Proto-Uralic/new: Difference between revisions

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(*meeli, *heeni, *seemV, formatting)
(merge Permic)
Line 3: Line 3:
* *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
* *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, '''bold''' marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.
Again, '''bold''' marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal.
 
*Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! Finnic !! Samic !! Mordv. !! Mari !! Udmurt !! Komi !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Lexeme !! Finnic !! Samic !! Mordv. !! Mari !! Permic !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 12: Line 13:
|-
|-
| "to fear"
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || peĺe- || - || pul- || pol- || feel- || *pil- || *pel- || *pêj-
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || peĺe- || - || *pool- || feel- || *pil- || *pel- || *pêj-
|-
|-
| "blood"
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || wər || vir || vir || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || wər || *vir || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
|-
| "water"
| "water"
| *veti || - || veď || wət || vu || va || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt
| *veti || - || veď || wət || U. vu ~ K. va || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt
| ← IE?
| ← IE?
|-
|-
| "to go"
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || '''mije-''' || mɯnɯ- || mun- || mën- || *min- || *men- || *mên-
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || '''mije-''' || U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- || mën- || *min- || *men- || *mên-
|-
|-
| "to do"
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || - || tëv- || *tij- || *tej- || -
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || tëv- || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE
| ← IE
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| *keti || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *keti || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || -
| CF *kêri; *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
| CF *kêri; *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| *löö- || - || - || lüe- || - || lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw-
| *löö- || - || - || lüe- || K. lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw-
| WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi?
| WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi?
|-
|-
| "lip"
| "lip"
| - || *pɤŋsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän'''
| - || *pɤŋsɤm || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän'''
| -ms- ?
| -ms- ?
|-
|-
| "to take"
| "to take"
| '''*vee-''' || '''*vikë-''' || '''vije-''' || - || vajɯ- || vaj- || '''vi-''' || *wi- || *we- || -
| '''*vee-''' || '''*vikë-''' || '''vije-''' || - || *vaj(ɯ)- <!-- M in Udmurt-->|| '''vi-''' || *wi- || *we- || -
| FV *wixxi- ??
| FV *wixxi- ??
|-
|-
| "2"
| "2"
| '''*kakti''' || '''*kókté''' || '''kavto, kafta''' || '''kok''' || kɯk || kɯk || keet || *kit || '''*kiit, käät''' || *kêtä
| '''*kakti''' || '''*kókté''' || '''kavto, kafta''' || '''kok''' || *kɯk || keet || *kit || '''*kiit, käät''' || *kêtä
| FV *kakta
| FV *kakta
|-
|-
| "to dodge"
| "to dodge"
| - || *kɤrvé- || - || - || - || - || kerül- || *kir- || '''*käärəɣ-''' || -
| - || *kɤrvé- || - || - || - || kerül- || *kir- || '''*käärəɣ-''' || -
|-
|-
| "to cook"
| "to cook"
| - || *pɤsé- || - || - || pɯž- || pɤž- || (föö-) || '''*piit-''' || '''*pääɬ-''' || -
| - || *pɤsé- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || (föö-) || '''*piit-''' || '''*pääɬ-''' || -
| OU *pEɬ
| OU *pEɬ
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || kər || kur || kor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || kər || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| OU *kEr
| OU *kEr
|-
|-
| "middle"
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || - || - || kus || kos || - || - || - || -
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || - || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to be in time"
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || əšte- || - || eštɯ- || - || - || - || -
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || əšte- || K. eštɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "leaf"
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || ləštaš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || ləštaš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
| ← IE
|-
|-
| "feather"
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤwsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *hewhen || *sɤwsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! newer loan?
| NB difthong! newer loan?
|-
|-
| "to tear"
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "next"
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
| *-ŋt-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 83: Line 84:
|-
|-
| "to sell"
| "to sell"
| *müü- || *mékɤ- || mije- || - || med || med || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *müü- || *mékɤ- || mije- || - || *med || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexi
| *mexi
|-
|-
| "to cook"
| "to cook"
| - || - || pije- || - || - || pu- || (föö-) || *paaj- || - || *pi-
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || *paaj- || - || *pi-
| *pexi; cf. *pêsi !
| *pexi; cf. *pêsi !
|-
|-
| "matter"
| "matter"
| - || *séjɤ || sij || šü || śis || siś || eev || style="color:red"| '''*säj''' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
| - || *séjɤ || sij || šü || *śiś <!--U. śis ~ K. siś-->|| eev || style="color:red"| '''*säj''' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
| *sexji
| *sexji
|-
|-
| "mushroom"
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čáná''' || - || šen || śeńki || - || - || *šiinəɣ || *säänəɣ || -
| *seeni || '''*čáná''' || - || šen || U. śeńki|| - || *šiinəɣ || *säänəɣ || -
| *śexni
| *śexni
|-
|-
| "to drink"
| "to drink"
| *seemV- || - || śime- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *seemV- || - || śime- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| (check if a loan)
| (check if a loan)
|-
|-
| "girl"
| "girl"
| *nej-ti || *néjtɤ || ni || - || nɯl || nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
| *nej-ti || *néjtɤ || ni || - || *nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
| '''neiti''' pro *neisi in Finnish, WTF?
| '''neiti''' pro *neisi in Finnish, WTF?
|-
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *léwlɤ || - || - || lul || lol || leelek || *liil || *liil || -
| *lewlü || *léwlɤ || - || - || *lool || leelek || *liil || *liil || -
|-
|-
| "to find"
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Weak.
| Weak.
|-
|-
| "brother"
| "brother"
| *velji || *véljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *velji || *véljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
| Short! ← IE?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 120: Line 121:
|-
|-
| "tongue"
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kélɤ || *käĺ || kɤl || kɯl || kɯl || - || N. kelä ? || *kööl || *keəj
| *keeli || *kélɤ || *käĺ || kɤl || *kɯl || - || N. kelä ? || *kööl || *keəj
|-
|-
| "broth"
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lémɤ || *ĺäm || lem || lɯm || ĺem || lee || *lääm || - || -
| *leemi || *lémɤ || *ĺäm || lem || U. lɯm ~ K. '''ĺem''' || lee || *lääm || - || -
|-
|-
| "mind"
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mélɤ || *mäĺ || - || mɯl || mɯl || - || - || - || -
| *meeli || *mélɤ || *mäĺ || - || *mɯl || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "side"
| "side"
| *veeri || *vérɤ || *väŕä || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *veeri || *vérɤ || *väŕä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to swallo"
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || nela- || ńɯl- || ńɯlɯ- || ńel- || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-'''
| *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- <!-- -M in Komi-->|| ńel- || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-'''
| CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää-
| CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää-
|-
|-
| "rope"
| "rope"
| *kewti || *kévðɤ || - || - || kal || kɤl || - || *kääləɣ || *kööləɣ || *kürə
| *kewti || *kévðɤ || - || - || U. kal ~ K. kɤl || - || *kääləɣ || *kööləɣ || *kürə
| *-xwð- ??
| *-xwð- ??
|-
|-
| "fine, thin"
| "fine, thin"
| *heeno || - || - || - || - || dženɯt || - || - || - || -
| *heeno || - || - || - || K. dženɯt || - || - || - || -
| Weak; ambiguous.
| Weak; ambiguous.
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | *ê_a
! colspan="11" | *ê_a
|-
|-
| "corn"
| "corn"
| *jüvä || - || '''juv''' || - || ju || jɯki || - || - || - || -
| *jüvä || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɯki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
| ← IE *jewa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
|-
|-
| "glue"
| "glue"
| *tümä || *ðɤmé || - || - || ĺem || ĺem || - || - || - || *jêmä
| *tümä || *ðɤmé || - || - || *ĺem || - || - || - || *jêmä
|-
|-
| "thick"
| "thick"
| - || *kɤsé || - || kəžgə || kɯz || kɯz || - || - || *köɬ || -
| - || *kɤsé || - || kəžgə || *kɯz || - || - || *köɬ || -
|-
|-
| "heart"
| "heart"
| *sütän || *čɤðém || śedeɲ || šüüm || śulem || śɤlɤm || siiv || *šim || *sem || '''*sejə'''
| *sütän || *čɤðém || śedeɲ || šüüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv || *šim || *sem || '''*sejə'''
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | *ü_a (for comparision)
! colspan="11" | *ü_a (for comparision)
|-
|-
| "to push"
| "to push"
| *lükkä- || - || - || - || - || - || lök- || *lük- || *lök- || -
| *lükkä- || - || - || - || - || lök- || *lük- || *lök- || -
|-
|-
| "elbow"
| "elbow"
| *küünärä || style="color:red"| '''*kɤrńélé''' || keńeŕ || kəńer || gɯr || gɯrdža || köńök  || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || -
| *küünärä || style="color:red"| '''*kɤrńélé''' || keńeŕ || kəńer || *gɯr(dža) <!-- -ja in K.-->|| köńök  || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || -
|-
|-
| "with"
| "with"
| *möö || *mɤŋé- || mej || möŋgə || - || mɯ- || mög- || - || - || -
| *möö || *mɤŋé- || mej || möŋgə || K. mɯ- || mög- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "wart"
| "wart"
| *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || śiĺge || šəɣəĺe || - || - || süĺ || - || - || -
| *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || śiĺge || šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê
! colspan="11" | FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê
|-
|-
| "nest"
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasé || pizə || pežäš || puz || poz || feesek || *pit || *peɬ || *pêtä
| *pesä || *peasé || pizə || pežäš || *pooz || feesek || *pit || *peɬ || *pêtä
|-
|-
| "thumb"
| "thumb"
| style="color:red"| '''*peukalo''' || *pealké || '''päĺkä''' || - || pɤlɯ || pev || - || - || - || *pêj
| style="color:red"| '''*peukalo''' || *pealké || '''päĺkä''' || - || U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev || - || - || - || *pêj
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="11" | *ô_i
! colspan="11" | *ô_i
|-
|-
| "3"
| "3"
| *kolme || *kolmɤ || kolmo || kɯm || kwiń || kujim || haarom || *kuurəm || *kooləm || -
| *kolme || *kolmɤ || kolmo || kɯm || U. kwiń ~ K. kujim || haarom || *kuurəm || *kooləm || -
|-
|-
| "minor river"
| "minor river"
| *joki || *jokɤ || jov || joɣə || ju || ju || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || -
| *joki || *jokɤ || jov || joɣə || *ju || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || -
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || || *jooɣən || *jəka
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jooɣən || *jəka
| for comparision
| for comparision
|-
|-
| "dry"
| "dry"
| *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || koškə- || kwaś || koś || - || - || - || *kåsə-
| *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || koškə- || U. kwaś ~ K. koś || - || - || - || *kåsə-
| F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ  ibid.
| F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ  ibid.
|-
|-
| "bow"
| "bow"
| *jouci || '''*jóksɤ''' || joŋks || jåŋež || - || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *jouci || '''*jóksɤ''' || joŋks || jåŋež || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *-ŋs-
| *-ŋs-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 206: Line 207:
|-
|-
| "I"
| "I"
| *minä || *mon || mon || məń || mon || me || een || *äm || *mä || *mən
| *minä || *mon || mon || məń || U. mon ~ K. me || een || *äm || *mä || *mən
| rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
| rowspan="2"| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
|-
|-
| "thou"
| "thou"
| *tinä || *ton || ton || tiń || ton || te || te || - || - || *tən
| *tinä || *ton || ton || tiń || U. ton ~ K. te || te || - || - || *tən
|-
|-
| "bird"
| "bird"
| *lintu || *lonté || - || style="color:red"| luðə || - || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || -
| *lintu || *lonté || - || style="color:red"| luðə || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || -
|-
|-
| "sleeve"
| "sleeve"
| *hija  || '''*soajé''' || || || || || || || ||
| *hija  || '''*soajé''' || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| "sleeve"
| "sleeve"
| *hiha || *sɤsé || oža || sokš || suj || soj || ujj || *tɯɯjət || *ɬɯɯt || '''*tüəj'''
| *hiha || *sɤsé || oža || sokš || *sooj || ujj || *tɯɯjət || *ɬɯɯt || '''*tüəj'''
|-
|-
| "phloem"
| "phloem"
| *nila || *ńɤlɤ || nola || nolo || ńɤl || ńɯla || - || *ńol || *ńal || -
| *nila || *ńɤlɤ || nola || nolo || U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla || - || *ńol || *ńal || -
|-
|-
| "to wash"
| "to wash"
| *liko- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låwt- || *loɣɯɯt- || -
| *liko- || - || - || - || - || - || *låwt- || *loɣɯɯt- || -
|-
|-
| "to curse"
| "to curse"
| *kiro- || *kɤro- || kor- || - || - || - || - || *kår- || *koorəm || *kərä-
| *kiro- || *kɤro- || kor- || - || - || - || *kår- || *koorəm || *kərä-
|-
|-
| "to scrape"
| "to scrape"
| *vito- || *vɤco- || - || - || vušt- || vušt- || vaasik- || '''*ašeɣ-''' || *wooč- || -
| *vito- || *vɤco- || - || - || *vušt- || vaasik- || '''*ašeɣ-''' || *wooč- || -
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| *iho || *ɤsé || jožo  || juž || - || ež || - || - || - || -
| *iho || *ɤsé || jožo  || juž || K. ež || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bind"
| "to bind"
| *sito- || - || sodo- || šüðüš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *sito- || - || sodo- || šüðüš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "price"
| "price"
| *hinta || - || čonda || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *hinta || - || čonda || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to sharpen"
| "to sharpen"
| *hijo- || *sɤjé- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| šume- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *hijo- || *sɤjé- || style="color:red"| šova- || style="color:red"| šume- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|}
|}


Line 252: Line 253:
|-
|-
| "side"
| "side"
| *peeli || *pealjé || piĺä || *pɨlɨš || peĺ || peĺ || fül || *päĺ || *pel || --
| *peeli || *pealjé || piĺä || *pɨlɨš || *peĺ || fül || *päĺ || *pel || --
| *e_ä with Finnic secondary *i-stem?
| *e_ä with Finnic secondary *i-stem?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| *peeksä- || - || pikse- || - || pos- || pes- || - || - || - || *pitV-
| *peeksä- || - || pikse- || - || U. pos- ~ K. pes- || - || - || - || *pitV-
| Just e(x)_ä, looks like
| Just e(x)_ä, looks like
-->
-->

Revision as of 06:09, 9 June 2009

Two newly proposed vowels for PU.

  • *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
  • *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;

Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.

  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
*ê_i (std. *e_i ?)
"to fear" *pel-kä- *pɤlɤ- peĺe- - *pool- feel- *pil- *pel- *pêj-
"blood" *veri *vɤrɤ veŕ wər *vir veer *wiɣər *wer -
"water" *veti - veď wət U. vu ~ K. va viiz *wit - *wêt ← IE?
"to go" *mene- *mɤnɤ- - mije- U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- mën- *min- *men- *mên-
"to do" *teke- *tɤkɤ- teje~tije- - - tëv- *tij- *tej- - ← IE
"skin" *keti *kɤtɤ keď - - - - - - CF *kêri; *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to hit" *löö- - - lüe- K. lɯj- löv- *li- - *jöw- WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi?
"lip" - *pɤŋsɤm - - - - *piťem *peɬem *peptän -ms- ?
"to take" *vee- *vikë- vije- - *vaj(ɯ)- vi- *wi- *we- - FV *wixxi- ??
"2" *kakti *kókté kavto, kafta kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä FV *kakta
"to dodge" - *kɤrvé- - - - kerül- *kir- *käärəɣ- -
"to cook" - *pɤsé- - - *pɤɤž- (föö-) *piit- *pääɬ- - OU *pEɬ
"skin" *keri *kɤrɤ keŕ kər *koor keerëg *kiir *käär *kêti OU *kEr
"middle" *keski *kɤskɤ - - *koos - - - -
"to be in time" *ehti- *ɤstɤ- - əšte- K. eštɯ- - - - -
"leaf" *lehti *lɤstɤ - ləštaš - - - - - ← IE
"feather" *hewhen *sɤwsɤm - - - - - - - NB difthong! newer loan?
"to tear" *repe- *rɤpɤ- - - - - - - -
"next" *enti *ɤvtɤ - - - - - - - *-ŋt-
*e_i in *ê-system (all long or difthongal?)
"to sell" *müü- *mékɤ- mije- - *med - *miɣ- *me- *mi- *mexi
"to cook" - - pije- - K. pu- (föö-) *paaj- - *pi- *pexi; cf. *pêsi !
"matter" - *séjɤ sij šü *śiś eev *säj *ɬöj *tiəj *sexji
"mushroom" *seeni *čáná - šen U. śeńki - *šiinəɣ *säänəɣ - *śexni
"to drink" *seemV- - śime- - - - - - - (check if a loan)
"girl" *nej-ti *néjtɤ ni - *nɯl - *nii *niiŋ *nê neiti pro *neisi in Finnish, WTF?
"soul, breath, steam" *lewlü *léwlɤ - - *lool leelek *liil *liil -
"to find" *lewtä- - - - - leel - - - Weak.
"brother" *velji *véljɤ - - - - - - - Short! ← IE?
*äx_i = F, S *ee, Smy. *eə, elsewhere per *ä
"tongue" *keeli *kélɤ *käĺ kɤl *kɯl - N. kelä ? *kööl *keəj
"broth" *leemi *lémɤ *ĺäm lem U. lɯm ~ K. ĺem lee *lääm - -
"mind" *meeli *mélɤ *mäĺ - *mɯl - - - -
"side" *veeri *vérɤ *väŕä - - - - - -
"to swallo" *neele- *ńélɤ- ńiĺe- nela- *ńɯl(ɯ)- ńel- *ńääl- *ńeel- *nɤl- CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää-
"rope" *kewti *kévðɤ - - U. kal ~ K. kɤl - *kääləɣ *kööləɣ *kürə *-xwð- ??
"fine, thin" *heeno - - - K. dženɯt - - - - Weak; ambiguous.
""
*ê_a
"corn" *jüvä - juv - U. ju ~ K. jɯki - - - - ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
"glue" *tümä *ðɤmé - - *ĺem - - - *jêmä
"thick" - *kɤsé - kəžgə *kɯz - - *köɬ -
"heart" *sütän *čɤðém śedeɲ šüüm U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm siiv *šim *sem *sejə
*ü_a (for comparision)
"to push" *lükkä- - - - - lök- *lük- *lök- -
"elbow" *küünärä *kɤrńélé keńeŕ kəńer *gɯr(dža) köńök *küŋgəl *köń-ŋääj -
"with" *möö *mɤŋé- mej möŋgə K. mɯ- mög- - - -
"wart" *süklä *čivlé śiĺge šəɣəĺe - süĺ - - -
FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê
"nest" *pesä *peasé pizə pežäš *pooz feesek *pit *peɬ *pêtä
"thumb" *peukalo *pealké päĺkä - U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev - - - *pêj
*ô_i
"3" *kolme *kolmɤ kolmo kɯm U. kwiń ~ K. kujim haarom *kuurəm *kooləm -
"minor river" *joki *jokɤ jov joɣə *ju joo *jɯɯɣɯɯ - -
"major river" *juka - - *jooɣən *jəka for comparision
"dry" *koski koškɤ- kośke- koškə- U. kwaś ~ K. koś - - - *kåsə- F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid.
"bow" *jouci *jóksɤ joŋks jåŋež - iij *jaɣət *jooɣəɬ *jïntə *-ŋs-
*ô_a
"I" *minä *mon mon məń U. mon ~ K. me een *äm *mä *mən Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
"thou" *tinä *ton ton tiń U. ton ~ K. te te - - *tən
"bird" *lintu *lonté - luðə - luud *luuntə *låånt -
"sleeve" *hija *soajé
"sleeve" *hiha *sɤsé oža sokš *sooj ujj *tɯɯjət *ɬɯɯt *tüəj
"phloem" *nila *ńɤlɤ nola nolo U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla - *ńol *ńal -
"to wash" *liko- - - - - - *låwt- *loɣɯɯt- -
"to curse" *kiro- *kɤro- kor- - - - *kår- *koorəm *kərä-
"to scrape" *vito- *vɤco- - - *vušt- vaasik- *ašeɣ- *wooč- -
"skin" *iho *ɤsé jožo juž K. ež - - - -
"to bind" *sito- - sodo- šüðüš - - - - -
"price" *hinta - čonda - - - - - -
"to sharpen" *hijo- *sɤjé- šova- šume- - - - - -
""


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