Chinese sound correspondences

Onsets

• 1 = Ping tone
• 2 = Shang tone
• 3 = Qu tone
• 4 = Ru tone
• 1a = Yin Ping tone
• 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
	Karlgren	Baxter					Go-On	Kan-On
幫	p	p	b [p]	b [p]			h [h]	h [h]
滂	p'	ph	p [pʰ]	p [pʰ]			h [h]	h [h]
並	b'	b	p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234	p [pʰ] /_12 b [p] /_(2)34			b [b]	h [h]
明	m	m	m [m]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]
非*	p	p	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]
敷*	p'	ph	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]
奉*	b'	b	f [f]	f [f]			b [b]	h [h]
微*	m	m	w [w]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]
端	t	t	d [t]	d [t]			t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
透	t'	th	t [tʰ]	t [tʰ]			t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
定	d'	d	t [tʰ] /_1 d [t] /_234	t [tʰ] /_12 d [t] /_(2)34			d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
泥	n	n	n [n]	n [n]			n [n] n [ɲ] /_[i,j]	d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j]
知	t̂	tr	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
徹	t̂'	trh	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
澄	d̂'	dr	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34			d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j]	t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j]
娘	n	nr	n [n]	n [n]			n [n] n [ɲ] /_[i,j]	d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j]

Rimes

• P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
• T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
• TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
• S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
• SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
• SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
• K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影雲以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
	Karlgren	Baxter					Go-On	Kan-On
東（一等）	ung	uwng	ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)			u [u] some uu [uː]	ou [oː]
冬（一等）	uong	owng	ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_)	ung [ʊŋ]			o [o] some ou [oː]	ou [oː]
東（三等）	i̯ung	juwng	ong [ʊŋ] eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ]			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_	yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_
鍾（三等）	i̯wong	jowng	ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_	you [joː] ou [oː]/P_
東（一等）	uk	uwk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
冬（一等）	uok	owk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
東（三等）	i̯uk	juwk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉) iu [jou] (宿六) uo [uo] (縮)	uk [ʊk]
鍾（三等）	i̯wok	jowk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ü [y] (續綠)	uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_,ʔ_

Resources

Middle Chinese

• Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
• Middle Chinese lookup tool
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
• Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
• Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)

Modern Chinese

• Putonghua lookup
• Guoyu lookup
• Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka lookup
• Cantonese lookup
• Taiwanese lookup

Sino-Xenic

• Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)
• Hanja lookup
• Sino-Vietnamese lookup