Cadim Grammar: Difference between revisions

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{{Ilya}}
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=Nouns=
 
== Nouns and adjectives ==
 
Adjectives indicating quantities precede the noun; adjectives indicating qualities follow it.  But ''tayeb'' "good" and ''mala'' "bad" usually precede the noun.
 
*'''-t'''/'''-at''' for most words
*'''-m'''/'''-em''' for words ending in front vowels other than [a] or when the word ends with a coronal plosive
 
The plural endings do not change the original stress of the word: '''neko''', cat... '''nekom''' cats, '''muj''', man... '''mujat''', men. Note that adjectives do not agree with plural nouns.
 
If there are other words (such as '''zida''' (much/many) or numbers) that indicate plurality, the plural ending may be omitted.
 
Gender is not indicated in most nouns.  For animals, use '''muj''' and '''jena''' as adjectives after the noun.
 
* Adjectives do not change when they are plural.  But when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized: ''al tali'' "the following (ones)".
 
=Articles=
 
Cadim only has a definite article.
 
* the -- '''al'''
 
The preposition '''de''' or '''man''' (of/from/about) is used without an article to express the partitive sense, e.g. '''icub de kahua'''... a cup of coffee, '''al darab de yuga'''... the piece of cake.
 
No article is used when a word is being used in a generic sense, e.g. '''amu kahua, yuga ilha tayeb'''... I like coffee, cake is good.
 
It is always permissible to drop articles after prepositions.
 
No article is necessary before names, words used as names, abstract nouns ('''-(e)ya'''), or infinitives ('''-ek/-mak''').
 
=Determiners=
 
The following words precede the noun and often substitute for '''la''' or '''un''' and add a degree of precision:
 
*this -- '''hada'''
**e.g. this thing, these things -- '''hada ceya, hada ceyat'''
**as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
*that -- '''sela'''
**e.g. that thing, those things -- '''sela ceya, sela ceyat'''
**as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
 
*all -- '''kul(u)'''
**e.g. all things, everything -- '''kul ceyat'''
**as a pronoun: all, everyone -- '''kulu'''
*each, every -- '''kada'''
**e.g. each thing, everything -- '''kada ceya'''
**as a pronoun: each one, every one -- '''kularen''' (persons only)
*some -- '''nej'''
**e.g. something, somethings -- '''nej ceya, nej ceyat'''
**as a pronoun: someone -- '''nejaren''' (persons only)
*no -- '''ne , la'''
**e.g. nothing, no one -- '''nul, neren'''
**as a pronoun: none, no one -- '''neren''' (persons only)
 
The following (when adjectives) require an article unless plural:
 
*many -- '''zida'''
**e.g. '''ceyat zida'''... many things
**e.g. '''al zida ceyat'''... the many things
*few -- '''cua'''
**e.g. '''ceyat cua'''... few things
**e.g. '''al ceyat cua'''... the few things
*same -- '''ista'''
**e.g. '''al ceya ista, al ceyat ista'''... the same thing, the same things
*other, else -- '''otra'''
**e.g. '''al ceya otra, al ceyat otra'''... the other things, the other thing
**e.g. '''ceya otra, ceyat otra'''... another thing, other things.
 
The preceding particles are often followed by...
 
*thing -- '''ceya'''
*person -- '''aren'''
*time -- '''ura''' (time, hour of the day)
**'''ima''' (occasion)
*place -- '''omra''' (area)
**'''lu''' (location)
*amount, quantity -- '''anza'''
*manner, way, how -- '''mod'''
*case, situation, circumstance -- '''mika'''
 
Others:
 
*both -- '''bada'''
**'''bada ceyat'''
*enough -- '''bas'''
**'''bas ceyat'''
*such -- '''tan'''
**'''tan ceyat'''
*certain -- '''tok'''
**'''tok ceya, tok ceyat'''
*sole, only -- '''nur(a)'''
**'''al nura ceya, nur ceya'''
 
=Pronouns=
 
*this -- '''hada'''
**as a pronoun: this, these -- '''hada, hadam'''
*that -- '''sela'''
**as a pronoun: that, those -- '''sela, selat'''
 
[[Image:Enom.GIF]]
 
==Accusative==
 
*'''te''' The polite/formal form.
*'''il''', neuter | '''ila''', feminine | '''ilu''', masculine.
 
==Possessive==
 
*'''nai''' is more common than '''anai'''.
 
==Nominative==
 
*'''-el''' is the formal form of the 3rd person singular.
*'''-te''' The polite/formal form of 2nd person singular.
 
=Prepositions=
 
==Spacial -- '''de ruma'''==
 
*at, to -- '''ela'''
*in front of -- '''anta'''
*behind -- '''ba'ad'''
*from, out of -- '''de'''
*in, into -- '''be'''
*outside -- '''bara'''
*above, over, on -- '''ala'''
*below, under -- '''tahet'''
*between, among -- '''bayan'''
*by, beside, up to -- '''janiba'''
*toward -- '''ela'''
*along -- '''alat'''
*across, through -- '''kebra'''
*around -- '''hula'''
*opposite -- '''aksa'''
 
==Temporal -- '''de zaman'''==
 
*at, to -- '''ala'''
*before -- '''anta'''
*after -- '''ba'ad'''
*since -- '''mun'''
*in (hence) -- '''talha'''
*during -- '''dum'''
*until -- '''gayet'''
 
==Relational -- '''de suhed'''==
 
*of -- '''man'''
*about, concerning -- '''beka'''
*for, in order to, benefiting, on behalf of -- '''heyara'''
*by (actor, author) -- '''beya'''
*with, in company of, using -- '''mita'''
*without, except -- '''ona'''
*opposite, against, in spite of -- '''aksa'''
*approximately, around, close to -- '''hula'''
 
{{Cadim Index}}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Cadim]]

Latest revision as of 15:23, 21 February 2009

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