Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions
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(according to 1.0) |
(→Mid to late PWA': /X\/ as emphatic laryngeal) |
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! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ||
! colspan="2" | Velar | ! colspan="2" | Velar | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | !<small>Plain</small> | ||
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!<small>Plain</small> | !<small>Plain</small> | ||
!<small>Labial</small> | !<small>Labial</small> | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | |||
!<small>Emphatic</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless stops | ! Voiceless stops | ||
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| align="center" | k | | align="center" | k | ||
| align="center" | kʷ | | align="center" | kʷ | ||
| align="center" | ʔ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced stops | ! Voiced stops | ||
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| | | | ||
| align="center" | xʷ | | align="center" | xʷ | ||
| align="center" | h | |||
| align="center" | ħ | | align="center" | ħ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced fricativs | ! Voiced fricativs | ||
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| | | | ||
| align="center" | (ɣʷ) | | align="center" | (ɣʷ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
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! Semivowels | ! Semivowels | ||
| || || || | | || || || | ||
| | | align="center" | ɻˠ | ||
| align="left" | j | | align="left" | j | ||
| align="center" | w | | align="center" | w | ||
Revision as of 13:37, 14 August 2008
Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'
- /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
- Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
- Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
- /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
- /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
Erly to mid PWA'
ca. -3ka
Middle PWA' had three main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken across a wide area south of this, further broken down to West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
- /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
- Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
- POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect:
- 1) /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
- 2) /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ ??/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
- Associated approximant drift
- /l/ → /n̻/
- /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
- /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
- /ts/ → /θ/ (only in West)
- /q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
- /θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)
Mid to late PWA'
ca. -1.5ka
- /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
- Fricativ voicing
- Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
- /d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
- Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
| Labial | Lamino- dental |
Apico- postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Labial | Plain | Emphatic | ||
| Voiceless stops | p | pˤ | t̻ | ṯ | ṯˤ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| Voiced stops | b | bˤ | d̻ | ḏ | ḏˤ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||
| Voiceless fricativs | s̻ | s̱ | ʂˣ | xʷ | h | ħ | |||
| Voiced fricativs | z̻ | ẕ | ʐˠ | (ɣʷ) | |||||
| Nasals | m | mˤ | n̻ | ṉ | ŋ | ||||
| Laterals | l̻ | ḻ | ɫ | ||||||
| Semivowels | ɻˠ | j | w | ||||||
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
