Trentish Phonology: Difference between revisions

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(=Orthography= capital ƛambda)
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<< [[Trentish]]
===Phonemic Inventory===
===Phonemic Inventory===
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
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====Orthography====
====Orthography====
(''tentative'')
Orthography is phonemic. 
 
{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
!colspan=10| ''Vowels''
|- style="background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;"
| a || e || i || o || oh || ö || r || u || uh || ü
|- style="background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;"
| /ɑ/ || /e/ || /i/ || /ɔ/ || /o/ || /ø/ || /ʌ/ || /u/ || /ʊ/ || /y/
|}


*b p ph t th tw dʼ tʼh tʼw g k kh kw q
{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5"
*m n ny ng
|-
*l ƛ
!colspan=13| ''Consonants''
*s sh x
|- style="background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;"
| b || p || ph || pw || m || d || t || th || tw || n || s || sh || x
|- style="background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;"
| /p/ || /pʼ/ || /pʰ/ || /pʷ/ || /m/ || /t/ || /tʼ/ || /tʰ/ || /tʷ/ || /n/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|- style="background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;"
| || tʼ || tʼh || tʼw || ny || g || k || kh || kw || ng || l || ƛ || q
|- style="background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;"
| /c/ || /cʼ/ || /cʰ/ || /cʷ/ || /ɲ/ || /k/ || /kʼ/ || /kʰ/ || /kʷ/ || /ŋ/ || /l/ || /tɬ/ || /ʔ/
|}


*i ü uh u
Spelling changes to reflect changes in pronunciation such as internal [[sandhi]].  [[Geminate]]d vowels and consonants are spelled double; in digraphs the first letter is doubled (e.g., ssh, nny, uuh).
*e ö oh
*r o
*a


[[Image:Trentish-tlambda.png|right|thumb|capital ƛambda]]
The letter ''r'' is strictly vocalic and has no consonantal value.


Capital of ƛ (lambda-stroke) is lambda with stroke. In poor typography (and on the web) Λ (lambda) is used, but in handwriting a stroke overline is attached to the apex, or, in best typography, a lambda with a T-like crossbar above is used.
''W'' is mainly used as in digraphs as a sign of labialization, but does occur in some loanwords by itself; by those unfamiliar with [w] proper it is pronounced [ʔʷ].


===Internal [[Sandhi]]===
===Internal [[Sandhi]]===

Latest revision as of 07:28, 15 March 2005

<< Trentish

Phonemic Inventory

Consonants

labial alveolar palatal velar glottal
plosive p pʼ pʰ (pʷ?) tʼ tʰ tʷ c cʰ cʷ k kʼ kʰ kʷ ʔ
nasal m n ɲ ŋ
lateral l tɬ
fricative s ʃ x

Vowels

i y ʊ u
e ø o
ʌ ɔ
ɑ

Orthography

Orthography is phonemic.

Vowels
a e i o oh ö r u uh ü
/ɑ/ /e/ /i/ /ɔ/ /o/ /ø/ /ʌ/ /u/ /ʊ/ /y/
Consonants
b p ph pw m d t th tw n s sh x
/p/ /pʼ/ /pʰ/ /pʷ/ /m/ /t/ /tʼ/ /tʰ/ /tʷ/ /n/ /s/ /ʃ/ /x/
tʼh tʼw ny g k kh kw ng l ƛ q
/c/ /cʼ/ /cʰ/ /cʷ/ /ɲ/ /k/ /kʼ/ /kʰ/ /kʷ/ /ŋ/ /l/ /tɬ/ /ʔ/

Spelling changes to reflect changes in pronunciation such as internal sandhi. Geminated vowels and consonants are spelled double; in digraphs the first letter is doubled (e.g., ssh, nny, uuh).

The letter r is strictly vocalic and has no consonantal value.

W is mainly used as in digraphs as a sign of labialization, but does occur in some loanwords by itself; by those unfamiliar with [w] proper it is pronounced [ʔʷ].

Internal Sandhi

Word-level

  • Trentish words can only end in a vowel or a nasal. Stops and /l/ occurring at the end of a word are nasalized, thus /thɑk/ "wear" becomes [thɑŋ]. /ʔ/ and the other consonants are dropped.

Syllable-level

Syllable-final
  • Plain voiceless consonants disappear, lengthening the previous vowel:
    /xlɔʔ/ "washed, clean" → [xlɔɔkʷʌ] "be washed".
  • Ejectives and /l/ turn to nasals as at the word level:
    /tʰɔl/ "upon" → [tʰɔŋkʷʌ] "be on top of".
  • Labialized consonants reduce to [w]:
    /kitʷ/ COLL → [kiwcʷecʷe] "set of journeys".
  • Aspirated consonants fricativize:
    /pʼɑlɑkʰ/ "hate" → [pʼɑlɑxpʼɑlɑŋ] "grudge".
Syllable-initial after a nasal
  • Aspirated stops are ejectivized by a preceding original nasal:
    /tʰɑŋ/ "wear" → [xɑntʼɑŋ] "wear that"
  • Labialized stops inherit preceding nasality:
    /cʷe/ "go" → [xɑnɲʷe] "go up yonder".
  • Plain stops are aspirated by a preceding nasal:
    /pɑ/ TOP → [xɑnpʰɑ] "yonder"
  • Ejective stops geminate a preceding nasal:
    /pʼɑlɑŋ/ "hate" → [xɑmmɑlɑŋ] "hate that"
Syllable-inital after /ɲ/
  • /ɲl/ > [ɲʎ]
  • /ɲx/ > [ɲç]
  • /ɲm/ > [ɲmʲ] etc.