Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

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Line 11: Line 11:
|-
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Onset
! rowspan = 2 | Onset
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! colspan = 3 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
Line 19: Line 19:
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
|-
! Karlgren
! <small>Karlgren</small><ref id="karlgren">[[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.</ref>
! Baxter
! <small>Baxter</small><ref id="baxter">[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/ William Baxter].</ref>
! IPA<ref id="panwuyun">Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).</ref>
! Go-On
! Go-On
! Kan-On
! Kan-On
|-
|-
| 幫
! 幫
| p
| p
| p
| p
| [p]
| b [p]
| b [p]
| b [p]
| b [p]
Line 34: Line 36:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
|-
| 滂
! 滂
| p'
| p'
| ph
| ph
| [pʰ]
| p [pʰ]
| p [pʰ]
| p [pʰ]
| p [pʰ]
Line 48: Line 51:
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
|-
|-
| 並
! 並
| b'
| b'
| b
| b
| [b]
| p [pʰ] /_1 <br />
| p [pʰ] /_1 <br />
b [p] /_234
b [p] /_234
Line 60: Line 64:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
|-
| 明
! 明
| m
| m
| m
| m
| [m]
| m [m]
| m [m]
| m [m]
| m [m]
Line 73: Line 78:
| ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
|-
| 非*
! 非*
| p
| p
| p
| p
| [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
Line 83: Line 89:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
|-
| 敷*
! 敷*
| p'
| p'
| ph
| ph
| [fʰ]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
Line 97: Line 104:
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
|-
|-
| 奉*
! 奉*
| b'
| b'
| b
| b
| [v]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
Line 107: Line 115:
| h [h]
| h [h]
| ㅂ [p] <br />
| ㅂ [p] <br />
ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc.
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
|-
| 微*
! 微*
| m
| m
| m
| m
| [ɱ]
| w [w]
| w [w]
| m [m]
| m [m]
Line 120: Line 129:
| ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
|-
| 端
! 端
| t
| t
| t
| t
| [t]
| d [t]
| d [t]
| d [t]
| d [t]
Line 132: Line 142:
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 透
! 透
| t'
| t'
| th
| th
| [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
Line 144: Line 155:
ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 定
! 定
| d'
| d'
| d
| d
| [d]
| t [tʰ] /_1 <br />
| t [tʰ] /_1 <br />
d [t] /_234
d [t] /_234
Line 158: Line 170:
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 泥
! 泥
| n
| n
| n
| n
| [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
Line 170: Line 183:
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
|-
|-
| 來
! 來
| l
| l
| l
| l
| [l]
| l [l]
| l [l]
| l [l]
| l [l]
Line 183: Line 197:
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
|-
|-
| 知
! 知
| t̂
| t̂
| tr
| tr
| [ʈ]
| zh [tʂ]
| zh [tʂ]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
Line 195: Line 210:
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 徹
! 徹
| t̂'
| t̂'
| trh
| trh
| [ʈʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
Line 207: Line 223:
ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 澄
! 澄
| d̂'
| d̂'
| dr
| dr
| [ɖʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ] /_1 <br />
| ch [tʂʰ] /_1 <br />
zh [tʂ] /_234
zh [tʂ] /_234
Line 221: Line 238:
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
|-
|-
| 娘
! 娘
| n
| n
| nr
| nr
| [ɳ]
| n [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
Line 233: Line 251:
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
ㅇ /_[i,j]  
|-
|-
| 精
! 精
| ts
| ts
| ts
| ts
| [ts]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
Line 244: Line 263:
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
| 清
! 清
| ts'
| ts'
| tsh
| tsh
| [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
Line 255: Line 275:
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
| 從
! 從
| dz'
| dz'
| dz
| dz
| [dz]
| c [tsʰ] /_1 <br />
| c [tsʰ] /_1 <br />
z [ts] /_234
z [ts] /_234
Line 268: Line 289:
|  
|  
|-
|-
| 心
! 心
| s
| s
| s
| s
| [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
| s [s]
Line 279: Line 301:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 邪
! 邪
| z
| z
| z
| z
| [z]
|
|
|
|
Line 290: Line 313:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 莊
! 莊
| tṣ
| tṣ
| tsr
| tsr
| [tʂ]
| zh [tʂ]
| zh [tʂ]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
Line 301: Line 325:
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
| 初
! 初
| tṣ'
| tṣ'
| tsrh
| tsrh
| [tʂʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
Line 312: Line 337:
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
| 崇
! 崇
| dẓ'
| dẓ'
| dzr
| dzr
| [dʐʰ]
|
|
|
|
Line 323: Line 349:
|
|
|-
|-
| 山
! 山
| ṣ
| ṣ
| sr
| sr
| [ʂ]
| sh [ʂ]
| sh [ʂ]
| s [s]
| s [s]
Line 334: Line 361:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 俟
! 俟
| ź
| ź
| zr
| zr
| [ʐ]
|
|
|
|
Line 345: Line 373:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 章
! 章
| tś
| tś
| tsy
| tsy
| [tɕ]
| zh [tʂ]
| zh [tʂ]
| z [ts]
| z [ts]
Line 356: Line 385:
| ㅈ [tɕ]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
|-
| 昌
! 昌
| tś'
| tś'
| tsyh
| tsyh
| [tɕʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ]
Line 367: Line 397:
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
|-
| 船
! 船
| dź'
| dź'
| zy
| zy
| [ʑ]
|
|
|
|
Line 378: Line 409:
|  
|  
|-
|-
| 書
! 書
| ś
| ś
| sy
| sy
| [ɕ]
| sh [ʂ]
| sh [ʂ]
| s [s]
| s [s]
Line 389: Line 421:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 禪
! 禪
| ź
| ź
| dzy
| dzy
| [dʑ]
|
|
|
|
Line 400: Line 433:
| ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
|-
| 日
! 日
| ńź
| ńź
| ny
| ny
| [ȵ]
|
|
|
|
Line 411: Line 445:
|
|
|-
|-
| 見
! 見
| k
| k
| k
| k
| [k]
| g [k]
| g [k]
| g [k]
| g [k]
Line 422: Line 457:
| ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
|-
| 溪
! 溪
| k'
| k'
| kh
| kh
| [kʰ]
|
|
|
|
Line 433: Line 469:
| ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
|-
| 群
! 群
| g'
| g'
| g
| g
| [g]
|
|
|
|
Line 444: Line 481:
| ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
|-
| 疑
! 疑
| ng
| ng
| ng
| ng
| [ŋ]
|
|
|
|
Line 455: Line 493:
| ㅇ
| ㅇ
|-
|-
| 影
! 影
| '
| '
| '
| '
| [ʔ]
|
|
|
|
Line 466: Line 505:
| ㅇ
| ㅇ
|-
|-
| 曉
! 曉
| x
| x
| x
| x
| [h]
|
|
|
|
Line 477: Line 517:
| ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
|-
|-
| 匣
! 匣
| ɣ
| ɣ
| h
| h
| [ɦ]
|
|
|
|
Line 489: Line 530:
| ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
|-
|-
| 云
! 云
| j
| j
| y
| y
| [ɦj]
|
|
|
|
Line 500: Line 542:
| ㅇ
| ㅇ
|-
|-
| 以
! 以
| ∅
| ∅
| y
| y
| [j]
|
|
|
|
Line 517: Line 560:
* z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
* z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
* g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
* g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
Note for Cantonese:
* Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
* /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
* /n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.


Note for Japanese &mdash; The following rules also apply:
Note for Japanese &mdash; The following rules also apply:

Revision as of 03:04, 18 July 2008

Onsets

  • 1 = Ping tone
  • 2 = Shang tone
  • 3 = Qu tone
  • 4 = Ru tone
  • 1a = Yin Ping tone
  • 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.
Onset Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
KarlgrenCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many BaxterCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many IPACite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many Go-On Kan-On
幫 p p [p] b [p] b [p] h [h] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

滂 p' ph [pʰ] p [pʰ] p [pʰ] h [h] h [h] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

並 b' b [b] p [pʰ] /_1

b [p] /_234

p [pʰ] /_12

b [p] /_(2)34

b [b] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

明 m m [m] m [m] m [m] m [m] b [b] ㅁ [m]
非* p p [f] f [f] f [f] h [h] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

敷* p' ph [fʰ] f [f] f [f] h [h] h [h] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

奉* b' b [v] f [f] f [f] b [b] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

微* m m [ɱ] w [w] m [m] m [m] b [b] ㅁ [m]
端 t t [t] d [t] d [t] t [t] t [t] ㄷ [t]

ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)

透 t' th [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [t] t [t] ㅌ [tʰ]

ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)

定 d' d [d] t [tʰ] /_1

d [t] /_234

t [tʰ] /_12

d [t] /_(2)34

d [d] t [t] ㄷ [t]

ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)

泥 n n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] d [d] ㄴ [n]

ㅇ /_[i,j]

來 l l [l] l [l] l [l] r [ɺ] r [ɺ] ㄹ [ɾ]

ㄴ [n] /#_
ㅇ /_[i,j]

知 t̂ tr [ʈ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] t [t] t [t] ㄷ [t]

ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)

徹 t̂' trh [ʈʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] t [t] t [t] ㅌ [tʰ]

ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)

澄 d̂' dr [ɖʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

zh [tʂ] /_234

c [tsʰ] /_12

z [ts] /_(2)34

d [d] t [t] ㄷ [t]

ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)

娘 n nr [ɳ] n [n] n [n] n [n] d [d] ㄴ [n]

ㅇ /_[i,j]

精 ts ts [ts] z [ts] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
清 ts' tsh [tsʰ] c [tsʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從 dz' dz [dz] c [tsʰ] /_1

z [ts] /_234

c [tsʰ] /_12

z [ts] /_(2)34

z [z] s [s]
心 s s [s] s [s] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
邪 z z [z] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
莊 tṣ tsr [tʂ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
初 tṣ' tsrh [tʂʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
崇 dẓ' dzr [dʐʰ] z [z] s [s]
山 ṣ sr [ʂ] sh [ʂ] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
俟 ź zr [ʐ] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
章 tś tsy [tɕ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
昌 tś' tsyh [tɕʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
船 dź' zy [ʑ] z [z] s [s]
書 ś sy [ɕ] sh [ʂ] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
禪 ź dzy [dʑ] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
日 ńź ny [ȵ] n [n] z [z]
見 k k [k] g [k] g [k] k [k] k [k] ㄱ [k]
溪 k' kh [kʰ] k [k] k [k] ㄱ [k]
群 g' g [g] g [ɡ] k [k] ㄱ [k]
疑 ng ng [ŋ] g [ɡ] g [ɡ] ㅇ
影 ' ' [ʔ] Ø
y [j]
w [w] 		Ø
y [j]
w [w] 		ㅇ
曉 x x [h] k [k] k [k] ㅎ [h]
匣 ɣ h [ɦ] g [ɡ]

w [w]

k [k] ㅎ [h]
云 j y [ɦj] ㅇ
以 ∅ y [j] ㅇ

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split appear to be: 1) Third-deng (等) rime; 2) A "back" or "labialized" feature in the syllable (exact definition subject to debate).

Allophony in reflexes

Note for Mandarin Chinese — The following rules also apply:

  • z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
  • g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Cantonese:

  • Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
  • /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
  • /n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.

Note for Japanese — The following rules also apply:

  • t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
  • t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
  • w [w] > 0 /_[i,u,e,o]
  • /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Rimes

  • P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
  • T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
  • TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
  • S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
  • SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
  • SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
  • K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
東（一等） ung uwng ong [ʊŋ]

weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)

u [u]

some uu [uː]

ou [oː]
冬（一等） uong owng ong [ʊŋ]

(does not occur /P_)

ung [ʊŋ] o [o]

some ou [oː]

ou [oː]
東（三等） i̯ung juwng ong [ʊŋ]

eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ] yuu [juː], yu [ju]

u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_

yuu [juː]

ou [oː]/P_

鍾（三等） i̯wong jowng ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

u [u], uu [uː]/K_

you [joː]

ou [oː]/P_

東（一等） uk uwk u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku]
冬（一等） uok owk u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku]
東（三等） i̯uk juwk mostly u [u]

and ü [y] /K_
but:
ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉)
iu [jou] (宿六)
uo [uo] (縮)

uk [ʊk] iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_

uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_
oku [oku] /l_,m_

iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_

yuku [juku] /S_,SY_
uku [uku] /P_
oku [oku] /m_

鍾（三等） i̯wok jowk mostly u [u]

and ü [y] /K_
but:
ü [y] (續綠)

uk [ʊk]

juk [jʊk] /ŋ_

oku [oku] yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
江（二等） ång æwng iang [jɑŋ] / K_

but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)
uang [wɑŋ] /TR_,SR_
ang [ɑŋ] /P_

ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_

oeng [œːŋ] /TR_,SR_

ou [oː] au [oː]

止攝 Zhi She

遇攝 Yu She

蟹攝 Xie She

臻攝 Zhen She

山攝 Shan She

效攝 Xiao She

果攝 Guo She

假攝 Jia She

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

流攝 Liu She

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

Tones

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

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