Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions

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(→‎Mid to late PWA': /X\/ as emphatic laryngeal)
(→‎Mid to late PWA': regularize)
Line 26: Line 26:
ca. -1.5ka
ca. -1.5ka
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*Fricativ voicing
*Voicing processes
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/; under voicing /ɫ/
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
*/d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
*/d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized.


<!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), f?\ huitsinnevadaan kthxbye; mistä hitosta d- tulee??-->
<!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), mistä hitosta d- tulee??-->


{|
{|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! rowspan="2"| Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar
! colspan="2"| Apico-<br/>postalveolar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2"| Velar
! colspan="2" | Glottal
! colspan="2"| Laryngeal
|-
|-
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
Line 50: Line 53:
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Plain</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
!<small>Emphatic</small>
|-
|- align="center"
! Voiceless stops
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Stops
| align="center" | p
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
| align="center" | pˤ
| p
| align="center" | t̻
| pˤ
| align="center" | ṯ
| t̻
| align="center" | ṯˤ
| ṯ
| align="center" | k
| ṯˤ
| align="center" | kʷ
| k
| align="center" | ʔ
| kʷ
|
| (ʔ ~ ∅)
|-
! Voiced stops
| align="center" | b
| align="center" | bˤ
| align="center" | d̻
| align="center" | ḏ
| align="center" | ḏˤ
| align="center" | ɡ
| align="center" | ɡʷ
|-
! Voiceless fricativs
|
|
|- align="center"
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small>
| b
| bˤ
| d̻
| ḏ
| ḏˤ
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|- align="center"
! align="left" rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! align="left"| <small>Voiceless</small>
|
|
| align="center" | s̻
| align="center" | s̱
| align="center" | ʂˣ
|
|
| align="center" | xʷ
| s̻
| align="center" | h
| s̱
| align="center" | ħ
| ʂˣ
|-
! Voiced fricativs
|
|
| xʷ
| h
| ħ
|- align="center"
! align="left"| <small>Voiced</small>
|
|
| align="center" | z̻
| align="center" | ẕ
| align="center" | ʐˠ
|
|
| align="center" | (ɣʷ)
| z̻
|-
| ẕ
! Nasals
| ʐˠ
| align="center" | m
| align="center" | mˤ
| align="center" | n̻
| align="center" | ṉ
|
|
| align="center" | ŋ
| (ɣʷ)
|-
|- align="center"
! Laterals
! align="left" colspan="2"| Nasals
| m
| mˤ
| n̻
| ṉ
| ṉˤ
| ŋ
|- align="center"
! align="left" colspan="2"| Laterals
| ||
| ||
| align="center" | l̻
| l̻
| align="center" | ḻ
| ḻ
| align="center" | ɫ
| ɫ
|-
|- align="center"
! Semivowels
! align="left" colspan="2"| Semivowels
| || || ||
| || || ||
| align="center" | ɻˠ
| ɻˠ
| align="left" | j
| align="left" | j
| align="center" | w
| w
|}
|}


(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

Revision as of 01:59, 15 August 2008

Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'

  • /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
  • Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
  • Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
  • /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
  • /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em

Erly to mid PWA'

ca. -3ka

Middle PWA' had three main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken across a wide area south of this, further broken down to West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.

  • /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
  • Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
  • POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect:
    • 1) /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
    • 2) /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ ??/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
  • Associated approximant drift
    • /l/ → /n̻/
    • /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
    • /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
  • /ts/ → /θ/ (only in West)
  • /q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
  • /θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)

Mid to late PWA'

ca. -1.5ka

  • /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
  • Voicing processes
  • /θˤ/ → /ħ/; under voicing /ɫ/
  • Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
  • /d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
  • Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
    • Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
    • The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized.


Labial Lamino-
dental 		Apico-
postalveolar 		Velar Laryngeal
Plain Emphatic Plain Emphatic Plain Labial Plain Emphatic
Stops Voiceless p pˤ t̻ ṯ ṯˤ k kʷ (ʔ ~ ∅)
Voiced b bˤ d̻ ḏ ḏˤ ɡ ɡʷ
Fricatives Voiceless s̻ s̱ ʂˣ xʷ h ħ
Voiced z̻ ẕ ʐˠ (ɣʷ)
Nasals m mˤ n̻ ṉ ṉˤ ŋ
Laterals l̻ ḻ ɫ
Semivowels ɻˠ j w

(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

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