Spanish: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
=Phonology and Orthography=
Spanish has six plosive phonemes:
=Consonants=


{|
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
| || ''bilabial'' || ''dental'' || ''velar''
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|-
| ''voiceless'' || /[[voiceless bilabial stop|p]]/ || /[[voiceless dental stop|t]]/ || /[[voiceless velar stop|k]]/
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ɲ || || ŋ
|-
|-
| ''voiced'' || /[[voiced bilabial stop|b]]/ || /[[voiced dental stop|d]]/ || /[[voiced velar stop|g]]/
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || p || (b) || || || t̻ || d̻ ||  ||  || || || || || k || g ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || β || f || || (θ) || (ð) || s || || (ʃ) || (ʒ) || || ç || x || ɣ || (h)
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || ||  ||  || ʧ || (ʤ) || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants & glides || ||  || || || || || ||  || || || || j
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || r || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Flap || || || || || || || || ɾ || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || || l/ɫ
|}
|}


The voiced plosives generally are articulated as plosives under certain conditions, such as initially, or after certain other phonemes.  Under other circumstances they are fricatives [[[voiced bilabial fricative|β]] [[voiced dental fricative|ð]] [[voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] or even approximants.
</div>
 
=Vowels=
There are either three or four voiceless fricatives, depending on dialect:
 
:/[[voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[voiceless velar fricative|x]]/
 
In most dialects, /θ/ is merged into /s/. Actually, /θ/ is only conserved in some areas in Spain.  /x/ is often pronounced as &#91;[[glottal fricative|h]]], though it still acts phonemically velar by turning a preceding /n/ into &#91;[[velar nasal|ŋ]]].  In some dialects final /s/ weakens to [h].
 
[[SAMPA]] lists two affricates:
 
:/[[voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] ɟʝ/
 
/ʧ/ is usually pronounced as palatal &#91;[[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]]].  /ɟʝ/ can be pronounced as lightly as &#91;[[palatal approximant|j]]] and as strongly as &#91;[[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]]].
 
There are three phonemic nasals:
 
:/[[bilabial nasal|m]] [[alveolar nasal|n]] [[palatal nasal|ɲ]]/
 
[ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before velars, and word-finally in some dialects. ''tengo'' would be [t̪e̞ŋgo̞]


The liquids are:


:/[[alveolar lateral|l]] [[palatal lateral|ʎ]] [[alveolar tap|ɾ]] [[alveolar trill|r]]/
In some dialects, mainly American ones, /ʎ/ has merged into /jj/.
The semivowels are /j w/, and the vowels are the basic five-vowel set /a e i o u/.
The /a/, /e/ and /o/ vowels aren't described in IPA within the standard vowels.
Diacritcs must be used as the following to represent them correctly: [ä], [e̞], [o̞].
==Orthography==
Spanish orthography is regular in the sense that the pronunciation of a word can always be correctly divined from the spelling.  However, silent letters and the falling together of some original phonemes mean that it is sometimes not possible to know the spelling of a word knowing only the pronunciation.
The accute accent is used to note stress in words of  two or more syllables following certain rules. Additionaly, monosyllabic [[minimal pairs]], one of the words have an accent to differentiate from the other one.
In [[measured poetry]], an [[umlaut]] or diaeresis is used to mark a [[hiatus]] in words that otherwise would normally create a [[diphthong]]: ''la risa s'''ü'''ave''. The umlaut is also used in combinations of <q> or <g> before a spoken <nowiki><u>,as most words with <qu> have the <u> unpronounced.</nowiki>


==Notable features of Spanish==
==Notable features of Spanish==
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==External links==
==External links==
[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/spanish.htm SAMPA for Spanish]
[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/spanish.htm SAMPA for Spanish]
[http://www.ling.northwestern.edu/~abradlow/bradlow-jasa95.pdf] Comment about Spanish vowels.
[http://www.ling.northwestern.edu/~abradlow/bradlow-jasa95.pdf] Comment about Spanish vowels.


Revision as of 07:03, 29 August 2008

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Spanish is a Romance language, native to Spain but spoken throughout Central and South America, and the United States. The dialect known as Castilian is from Spain only and has grammatical and phonological differences from southern Spain and all other dialects of Spanish.

Spanish
Español
Spoken in: Spain (among many others) (España)
Conworld: Real world
Total speakers: 400 million native.
Genealogical classification: Indo-European
Italic
Romance
     Latin
     Ibero
Spanish
Basic word order: SVO,
Morphological type: Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment: nominative-accusative
Writing system:
Created by:
unknown 15th century C.E.

Phonology and Orthography

Consonants

Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Inter-dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p (b) t̻ d̻ k g
Fricative β f (θ) (ð) s (ʃ) (ʒ) ç x ɣ (h)
Affricate ʧ (ʤ)
Approximants & glides j
Trill r
Flap ɾ
Lateral Approximant l/ɫ

Vowels

Notable features of Spanish

Languages based on Spanish

Creoles and natural descendants

Ladino. Spoken by descendants of Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century. It's spoken in certain areas around the world, mainly in Israel.

Portuñol. A mix of Spanish and Portuguese spoken in some southern Brazil areas.

Constructed languages

Montreiano

External links

SAMPA for Spanish [1] Comment about Spanish vowels.

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