Sarim: Difference between revisions

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Sarim nouns come in two genders, animate and inanimate (the difference is largely semantic: animate nouns include people, gods and other supernatural beings, animals, celestial bodies, as well as a few body parts such as hand, heart, brain, and mouth; inanimate nouns are everything else)  are declined for three cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and oblique, aswell as singular and plural numbers. With inanimate nouns, the oblique and ergative cases merge - briefly, this is because Proto-Ke:tic was an active-stative language where only animate nouns had a seperate agentive marking. As the language became ergative the agentive took over this function for animate nouns, whereas for inanimate nouns the instrumental, which later merged into the oblique case, took over this function. It should be noted that in several western dialects of Sarim the distinct ergative case marking has been lost in animate nouns aswell, and the oblique has taken over this function.
Sarim nouns come in two genders, animate and inanimate (the difference is largely semantic: animate nouns include people, gods and other supernatural beings, animals, celestial bodies, as well as a few body parts such as hand, heart, brain, and mouth; inanimate nouns are everything else)  are declined for three cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and oblique, aswell as singular and plural numbers. With inanimate nouns, the oblique and ergative cases merge - briefly, this is because Proto-Ke:tic was an active-stative language where only animate nouns had a seperate agentive marking. As the language became ergative the agentive took over this function for animate nouns, whereas for inanimate nouns the instrumental, which later merged into the oblique case, took over this function. It should be noted that in several western dialects of Sarim the distinct ergative case marking has been lost in animate nouns aswell, and the oblique has taken over this function.


There are four 'declensions' in each gender, based on the end of the noun stem. The first declension consists of stems ending in a single consonant, the second of stems ending in a short vowel, the third of those ending in a long vowel, the fourth of stems ending in two consonants, and the fifth of noun stems ending in '''n'''.
There are four 'declensions' in each gender, based on the end of the noun stem. The first declension consists of stems ending in a single consonant, the second of stems ending in a short vowel, the third of those ending in a long vowel, and the fourth of stems ending in two consonants.


'''Animate Nouns'''
'''Animate Nouns'''
The Proto-Ke:ti animate noun suffixes:
Plural: -*əm-
Agentive: -*(e)s
Locative/Instrumental: -*(ə)ʔə
Genitive: -*xa:i




Line 80: Line 91:
||Absolutive  ||'''yat''' ||'''yato'''  
||Absolutive  ||'''yat''' ||'''yato'''  
|-
|-
||Ergative  ||'''yatas''' ||'''yatam'''  
||Ergative  ||'''yatas''' ||'''yatama'''  
|-  
|-  
||Oblique  ||'''yata''' ||'''yato'''   
||Oblique  ||'''yata''' ||'''yatō'''   
|-
|-
||Genitive  ||'''yate''' ||'''yatem'''
||Genitive  ||'''yate''' ||'''yatō'''
|}  
|}  


Line 95: Line 106:
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|-  
|-  
||Absolutive  ||'''imne''' ||'''imnem'''  
||Absolutive  ||'''imne''' ||'''imnen'''  
|-
|-
||Ergative  ||'''imnes''' ||'''imnēm'''  
||Ergative  ||'''imnes''' ||'''imnema'''  
|-  
|-  
||Oblique  ||'''imnē''' ||'''imnēo'''   
||Oblique  ||'''imnē''' ||'''imnema'''   
|-
|-
||Genitive  ||'''imnē''' ||'''imnēm'''
||Genitive  ||'''imnē''' ||'''imneme'''
|}  
|}  


Line 112: Line 123:
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|-  
|-  
||Absolutive  ||'''nathī''' ||'''nathim'''  
||Absolutive  ||'''nathī''' ||'''nathin'''  
|-
|-
||Ergative  ||'''nathīs''' ||'''nathīm'''  
||Ergative  ||'''nathis''' ||'''nathīma'''  
|-  
|-  
||Oblique  ||'''nathī''' ||'''nathīo'''   
||Oblique  ||'''nathī''' ||'''nathīma'''   
|-
|-
||Genitive  ||'''nathīhe''' ||'''nathīm'''
||Genitive  ||'''nathīhe''' ||'''nathīme'''
|}  
|}  


Line 131: Line 142:
||Absolutive  ||'''inta''' ||'''into'''  
||Absolutive  ||'''inta''' ||'''into'''  
|-
|-
||Ergative  ||'''intas''' ||'''intam'''  
||Ergative  ||'''intas''' ||'''intama'''  
|-  
|-  
||Oblique  ||'''intā''' ||'''into'''   
||Oblique  ||'''intā''' ||'''intō'''   
|-
|-
||Genitive  ||'''inte''' ||'''intem'''
||Genitive  ||'''inte''' ||'''intō'''
|}   
|}   




Fifth Declension:


'''cisen''' - dog
'''Inanimate Nouns'''
 
Proto-Ke:ti Inanimate Noun Affixes:
 
Plural: -*jə-
 
 
 
First Declension:
 
'''vār''' - throat, language
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive  ||'''vār''' ||'''vāri'''
|-
||Obl/Erg  ||'''vāra''' ||'''vārī''' 
|-
||Genitive  ||'''vāre''' ||'''vārī'''
|}
 
 
Second Declension:
 
'''Tamo''' - tree
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive  ||'''tamo''' ||'''tamō'''
|-
||Obl/Erg  ||'''tamō''' ||'''tamoya''' 
|-
||Genitive  ||'''tamō''' ||'''tamoye'''
|}
 
 
Third Declension:
 
'''Machē''' - fort, town


{|
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|| ||Singular ||Plural  
|-  
|-  
||Absolutive  ||'''cisen''' ||'''cisem'''  
||Absolutive  ||'''machē''' ||'''machēya'''  
|-
||Obl/Erg  ||'''machē''' ||'''machēya''' 
|-
|-
||Ergative ||'''cisēs''' ||'''cisēm'''  
||Genitive ||'''machēhe''' ||'''machēye'''
|}
 
 
Fourth Declension
 
'''huansa''' - house
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive  ||'''huansa''' ||'''huansi'''  
|-  
|-  
||Oblique ||'''cisena''' ||'''cisen'''   
||Obl/Erg ||'''huansā''' ||'''huansī'''   
|-
|-
||Genitive  ||'''yate''' ||'''yatem'''
||Genitive  ||'''huanse''' ||'''huansī'''
|}
|}

Revision as of 14:41, 5 March 2009

Sarim (Sarim: Sarim vār) is a language spoken by most of the population of Sarimis, as well as several its satellite nations.


Phonology

Consonants


-Plosives /p t c k kʷ/ <p t ch c cu>

-Nasals /m n/ <m n>

-Fricatives /v θ s h xʷ/ <v th s h hu>

-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j/ <r l y>


Vowels

/i e a o i e a o/ <i e a o ī ē ā ō>


Syllable Structure

The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the vowel nucleus being the only compulsory component, with the following caveats:

The only geminate consonants that can occur are /m: n: s: j: r: l:/.

/h/ and /xʷ/ do not occur after after other consonants.

Labio-velar consonants do not occur before other consonants, nor do they occur word-finally.

/np/ does not occur, having merged with /mp/ at an earlier stage.


Allophony


-/r/ is realised as an approximant [ɻ] before a vowel or word-finally, but [ɮ] before a consonant.

-/h/ is often realised [x] before a consonant.

- All stops are voiceless and unaspirated, except immediately following a voiceless consonant, where they tend to become voiced.

- /n/ is realised at the same point of articulation as a following consonant: /nk/ = [ŋg]

-/c/ is realised as either palatal affricates [cç] or[ʨ], or even the postalveolar affricate [ʧ], especially among younger speakers.

-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].

-Short vowels tend to be realised as lax [ɪ ɛ ɐ ɔ ] in all positions except word finally.

-Long /o:/ tends to be realised as [u:], especially in open syllables and word-finally. Other long vowels tend to be pronounced close to their cardinal values.


Stress


Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the antepenultimate syllable of a word with more than three syllables, and the first syllable of bisyllabic words. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.


Nominal Morphology

Sarim nouns come in two genders, animate and inanimate (the difference is largely semantic: animate nouns include people, gods and other supernatural beings, animals, celestial bodies, as well as a few body parts such as hand, heart, brain, and mouth; inanimate nouns are everything else) are declined for three cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and oblique, aswell as singular and plural numbers. With inanimate nouns, the oblique and ergative cases merge - briefly, this is because Proto-Ke:tic was an active-stative language where only animate nouns had a seperate agentive marking. As the language became ergative the agentive took over this function for animate nouns, whereas for inanimate nouns the instrumental, which later merged into the oblique case, took over this function. It should be noted that in several western dialects of Sarim the distinct ergative case marking has been lost in animate nouns aswell, and the oblique has taken over this function.

There are four 'declensions' in each gender, based on the end of the noun stem. The first declension consists of stems ending in a single consonant, the second of stems ending in a short vowel, the third of those ending in a long vowel, and the fourth of stems ending in two consonants.

Animate Nouns


The Proto-Ke:ti animate noun suffixes:

Plural: -*əm-

Agentive: -*(e)s

Locative/Instrumental: -*(ə)ʔə

Genitive: -*xa:i


First Declension:

yat - woman

Singular Plural
Absolutive yat yato
Ergative yatas yatama
Oblique yata yatō
Genitive yate yatō


Second Declension:

imne - heart

Singular Plural
Absolutive imne imnen
Ergative imnes imnema
Oblique imnē imnema
Genitive imnē imneme


Third Declension:

nathī - child

Singular Plural
Absolutive nathī nathin
Ergative nathis nathīma
Oblique nathī nathīma
Genitive nathīhe nathīme


Fourth Declension:

inta - the Sun

Singular Plural
Absolutive inta into
Ergative intas intama
Oblique intā intō
Genitive inte intō


Inanimate Nouns

Proto-Ke:ti Inanimate Noun Affixes:

Plural: -*jə-


First Declension:

vār - throat, language

Singular Plural
Absolutive vār vāri
Obl/Erg vāra vārī
Genitive vāre vārī


Second Declension:

Tamo - tree

Singular Plural
Absolutive tamo tamō
Obl/Erg tamō tamoya
Genitive tamō tamoye


Third Declension:

Machē - fort, town

Singular Plural
Absolutive machē machēya
Obl/Erg machē machēya
Genitive machēhe machēye


Fourth Declension

huansa - house

Singular Plural
Absolutive huansa huansi
Obl/Erg huansā huansī
Genitive huanse huansī
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