Telefax: Difference between revisions
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'''Consonants''' | '''Consonants''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
| pʰ || rowspan="2" valign="center"| t(ʰ) || || kʰ || | | pʰ || rowspan="2" valign="center"| t<sup>(</sup>ʰ<sup>)</sup> || || kʰ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| p || ts ~ ʧ || k || | | p || ts ~ ʧ || k || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ɬ || s ~ ʃ || x || h | | || ɬ || s ~ ʃ || x || h | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*[tʰ h l] occur only initially. | *[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially. | ||
*[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially. | *[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially. | ||
*Occurring alternation pairs: t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h | *Occurring alternation pairs: t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h | ||
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**Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-) | **Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-) | ||
<!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?!--> | <!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?!--> | ||
**Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear. | **Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear. | ||
*[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel. | *[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel. | ||
Revision as of 07:36, 28 January 2009
Telefax A
Consonants
| pʰ | t(ʰ) | kʰ | ||
| p | ts ~ ʧ | k | ʔ | |
| ɬ | s ~ ʃ | x | h | |
| ɓ | ɗ | ɠ | ||
| m | n | |||
| w | l | j |
- [tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
- [t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
- Occurring alternation pairs: t~tʰ; n~h, n~l; ɓ~pʰ; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, ɗ~tʰ; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, ɠ~kʰ; x~h
- Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
- Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ or m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
- Step 2: ŋ → m / _{õ ũ}, → ∅ / _{ĩ ẽ ã}, → ɰ or nasality elsewhere (might imply the existence of m~w)
- Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
- Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
- Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.
- [ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.
Vowels
| i | ĩ | u | ũ | |
| e | ẽ | ə | o | õ |
| a ã | ||||
Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only).
/ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating.
Syllable structure CV, medially (F)CV with valid 2nd cluster members including voiceless stops, implosivs & /m/.
| 1st ↓ · 2nd → | p | t | c | k | ɓ | ɗ | ɠ | m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s | sp | st | sk | sɓ | sɗ | sɠ | sm | |
| x | xt | xc | (xɗ) | xm |
Pronouns
| 1p | 2p | 3pA | 3pB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | khudi | than | yoso | leso |
| P | yaninna | lomi | cəso | wawka |
The singular 3p forms are female/male. The plural are definit/indefinit (or collectiv/paucal).
Example vocabulary
- phudi wakiyaw kəmecə
- podan wenophu lumonki
- thu xawante kuyoken acimai
- heyo igaten mubun thapu
Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix o-
- lopu 'water' <> odopu 'lake, sea, ocean'
- huca 'child' <> onuca 'teenager'
- yawdi 'dog' <> ogawdi 'wolf'
Telefax B
Consonants
| pʰ | tʰ | ʧʰ | kʰ |
| p | t | ʧ | k |
| tɬ | x | ||
| ɓ | ɗ | ||
| m | n | ŋ | |
| w | ɾ | j |
Step 2 abov doesn't take place, insted *ɠ → ɣ or ŋ in all positions. Not sure where /s/ has gone. Into aspiration maybe?
(C)V(C). More freedom with clusters here I think — but still not much. Need to include /tw tɬw kw/ ← *Cow-. Geminates: /pː tː ʧː kː/, possibly /mː nː ŋː/.
Vowels
| i | ĩ | u | ũ |
| e | ẽ | o | õ |
| æ | ã | ɑ |
[ə] occurs in unstressed syllables, contrasting chiefly with [i u], rarely [e].
Difthongs: /æi ɑu ju jũ jʌ jʌ̃/
Pronouns
| 1p | 2p | 3p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | kawrə | tawrə | awrə |
| P | wanni | nanni | awxi |
