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| a. CV(C) | | a. CV(C) |
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| == II.Grammar: ==
| | = II.Grammar: = |
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| | == '''I. The Ergative Case''' == |
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| '''A. Nominal Morphology'''
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| a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be | | a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m. |
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| b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative-Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
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| c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
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| d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.
| | b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows: |
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| e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. The Definite from is only used when stressing the noun to be of a specific kind and is only used in the singular. i.e the function of the word "this" in English.
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| f. Examples:
| | [[Image:Tablee2.PNG]] |
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| i. '''Vinidom toi bhine nīven'''
| | '''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.''' |
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| ii. [BiJidom toi BiJe ni:BeN]
| | ''Eng: The worm went down into the earth'' |
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| iii. (The) Boys want to kill me
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| iv. ''Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.PP want.inf''
| | '''Tia toidan zado.''' |
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| | ''Eng: I see this man.'' |
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| v. '''Vinonom toi bhini nīven'''
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| vi. [BiJoJom toi BiJi ni:BeN]
| | c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom. |
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| vii. This boy wants to kill me
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| viii. ''Boy.def.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf''
| | '''Sihledom toi haccēde.''' |
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| | ''Eng: Worms frighten me.'' |
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| ix. '''Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen'''
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| x. [tja BiJidoN giN si:Co soJeN]
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| xi. I can not find the boys
| | == '''II. The Absolutive Case''' == |
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| xii. ''I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf''
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| | a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions. |
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| '''B. Verbal Morphology'''
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| | b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows: |
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| a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle
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| b. Verb Inflections for Person
| | [[image:tablee.png]] |
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| i. 1st Person: root + -o
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| ii. 2nd Person: root + -a
| | '''Ci toidan vōmi mo.''' |
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| iii. 3rd Person: root + -i
| | ''Eng: He hit this man'' |
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| iv. All-Persons Plural: root + -e
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| | '''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.''' |
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| c. Examples:
| | ''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.'' |
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| i. '''No dinid va he cephe mu''' | | c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d. |
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| ii. [no diJid_h Ba Ce kep\e mu]
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| iii. We will seize your things(possessions)
| | '''Tia sihled zado mo.''' |
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| iv. ''We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle''
| | ''Eng: I saw the worm'' |
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| v. '''Tia ga hado cīvi mo''' (or) '''Tia ga hado mo cīvi'''
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| vi. [tja ga Cado ki:Bi mo][tja ga Cado mo ki:Bi]
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| vii. I did that easily
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| viii. ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle'' (or) ''I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy''
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| d. The Gerund:
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| e. The gerund functions as a verbs adjectival and adverbial forms. It is marked with the -endi suffix.
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| f. Examples:
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| i. '''Ci vinid humendi zadi mo'''
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| ii. [ki BiJid_h CumeNdi zadi mo]
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| iii. He saw the playing boys
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| iv. '''Ci vinid vōmi humendi mo
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| v. [ki BiJid_h Bo:mi CumeNdi mo]
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| vi. He jokingly hit the boys
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| g. The Gerundative
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| h. The Gerundative states an action that should or is to be done. It is marked with the -endas suffix. It functions as a noun when the copula <b>nomen</b> "to be" is introduced.
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| i. Examples:
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| i. '''Ci vinendas'''
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| ii. [BiJeNdas]
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| iii. He {who} should be killed
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| iv. ''He.erg kill.grndt''
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| v. '''Toidam vinendas nomi'''
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| vi. [toidam BiJeNdas nomi]
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| vii. The man is to be killed
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| viii. ''Man.Erg kill.grndt to-be.3P''
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| ix. '''Toida vinendas'''
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| x. [toida BiJeNdas]
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| xi. The man to be killed/ {who} should be killed
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| xii. ''Man.abs kill.grndt''
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| j. The Supine
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| k. The Supine states the purpose of an action. It is marked with the -oim suffix.
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| l.Examples:
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| i. '''Vatim vinid ga he vīcci vōmoim'''
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| ii. [Batim BiJid_h ga Ce Bi:ttsi Bo:moim]
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| iii. Father comes to hit his boys
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| iv. ''Father.erg boy.plur him.erg of comes.3P hit.sup''
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| v. '''Toida vōmi vīnoim mo'''
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| vi. [toida Bo:mi Bi:Joim mo]
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| vii. The man hit to kill
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| viii. ''Man.abs hit.3P kill.sup Pst''
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| m. The Infinitive:
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| n.
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| '''C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology'''
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| a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(e)t suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(e)c suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(i)dh suffix. If the suffix begins a new syllable /C/ <h> is added before the vowel to conform to Diūn Syllable Structure. Adjectives and Adverbs could arguably not be considered separate word types because the only factor distinguishing the two is purely syntactical.
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| b. Examples:
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| i. '''Ci neptiūn nomi'''
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| ii. [ki neptju:N nomi]
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| iii. It/He is blue
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| iv. ''It/he.erg blue is.3P''
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| v. '''Ci neptiūnec nomi'''
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| vi. [ki neptju:Jek_h nomi]
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| vii. It/He is (the) bluest
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| viii. ''It/he.erg blue.3rd is.3P''
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| '''D. Syntax'''
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| a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.
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| b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order and, with a few moods, by morphology.
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| i. The Diūn verbal moods are:
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| ii. Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
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| iii. Verb-Object-Subject-Complement_Verb - interrogative
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| iv. Subject-Verb-Object-Complement_Verb - subjunctive, -ne suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
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| v. Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb
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| vi. Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb. <b>te</b> "if" is used between the condition and the event.
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| c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event or expressing a wish. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.
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| d. Examples:
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| i. '''The Indicative:''' '''''Tia gīmos toi he phīho'''''
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| ii. [tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:Co]
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| iii. I love my family
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| iv. ''I.erg family me.abs of love.1P''
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| v. '''The Interrogative:''' '''''Phīha gīmos va he vo?'''''
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| vi. [p\i:Ca gi:mos Ba Ce Bo]
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| vii. Do you love your family?
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| viii. ''Love.2P family you.abs of you.erg''
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| ix. '''The Subjunctive:''' '''''Tia phīhenne gīmos toi he sūmnen.'''''
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| x. [tja p\i:CeNne gi:mos toi Ce su:mneN]
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| xi. I should love my family
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| xii. ''I.erg love.subj family me.abs of shall.inf''
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| xiii. '''The Imperative:''' '''''Phīhenim gīmos vo he!'''''
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| xiv. [p\i:CeJim gi:mos Bo Ce]
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| xv. Love your family!
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| xvi. ''Love.inf.imp family you.erg of''
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| xvii. '''The Conditional:''' '''''Gīmosom toi he toi phīhenta te tia ni phīhenta.'''''
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| xviii. [tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:CeNta te pe toi p\i:CeNta CaBi mu]
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| xix. My family would love me if I loved them
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| xx. ''Family.erg me.abs of me.abs love.con if I.erg them.abs love.con''
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| e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb
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| or after the tense particle(if there is one).
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| f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions
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| g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.
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| h. Examples:
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| i. '''Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo'''
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| ii. [tja Bekja ga Ce BiBi Bo:mo ni:veN mo]
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| iii. I wanted to hit him in the face
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| iv. ''I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle''
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| i. The Relative clause:
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| j. The relative clause functions much the same as it does in English. Unlike in English however <vis> "that" must be used in between the first sentence and its complement.
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| k. Examples:
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| i. '''Toi dōcco vis no ga hade sōnen'''
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| ii. [toi do:ttso Bis no ga Cade so:JeN]
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| iii. I think that we can do it
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| iv. ''I.ABS think.1p that we.ERG it.ABS do.1p can.inf''
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| v. '''Ca vīni vis tia pōv nomi mo'''
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| vi. [ka Bi:Ji Bis tja po:B nomi mo]
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| vii. She knows that I was there
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| viii. ''She.ABS knows.3p that I.Erg there be was''
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| Classical Diūn
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| Spoken in:
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Diūn City-States
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| Time Period:
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200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
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| Total speakers:
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extinct
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| Genealogical classification:
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Proto-Diūn
Classical Diūn
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| Basic word order:
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SOV
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| Morphological type:
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semi-fusional
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| Morphosyntactic alignment:
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Ergative-Absolutive
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| Created by:
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| Samuel Hopping |
February 8, 2007-
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Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.
I. Phonology:
A. Phoneme Inventory:
a. Consonants
b. Consonant Orthography
c. Vowels
d. Vowel Orthography
d. Diphthongs:
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>
B. Allophones:
a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/
b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/
c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/
d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/
e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/
C. Phonotactics
a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants
b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds
c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.
d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/
e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word
D. Syllable Structure
a. CV(C)
II.Grammar:
I. The Ergative Case
a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.
b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:
Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.
Eng: The worm went down into the earth
Tia toidan zado.
Eng: I see this man.
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.
Sihledom toi haccēde.
Eng: Worms frighten me.
II. The Absolutive Case
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.
b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:
File:Tablee.png
Ci toidan vōmi mo.
Eng: He hit this man
Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.
Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.
Tia sihled zado mo.
Eng: I saw the worm
