tenses==
| | It should also be noted that word-final -'''e''' often elides when unstressed, especially before a vowel. |
| There are five types of verbs in Carune: -a stem, -e stem, -i stem, -o stem, and irregular. Note, however, that -o stem and irregular verbs appear as -a, -e, and -i stem verbs in their infinitive forms. The three infinitive endings are:
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| *-are
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| *-ere
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| *-ire
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| To conjugate a regular verb, remove the infinitive ending and add a certain other ending, based on the subject of the sentence.
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|
| |
| ===Present Indicative Conjugation===
| |
| *The first person singular form always conjugates with an '''-o'''.
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| *The second person singular for -a stem verbs is '''-ai'''. For -e and -i stem verbs, '''-ei'''. For -o stem verbs, '''-oi'''.
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| *The third person singular form is the stem vowel. In the case of -o stem verbs, a '''-z''' is added.
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| *The first person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -m.
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| *The second person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -s.
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| *The third person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by '''-e'''. In the case of -e stem verbs, the added '''-e''' changes to '''-n'''.
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| ===Preterit Indicative Conjugation===
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| In the preterit, -e and -o stem verbs are treated as -i stem verbs in relation to their stem vowel.
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| *The first person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel followed by '''-n'''.
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| *The second person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel, followed by '''-st'''.
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| *The third person singular form conjugates with '''-io'''.
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| *The first person plural conjugates as the present indicative first person plural, but ads an '''-o'''.
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| *The second person plural conjugates as the second person singular, but ads '''-i'''.
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| *The third person plural conjugates with the stem vowel followed by '''-do'''.
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|
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| ===Future Indicative Conjugation===
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| The future tense uses the verb infinitive, minus the final '''-e''', as the stem. It is conjugated as follows:
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| *The first person singular form conjugates with -e
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| *The second person singular form conjugates with -ai
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| *The third person singular form conjugates with -a
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| *The first person plural conjugates with -em
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| *The second person plural form conjugates with -as
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| *The third person plural form conjugates with -ae
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|
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| ===Imperfect Indicative Conjugation===
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| The imperfect tense conjugates as the present indicative, but inserting '''-(stem vowel)v''' before the conjugation ending. It indicates a past action that was not completed or happened at an unspecified time.
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|
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| ===Present Conditional Conjugation===
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| The present conditional tense uses the same stem as the future indicative, and adds the following endings:
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|
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| *The first person singular ending is '''-ia'''
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| *The second person singular ending is '''-iai'''
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| *The third person singular ending is '''-ia'''
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| *The first person plural ending is '''-iam'''
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| *The second person plural ending is '''-ias'''
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| *The third person plural ending is '''-iae'''
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|
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| ==Nominal Morphology: Gender and Number==
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| Nouns in Carune belong to one of three [[gender]]s: masculine, feminine, and neuter. They have two forms: singular, and plural. These forms are determined as follows:
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| *Masculine: all masculine nouns end in '''-e''' in the singular form. To make a masculine noun plural, change '''-e''' to '''-i'''. For example: '''il fele'''-the cat; '''i feli'''-the cats.
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| *Feminine: all feminine nouns end in '''-a''' in the singular form. To make a feminine noun plural, add an '''-e''' to the end, after the '''-a'''. For example: '''al ava'''-the bird; '''a avae'''-the birds.
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| *Neuter: all neuter nouns end in '''-um''' in the singular form. To make a neuter noun plural, change '''-um''' to '''-o'''. For example: '''el frasum'''-the sentence; '''e fraso'''-the sentences.
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|
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| ==Direct Object Pronouns==
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| Direct object pronouns mark the object of a verb (the accusative case, essentially). They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: '''Voi a fazerlo'''-I am going to do it. '''Lo''' is the direct object pronoun, '''voi''' is the conjugated verb, and '''fazer''' is the future indicative stem that '''lo''' is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten '''Lo voi a fazere''' with no change in meaning. The direct object pronouns are:
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| *'''Me''': first person singular
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| *'''Te''': second person singular, informal
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| *'''Lo''': third person singular, second person singular formal
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| *'''Nos''': first person plural
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| *'''Vos''': second person plural
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| *'''Los''': third person plural
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| ==Indirect Object Pronouns==
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| Indirect object pronouns mark the indirect object of a verb (as the dative case). They tell to or for whom an action was done. They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: '''Voi a irle'''-I am going to go to it. '''Le''' is the indirect object pronoun, '''voi''' is the conjugated verb, and '''ir''' is the future indicative stem that '''le''' is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten '''Le voi a ire''' with no change in meaning. The indirect object pronouns are:
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| *'''Me''': first person singular
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| *'''Te''': second person singular, informal
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| *'''Le''': third person singular, second person singular formal
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| *'''Nos''': first person plural
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| *'''Vos''': second person plural
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| *'''Les''': third person plural
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| ==Prepositional Object Pronouns==
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| These are pronouns that mark the object of a preposition (the locative case). They are most commonly used in conjunction with '''com'''-with, '''para'''-for, in order to, and '''a'''-to. For example: '''A mi me gusta chantere'''-It is pleasing to me to sing. '''A mi''' is the preposition '''a''' and the prepositional object pronoun '''mi'''. '''Gusta''' is the third person singular form of '''gustare''', to be pleasing. The prepositional object pronouns are:
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| *'''Mi''': first person singular
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| *'''Ti''': second person singular, informal
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| *'''Se''': third person singular, third person plural, second person singular formal
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| *'''Nos''': first person plural
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| *'''Vos''': second person plural
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| ==Reflexive Verbs/Pronouns==
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| This is the way of saying "I wash myself", "I ask myself", "I call myself", etc. There are two ways of conjugating reflexive verbs. The first makes a reflexive infinitive: to wash onesself, to ask onesself, etc. To form this type of reflexive, add a reflexive pronoun to the future indicative stem:
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| *'''Lavermi'''-to wash myself
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| *'''Laverti'''-to wash yourself
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| *'''Laversi'''-to wash onesself, to wash themselves
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| *'''Laverni'''-to wash ourselves
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| *'''Lavervi'''-to wash yourselves
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| This type of reflexive must be put after a conjugated verb: '''Zoi a lavermi'''-I am going to wash myself. The second type of reflexive is a conjugated reflexive. To from this type of reflexive, place a reflexive pronoun before a conjugated verb:
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| *'''Mi lavo'''-I wash myself
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| *'''Ti lavei'''-you wash yourself
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| *'''Si lave'''-one washes onesself
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| *'''Ni lavem'''-we wash ourselves
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| *'''Vi laves'''-you all wash yourselves
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| *'''Si laven'''-they wash themselves
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Irregular Verbs==
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| Here are some of the most common irregular verbs in Carune (excluding -o stem verbs), conjugated in all the indicative tenses.
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| '''Stare'''-to be, in relation to transient or changeable things
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| *Present indicative: '''stoi, stai, sta, stam, stas, stae'''
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| *Preterit Indicative: '''stin, stist, stio, stimo, stisti, stido'''
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| *Future Indicative: '''staran, starast, stario, staramo, starasti, starado'''
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| *Imperfect Indicative: '''stavoi, stavai, stava, stavam, stavas, stavae'''
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| *Present Conditional Indicative: '''staria, stariai, staria, stariam, starias, stariae'''
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| *Present Subjunctive: '''ste, stei, ste, stem, stes, sten'''
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| *Imperfect Subjunctive: '''stissa, stissai, stissa, stissam, stissas, stissan'''
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| '''Sere'''-to be, in relation to intransient or unchangeable things (present participle '''essent''', past participle '''fuit''')
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| *Present Indicative: '''esso, essei, es, som, sos, son'''
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| *Preterit Indicative: '''fui, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido'''
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| *Future Indicative: '''sere, serai, sera, serem, seras, serae'''
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| *Imperfect Indicative: '''erro, errei, erre, errem, erres, erren'''
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| *Present Conditional Indicative: '''seria, seriai, seria, seriam, serias, seriae'''
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| *Present Subjunctive: '''essa, essai, essa, essam, essas, essan'''
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| *Imperfect Subjunctive: '''fuissa, fuissai, fuissa, fuissam, fuissas, fuissan'''
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| '''Ire'''-to go
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| *Present Indicative:'''vo, vai, va, vam, vas, vae'''
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| *Preterit Indicative: '''fui, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido'''
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| *Future Indicative: '''ire, irai, ira, irem, iras, irae'''
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| *Imperfect Indicative: '''ivvo, ivvai, ivva, ivvam, ivvas, ivvae'''
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| *Present Conditional Indicative: '''iria, iriai, iria, iriam, irias, iriae'''
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| *Present Subjunctive: '''ve, vei, ve, vem, ves, ven'''
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| *Imperfect Subjunctive: '''fuissa, fuissai, fuissa, fuissam, fuissas, fuissan'''
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|
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| '''Dicere'''-to say, tell
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| *Present Indicative: '''dicho, dicei, dice, dicem, dices, dicen'''
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| *Preterit Indicative: '''dicin, dicist, dicio, dicimo, dicisti, dicido'''
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| *Future Indicative: '''dicere, dicerai, dicera, dicerem, diceras, dicerae'''
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| *Imperfect Indicative: '''dicevo, dicevei, diceve, dicevem, diceves, diceven'''
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| *Present Conditional Indicative: '''diceria, diceriai, diceria, diceriam, dicerias, diceriae'''
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| *Present Subjunctive: '''dicha, dichai, dicha, dicham, dichas, dichan'''
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| *Imperfect Subjunctive: '''dicissa, dicissai, dicissa, dicissam, dicissan'''
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|
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| '''Avere'''-to have (auxiliary verb, used in some commands: '''Avi cegrat al porta''': have the door closed)
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| *Present Indicative: '''avo, avei, ai, avem, avec, aven'''
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| *Preterit Indicative: '''avin, avist, avio, avimo, avisti, avido'''
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| *Future Indicative: '''avre, avrai, avra, avrem, avras, avrae'''
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| *Imperfect Indicative: '''avvo, avvei, avve, avvem, avvec, avven'''
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| *Present Conditional Indicative: '''avria, avriai, avria, avriam, avrias, avriae'''
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| *Present Subjunctive: '''ava, avai, ava, avam, avas, avan'''
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| *Imperfect Subjunctive: '''avissa, avissai, avissa, avissam, avissas, avissan'''
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|
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Compound Tenses==
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| There are three compound tenses in Carune: Pluperfect, Progressive, and Future Perfect. They involve the past and present participles of a verb. To form the present participle of a verb, first remove the infinitive ending. Then, add the stem vowel, followed by '''-nt'''. For example:
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| *'''Ire'''>'''int'''-to go>going
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| *'''Parlare'''>'''parlant'''-to speak>speaking
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|
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| The past participle is formed similarly. Remove the infinitive ending and add the stem vowel, followed by '''-t'''. For example:
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|
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| *'''Ire'''>'''it'''-to go>gone
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| *'''Parlare'''>'''parlat'''-to speak>spoken
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|
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| ===Present Perfect Indicative Conjugation===
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| The present perfect tense is equivalent to English "I have done something". To form the present perfect tense, take the present indicative form of '''avere''' and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:
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|
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| *'''Avo it a Zergattum''': I have gone to Zergattum
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| *'''Me ave parlat''': He has spoken to me
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|
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| ===Pluperfect Indicative Conjugation===
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| The pluperfect tense is equivalent to English "I had done something". To form the pluperfect tense, take the preterit indicative form of '''avere''', and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:
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|
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| *'''Avin it a Zergattum'''-I had gone to Zergattum
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| *'''Me avio parlat'''-He had spoken to me
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|
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| ===Present Progressive Indicative Conjugation===
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| The present progressive is equivalent to English "I am doing something". To form the progressive tense, take the present indicative form of '''stare''', and put the present participle of a verb after it. For example:
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|
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| *'''Stoi int a Zergattum'''-I am going to Zergattum
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| *'''Me sta parlant'''-He is speaking to me
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|
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| ===Future Perfect Indicative Conjugation===
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| The future perfect tense is equivalent to English "I will have done something". To form the future perfect tense, take the future indicative form of '''avere''', and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:
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|
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| *'''Io avere zat a Zergattum'''-I will have gone to Zergattum
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| *'''Me avera parlat'''-He will have spoken to me
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|
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| ===Simple Future Indicative Conjugation===
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| The simple future tense is equivalent to English "I am going to do something". It is formed with this pattern: '''ire a'''+infinitive. For example:
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|
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| *'''Voi a ire a Zergattum'''-I am going to go to Zergattum
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| *'''Me va a parlare'''-He is going to speak to me
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|
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| ===Past Conditional Indicative Conjugation===
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| The past conditional tense is equivalent to English "would have ____ed". It is formed by combining the present conditional of '''avere''' with the past participle of a verb.
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|
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| *'''Avria it a Zergattum'''-I would have gone to Zergattum
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| *'''Me avria parlat'''-He would have spoken to me
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|
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| ===Imperfect Progressive Indicative Conjugation===
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| The imperfect progressive is equivalent to English "I was doing something". It is formed by placing the imperfect form of '''stare''' before the present participle of a verb.
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|
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| *'''Me stava parlant''': he was speaking to me
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| *'''Stavo int a Zergattum''': I was going to Zergattum
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|
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| ==Nominal Morphology: Articles==
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| There are twelve articles in Carune: six definite, and six indefinite. The six definite articles are:
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| *'''il'''-masculine singular
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| *'''i'''-masculine plural
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| *'''al'''-feminine singular
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| *'''a'''-feminine plural
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| *'''el'''-neuter singular
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| *'''e'''-neuter plural
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| The article comes before the noun it modifies. The six indefinite articles are:
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| *'''une'''-masculine singular
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| *'''uni'''-masculine plural
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| *'''una'''-feminine singular
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| *'''unae'''-feminine plural
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| *'''unum'''-neuter singular
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| *'''uno'''-neuter plural
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| ==Adjective Morphology: Gender and Number==
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| Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in gender and number. Adjectives end in '''-e''' in their base form (the masculine singular form) and decline as nouns: '''-i''' for masculine plural, '''-a''' for feminine singular, '''-ae''' for feminine plural, '''-um''' for neuter singular, and '''-o''' for neuter plural. For example:
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| *'''Une fele felice'''-a happy cat
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| *'''Una ava felica'''-a happy bird
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| *'''Unum frasum felicum'''-a happy sentence
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| *'''I feli felici'''-the happy cats
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| *'''A avae felicae'''-the happy birds
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| *'''E fraso felico'''-the happy sentences
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| To form an adverb from an adjective, take the feminine singular form of the adjective and add -mente. For example: '''felicamente'''-happily; '''rapidamente'''-quickly
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| ==Verbal Morphology: The Passive Voice==
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| To form the passive voice, use this sentence structure:
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| [subject]-['''stare''' (conjugated)]-[past participle]-'''sobre''' (by)-[agent (prepositional object pronoun if agent is "me", "him", "them", "you", etc.)]
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| The past participle is formed by removing the infinitive -re ending and adding -t.
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Simple Tenses==
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| The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood]
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| ===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
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| This covers such sentences as "if I were to..." and "that may be so..." The present subjunctive loses the first person singular present indicative stem. For example: evo>ev-, dicho>dich-, comprendo>comprend-, lavo>lav-, voi>v-, etc. In all of the subjunctive tenses, -o stem verbs are treated as if they were not -o stem verbs.
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| *The first person singular present subjunctive ending is '''-e''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-a''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| *The second person singular present subjunctive ending is '''-ei''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-ai''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| *The third person singular present subjunctive ending is '''-e''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-a''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| *The first person plural present subjunctive ending is '''-em''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-am''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| *The second person plural present subjunctive ending is '''-es''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-as''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| *The third person plural present subjunctive ending is '''-en''' for -a stem verbs, and '''-an''' for -e and -i stem verbs.
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| ===Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
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| The imperfect subjunctive describes actions that happen simultaneously with, or after, the action in the independent clause. It is also used if the verb in the independent clause were to be in a conditional form or a past form. The imperfect subjunctive is only used in dependent clauses. The imperfect subjunctive uses the third person plural preterit form as a base, but removes the final '''-do''' to form the imperfect stem: fuido>fui-, lavado>lava-, stido>sti-, etc.
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| *The first person singular ending is '''-ssa'''.
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| *The second person singular ending is '''-ssai'''
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| *The third person singular ending is '''-ssa'''
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| *The first person plural ending is '''-ssam'''
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| *The second person plural ending is '''-ssas'''
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| *The third person plural ending is '''-ssan'''
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Imperative Mood==
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| The imperative is like a conjugation. Imperatives give command. They can only exist in the second person singular, first person plural, and second person plural forms. The Imperative conjugates as follows:
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| Tu/vusse: -i
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| Noi: -in
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| Voi: -is
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| The tu/vusse form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)±i+ti/li into -i. The Nio/Noi form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)mni into -in. The Vo/Voi form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)svi into -is. Now comes the complicated bit. Object and reflexive pronouns contract into limited forms and are attached to the front of the imperative:
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| *me/mi>m' /m=/ before a consonant, /m/ before a vowel: m'scusi, m'ignorri
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| *te/ti>t' /t=/ before a consonant, /t/ before a vowel: t'aiudi (help yourself), t'sinti sobre se (feel good about it)
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| *lo/le/si>l' /l=/ or /s=/ before a consonant, /l/ or /s/ before a vowel: l'olvidi, l'salti (l'salti=jump over it), s'dici
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| *nos/ni>n' /n=/ before a consonant, /n/ before a vowel: n'scusis, n'ignorris
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| *vos/vi>v' /v=/ before a consonant, /v/ before a vowel: v'scussis, v'lavis
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| *les/los/si>l' /l=/ or /s=/ before a consonant, /l/ or /s/ before a vowel: l'dici, l'olvidin
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| If there is a reflexive pronoun (mi, ti, si, ni, vi, si), this contracts first. The direct object pronoun is then placed before the contraction, not attached to the verb. Then the indirect object pronoun is placed after the verb. If there is no reflexive pronoun, the direct object pronoun contracts, and the indirect object pronoun is placed before the contraction. If there is only an indirect object, that is what contracts.
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| ==Contractions==
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| There are a number of preposition/article contractions. They are as follows:
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| *di+il=dil, di+i=di
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| *di+al=dal, di+a=da
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| *di+el=del, di+e=de
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| *a+il=al, a+i=a
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| *a+al=al, a+a=a
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| *a+el=al, a+e=a
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| *in+il=nil, in+i=ni
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| *in+al=nal, in+a=na
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| *in+el=nel, in+e=ne
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| ==Pronominative Morphology: Nonpersonal Pronouns==
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| As most languages, Carune has a set of non-personal pronouns. There are three types of these: interrogative, which ask a question, locative, which describe placement, and relative, which form relative clauses.
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| ===Interrogative Pronouns===
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| Most languages incorporate some number of interrogative pronouns: who, what, where, when, why, which, how, and how much. In Carune, these are: '''quium''', '''que''', '''ube''', '''per que''', '''quandum''', '''quale''', '''comi''', and '''quante'''.
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| ===Locative Pronouns===
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| There are two main locative pronouns in Carune: '''aqui''' (here), and '''alla''' (there). To say, I am here, you say '''stoi aqui'''.
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| ===Relative Pronouns===
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| Relative pronouns relate two clauses, forming a relative clause. The subjunctive mood is used after relative clauses. There are a few relative pronouns: '''quo''' (that, which), '''ubi''' (where: the place where I am), '''qua''' (what: I don't know what I want), '''quia''' (who: the person who runs), per qua (that is why I am here), '''quande''' (when: when I am gone), and '''come''' (how: that is how I came to be). '''Quo''' also means because: '''Per que vai a Zergattum? Quo quero fazerlo.''' (Why are you going to Zergattum? Because I want to.)
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Compound Tenses==
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| There are two of these: present perfect and pluperfect. These, like the other perfect tenses, are formed by adding forms of '''avere''' to the past participle of a verb.
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| ===Present Perfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
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| The present perfect is equivalent to English "...if I were to have done something". The present perfect subjunctive is used wherever the present perfect indicative would be used, but only within dependent clauses. It is formed by adding the present subjunctive of '''avere''' to the past participle of a verb.
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| *...'''si ava it a Zergattum''': ...if I were to have gone to Zergattum
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| *...'''si me ava parlat''': ...if he were to have spoken to me
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| ===Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
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| The pluperfect subjunctive is equivalent to English "...that I might have done something". The pluperfect subjunctive is used wherever the pluperfect indicative would be used, but only within dependent clauses. It is formed by adding the imperfect subjunctive of '''avere''' to the past participle of a verb.
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| *...'''quo avissa it a Zergattum''': ...that I might have gone to Zergattum
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| *...'''quo me avissa parlat''': ...that he might have spoken to me
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| ==Verbal Morphology: Idiomatic Verbs==
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| Idiomatic verbs are things like English "to have to do something". Carune has a number of these, mostly using the verbs '''avere''', '''fazere''', and '''gustare/encantare'''.
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| ===With Avere===
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| There are a number of Carune idiomatic phrases that are formed using '''avere'''. Here are some of the most common:
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| *'''avere quo''': to have to (do something)
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| *'''avere sone''': to be sleepy (lit. to have sleepiness)
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| *'''avere ambra''': to be hungry (lit. to have hunger)
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| *'''avere tirsta''': to be thirsty (lit. to have thirst)
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| ===With Fazere===
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| There are also many idiomatic verbs describing weather that use '''fazere'''. Here are some:
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| *'''faze fresce''': it's cold (lit. it makes cold)
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| *'''faze caldore''': it's hot (lit. it makes heat)
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| *'''faze sole''': it's sunny (lit. it makes sun)
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| ===With Gustare===
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| '''Gustare''' is a complex verb. Loosely translated, sentences such as '''me gusta lignere''' mean "I like to read". '''Gustare''' is usually only used in the third person forms. It is used with an indirect object pronoun. Phrases with '''gustare''' are OVS instead of the usual SVO. Here are some examples:
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| *'''Me gusta ire a Zergattum''': I like to go to Zergattum
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| *'''Le gusta parlarme''': He likes to speak to me
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| ====Encantare====
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| '''Encantare''' is an emphasized form of '''gustare'''. It works in exactly the same way, but is usually translated as "to love to do something". For example:
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| *'''Me encanta ire a Zergattum''': I love to go to Zergattum
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| *'''Le encantaria parlarme''': He would love to talk to me
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| ==Dialects==
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| The dialect presented here is the standard version, that of Torine. There are several others, most notably formed by association with the other Italo-Carune languages spoken closer to the Italian border, but also the Zergattum and Grenobela dialects with more relation to German and French respectively. Some particular varieties:
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| *Milane: the Milane dialect features the following deviations: /a o/>[A O], /h/>Ø. In addition, Milani only use the '''tu''' pronoun with immediate family members and children, and occaisionally with exceptionally close friends. All other people are adressed with '''vusse''' or '''vussa''' as appropriate.
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| *Zergattum: the Zergattum dialect features the following deviations: /u/>/y/, /s z/>/z ts/. Zergatto tend to assimilate /t/ and /d/ into a single phoneme, /d/.
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| *Grenobela: the Grenobela dialect features the following deviations: /e/>/E/, /z/>/Z/, CC>C_h. Grenobelae, in contrast to Milani, don't use '''vusse''' or '''vussa''', instead using '''voi''' as both the plural and formal versions of you.
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| ==Texts==
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| ===The Tortoise and the Hare===
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| Al tortuga via discretamente e busca comita. Hai une conohe, e es une fazedore di apure, unum pequene, desagradable, traviese. Es multe obstinate, e pues al tortuga desfia al conohe a una raza. Hai une muchedumbre alla para observirlo al raza. Al tortuga si aposta ventiunu, e il muchedumbre le aposta tamben. Al tortuga realiza quo il conohe puda ganare al media dal raza, sed continua al raza, e il conohe durmi in al cortina. Il conohe si levanta e perdi.
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| ===The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1===
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| Todi somi stae nadat liberi e iquali in dignitate e libeti. Stae donat raisonne e consienze e les deven actare in une espirite di fraternitate.
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| ==Lessons==
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| *[[Carune Lesson 1]]
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| *[[Carune Lesson 2]]
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| *[[Carune Lesson 3]]
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| *[[Carune Lesson 4]]
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| [[Category:Conlangs]]
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| [[Category:Romance conlangs]] | | [[Category:Romance conlangs]] |
| [[Category:Alternate Earth]]
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| [[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
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| [[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
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