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'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
{|
| || Bilabial  || Labiodental  || Dental  || Alveolar  || Postalveolar  || Retroflex  || Palatal  || Velar  || Uvular  || Pharyngeal  || Glottal
! !! colspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="4"| Coronal !! colspan="3"| Dorsal !! colspan="2"| Radical !!
|-
|-
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
| || Bilabial  || Labiodental  || Dental  || Alveolar  || Postalveolar  || Retroflex  || Palatal  || Velar  || Uvular  || Pharyngeal  || Epiglottal || Glottal  
|-
|-
| Nasal || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
! align="left"| Nasal
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" align="center"| N/A
|-
|-
| Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
! align="left"| Plosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8"| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
|-
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
! align="left"| Affricate
| [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dž]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [[Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
|-
|-
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]  [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]  [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]  [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]  || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]  [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
! align="left"| Fricative
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]  [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]  [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]  [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]  || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]  [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
|-
| Affricative || [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dž]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [[Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
! align="left"| Approximant
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
|-
|-
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]
! align="left"| Trill
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
|-
| Approximant || [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
| || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
|-
| Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]]
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A
|-
! align="left"| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
! align="left"| Lateral approximant
| [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant
|-
| [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] Voiceless epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] Voiced epiglottal fricative
|-
| [[Epiglottal stop|ʔ]] Epiglottal plosive
|-
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives

Revision as of 07:59, 24 November 2008

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Pulmonic Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ N/A
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ N/A ʡ ʔ
Affricate pɸ bβ pf bv tθ dð ʦ dž ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ cç ɟʝ kx gɣ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ N/A ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Lateral affricate N/A tɬ dɮ N/A
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ
˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop dˠ]] ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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