Voiceless velar fricative: Difference between revisions
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=Natlangs= | =Natlangs= | ||
==[[Germanic]]== | ==[[Germanic Languages]]== | ||
===[[English]]=== | ===[[English]]=== | ||
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]==== | ====[[Anglo-Saxon]]==== | ||
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In modern English, all standard forms of English have dropped this sound. However, in Scots, as well as some Scottish variations of English, the spellings '''ch''' or '''gh''' can still be pronounced /x/ after back vowels or any vowel depending on dialect.. | In modern English, all standard forms of English have dropped this sound. However, in Scots, as well as some Scottish variations of English, the spellings '''ch''' or '''gh''' can still be pronounced /x/ after back vowels or any vowel depending on dialect.. | ||
===[[High German]]=== | ===[[High German]]=== | ||
In High German today, the sound /x/ is represented by '''ch''' after a back vowel. In northern Germanic dialects, such as [[Low German]] areas, the sound is retained as /k/ from Proto-Germanic. There are countless examples of German words with the /x/. words like '''machen''' (to make) being pronounced /maxən/. | |||
===[[Dutch]]=== | |||
===[[ | ==[[Spanish]]== | ||
==[[Greek]]== | |||
==Slavic Languages== | |||
===[[Russian]]=== | |||
===[[Polish]]=== | |||
=Conlangs= | =Conlangs= | ||
Revision as of 05:41, 10 October 2008
This sound is a voiceless velar fricative, represented by /x/ in the IPA. The symbol comes from the Greek, although the symbol closer to the normally used Greek one is the Voiceless uvular fricative /χ/.
Natlangs
Germanic Languages
English
Anglo-Saxon
In Anglo-Saxon, this sound is represented by h when after a back vowel. Words like Meahte would be pronounced /mɛaxtə/, or breahtma' would be pronounced /brɛaxtma/.
Middle English
The sound from Anglo-Saxon, also came into Middle English. In early forms, it was written h just like in the older language (in poems like Brut). In later years, the spelling shifted to gh in most cases, such as in Chaucer. The word droghte in the second line of the General Prologue, would be pronounced /drɔxt/.
Modern English
In modern English, all standard forms of English have dropped this sound. However, in Scots, as well as some Scottish variations of English, the spellings ch or gh can still be pronounced /x/ after back vowels or any vowel depending on dialect..
High German
In High German today, the sound /x/ is represented by ch after a back vowel. In northern Germanic dialects, such as Low German areas, the sound is retained as /k/ from Proto-Germanic. There are countless examples of German words with the /x/. words like machen (to make) being pronounced /maxən/.
Dutch
Spanish
Greek
Slavic Languages
Russian
Polish
Conlangs
Sources
Back to IPA
