Anggloo-Saksyn: Difference between revisions

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<small> This article is in [[Tower Orthography]], to see it in [[Modern English|standard English]] click [[Anglo-Saxon|here.]]<small>
Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. '''Englisc''') iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic.  It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.   
Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. '''Englisc''') iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic.  It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.   


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==Aalfybet==
==Aalfybet==
Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz.  Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid '''cg''' /[[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]]/ and  '''c''' /[[Voiceless Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]]/ and '''sc''' /[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/.  Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]/ and /sk/ riispektivlii.  Dhy letyr '''g''' biikymz /[[Palatal approximant|j]]/ next to front vowels.  This is how '''gear''' becomes '''year'''.  Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz '''ge-''' witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az '''y-''' sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik '''yronne''' (ran).
[[Image:Wynn.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Ƿƿ''' ''wynn'', Old&nbsp;English&nbsp;'''[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]''', witc iz mising in menii juunikood faants.]]
Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz.  Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid '''cg''' /[[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]]/ and  '''c''' /[[Voiceless Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]]/ and '''sc''' /[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/.  Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]/ and /sk/ riispektivlii.  Dhy letyr '''g''' biikymz /[[Palatal approximant|j]]/ nekst tuu frynt vauls.  Dhis iz hau '''gear''' biikymz '''year'''.  Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz '''ge-''' witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az '''y-''' sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik '''yronne''' (ran).


Oold Ingglic did nat juuz dhy leterz '''v''' and '''z''', biikyz '''f''' and '''s''' bekeem /[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/.  Dhy letyrz '''þ''' and '''ð''' booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ (biitwiin vaulz).  Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.
Oold Ingglic did naat juuz dhy leterz '''v''' and '''z''', biikyz '''f''' and '''s''' bekeem /[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/.  Dhy letyrz '''þ''' and '''ð''' booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ (biitwiin vaulz).  Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.




Dhy letyr '''h''' wyz prynaunst /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd.  Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /[[Voiceless palatal sibilant|ç]]/.  Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman '''ch'''.
Dhy letyr '''h''' wyz prynaunst /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd.  Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /[[Voiceless palatal sibilant|ç]]/.  Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman '''ch'''.


=Moorfaaloodxii=
=Gramyr=
==Naunz==
==Naunz==
===Dxendyr and Nymbyr===
===Dxendyr and Nymbyr===
Dheer ar theer Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: [[Masculine|Maskjuliin]], [[Feminine|Feminiin]], and [[Neuter|Nuutyr]].  Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in [[Latin]], az wel az madern [[Russian|Rycyn]] and [[German|Dxerman]].  Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.
Dheer ar thrii Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: [[Masculine|Maskjuliin]], [[Feminine|Feminiin]], and [[Neuter|Nuutyr]].  Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in [[Latin]], az wel az madern [[Russian|Rycyn]] and [[German|Dxerman]].  Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.


Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl.  Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.
Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl.  Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.


===keesiz===
===Keesiz===
Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun.  Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy '''-'s''' ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees.  Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.
Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun.  Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy '''-'s''' ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees.  Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.


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===Egzampyl tcarts===
===Egzampyl tcarts===
'''Maskjuuliin:'''
'''Maskjuuliin:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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'''Feminiin:'''
'''Feminiin:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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'''Nuutyr:'''
'''Nuutyr:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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==Artikyls==
==Artikyls==
Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz.  Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt.  Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz.  Hiir ar dhy artikylz:
Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz.  Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt.  Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz.  Hiir ar dhy artikylz:
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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==Persynyl Proonaunz==
==Persynyl Proonaunz==
Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic.  Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul.  With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz.  Heer ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz: <br>
Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic.  Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul.  With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz.  Hiir ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz: <br>
'''Fyrst persyn:'''
'''Fyrst persyn:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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! Plooryl
! Plooryl
|-
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē ||
| '''Naamnytiv''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē
|-
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || mīn || uncer || ūre ||
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || mīn || uncer || ūre
|-
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || mē || unc || ūs ||
| '''Deetiv'''  || mē || unc || ūs
|-
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || mē|| unc || ūs ||
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || mē|| unc || ūs
|}
|}


'''Second person:'''
'''Second person:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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! Plooryl
! Plooryl
|-
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || þū || git || gē ||
| '''Naamnytiv''' || þū || git || gē
|-
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower ||
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower
|-
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow ||
| '''Deetiv'''  || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|-
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow ||
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|}
|}


'''Third person:'''
'''Third person:'''
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Keesiz
! Keesiz
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|}
|}


==Adjectives==
==Adxektivz==
Adjectives also decline by gender, number, and case.  Because one adjective has to cover all three genders, two numbers, and four (five with the Strong) cases, there are more adjective forms than there are any other part of speech, with the possible exception of the verb.  They too have Strong and Weak forms and can have root vowel stems which are umlauted.  The plurals of the Weak forms are uniform across genders, but not in the Strong forms.  The same adjective could be Weak or Strong depending on context and the noun.
Adxektivz olsoo diiclain bai dxendyr, nymbyr, and cees.  Biikyz wyn Adxektiv haz tuu cyvyr ol thrii dxendyrz, tuu nymbyrz, and foor (faiv with dhy Strong) keesiz, dheer ar moor adxektaiv foormz dhan dheer ar enii ydhyr part yv spiitc, with dhy paasibyl eksepcyn yv dhy verb.  dhee tuu hav Strong and Wiik foormz and kan hav ruut vaul stemz witc ar uumlautid.  Dhy ploorylz yv dhy Wiik foormz ar juunifoorm akros dxendyrs, byt naat in dhy Strong foorms.  Dhy seem adxektiv kud bii Wiik oor Strong diipending on caantekst and dhy naun.


===Examples===
===Egzampylz===
'''Gōd = Good''' <br>
'''Gōd = Gud''' <br>
'''Weak''':
'''Wiik''':
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Cases
! Keesiz
! Masculine
! Maskjuuliin
! Feminine
! Feminiin
! Neuter
! Nuutyr
! Plural (all Genders)
! Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
|-
|-
| '''Nominative''' || gōda || gōde || gōde || gōdan
| '''Naamnytiv''' || gōda || gōde || gōde || gōdan
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdena
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdena
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdum
| '''Deetiv'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdum
|-
|-
| '''Accustive''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|}
|}


'''Strong''':
'''Strong''':
{| border="1"
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
! Cases
! Keesiz
! Masculine
! Maskjuuliin
! Feminine
! Feminiin
! Neuter
! Nuutyr
! Pl. Masc.
! Pl. Mask.
! Pl. Fem.
! Pl. Fem.
! Pl. Neut.
! Pl. Nuut.
|-
|-
| '''Nominative''' || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
| '''Naamnytiv''' || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || gōdes || gōdre || gōdes || gōdra || gōdra || gōdra
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || gōdes || gōdre || gōdes || gōdra || gōdra || gōdra
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''  || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
| '''Deetiv'''  || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|-
|-
| '''Accustive''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdre || gōde || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
| '''Instrymentyl''' || gōde || gōdre || gōde || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|}
|}


==Prepositions and Conjunctions==
==Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz==
Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.
Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.
===Prepositions===
===Prepysicynz===
æt - (dat.) at, from, (acc.) until, to <br>
æt - (dat.) at, frym, (acc.) yntil, tuu <br>
tō - (dat.) to, towards, at, <br>
tō - (dat.) tuu, tuwyrds, at, <br>
wið, wiþ - against, <br>
wið, wiþ - ygenst, <br>
æfter - (dat.) after, <br>
æfter - (dat.) aftyr, <br>
on -  (dat.) in, on, (acc.) into, onto <br>
on -  (dat.) in, on, (acc.) intuu, ontuu <br>
mid - (dat.) with, <br>  
mid - (dat.) with, <br>  
of - (dat.) of, from, <br>
of - (dat.) yv, frym, <br>
be - (dat. and acc.) by, near, along, about, <br>
be - (dat. and acc.) bai, niir, ylong, ybaut, <br>
beforan - (dat. and acc.) before, ahead of <br>
beforan - (dat. and acc.) biifoor, yhed yv <br>
fram - (dat.) from, by, <br>
fram - (dat.) frym, bai, <br>
ofer - (dat.) over, upon (acc.) over to, across, <br>
ofer - (dat.) oovyr, ypon (acc.) oovyr tuu, ykros, <br>
þurh - (acc.) through <br>
þurh - (acc.) thruu <br>
under - (dat.) under (acc.) under, <br>
under - (dat.) yndyr (acc.) yndyr, <br>
ymbe - (acc.) near, by, about, <br>  
ymbe - (acc.) niir, bai, ybaut, <br>  
in -  (dat.) in, (acc.) into, <br>
in -  (dat.) in, (acc.) intuu, <br>
būtan - (dat. or acc.) outside, except, without, <br>
būtan - (dat. or acc.) autsaid, eksept, withaut, <br>
betweox - (dat. or acc.) between, among, <br>
betweox - (dat. or acc.) biitwiin, ymong, <br>
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) to within, <br>
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) tuu within, <br>
oð - (acc.) up to, until,  <br>
oð - (acc.) yp tuu, yntil,  <br>
geond - (acc.) through, throughout, <br>
geond - (acc.) thruu, thruwaut, <br>
bufan (dat.) above, (acc.) upwards, <br>
bufan (dat.) ybyv, (acc.) ypwyrds, <br>
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) into, <br>
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) intuu, <br>


===Conjunctions===
===Cyndxynkcynz===
æfter - after, <br>
æfter - aftyr, <br>
ǣr - before <br>
ǣr - biifoor <br>
gif - if, <br>
gif - if, <br>
hwæðer, hwæþer - whether <br>
hwæðer, hwæþer - wedhyr <br>
þā, ðā - when, <br>
þā, ðā - wen, <br>
hwīle - while, <br>
hwīle - wail, <br>
swā - as, such,  (this word has a phonetic/semantic cognate in [[Old Norse]], sva.) <br>
swā - az, sytc,  (dhis wyrd haz y fynetik/semantik caagneet in Oold Noors, sva.) <br>
swelce - as if, <br>
swelce - az if, <br>
þæt, ðæt - that, so that, <br>
þæt, ðæt - dhat, soo dhat, <br>
þǣr, ðǣr  - where, <br>
þǣr, ðǣr  - weer, <br>
þēah, ðēah - though, <br>
þēah, ðēah - Dhoo, <br>
siððan, siþþan - since, after, (this one is also in [[Old Norse]] and [[Middle English]] such as the first line in [[Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght]].) <br>
siððan, siþþan - sints, aftyr, (dhis wyn iz olsoo in Oold Noors and Midyl Ingglic sytc az dhy fyrst lain in "[[Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght]]".) <br>


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Verbal Comparison, Patterns, and General Overview===
===Verbyl Cymparisyn, Paternz, and Dxenryl Oovyrvjuu===
Like nouns and adjectives, Verbs have [[Strong]] and [[Weak]] forms.  The Strong forms usually involve vowel shifts in the stem, even in the present tense.  It is also inflected based on [[person]], [[number]], [[tense]], and [[mood]].
Laik naunz and adxektivz, Verbz hav Strong and Wiik foormz.  Dhy Strong foormz juuxuwalii invaalv vaul cifts in dhy stem, iiven in dhy present tents.  It iz olsoo inflektid beest on persyn, nymbyr, tentse, and muud.


It is known for having -st in the second person, which was used for '''thou''' in the [[Middle English]] era.  It is also used in [[German]] for the '''du''' form, which is the cognate to '''þū''' and '''thou''' (which also a cognate to [[Latin]] '''tu''').  [[Anglo-Saxon Verbs]] are known for the signature -ð/-þ ending in the 3rd person singular, which was also used into the [[Early Modern English]] era, which [[Shakespeare]] is apart of, examples from that era include the words: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.
It is noon foor having '''-st''' in dhy sekynd persyn, witc wyz juuzd foor '''thou''' (Thau) in dhy Midyl Ingglic ery.  It iz olsoo uuzd in Dxerman foor dhy '''du''' foorm, witc iz dhy caagneet tuu '''þū''' and '''thou''' (witc iz olsoo y caagneet tuu [[Latin]] '''tu''').  Anggloo-Saksyn Verbz ar noon foor dhy signytcyr -ð/-þ ending in dhy 3rd persyn singjuulyr, witc wyz olsoo uuzd intuu dhy Erlii Maadern Ingglic ery, witc Ceekspiir iz ypart yv, egzampylz frym dhat ery ingkluud dhy wyrdz: '''hath, goeth, doth, knoweth,''' etc.


The infinitive ending is commonly -an, which is similar to the modern [[German]] -en infinitive ending.  Also the orthographic cognate ge- is used in both German and Anglo-Saxon to represent the past tense, even if they are not pronounced the same way, and in Standard [[High German]], the prefix is required, whereas the Anglo-Saxon one is more optional.  The [[Weak]] past tense marker insert -ed-, whereas the [[Strong]] past tense usually involves a vowel change.
Dhy infinytiv ending iz caamynlii '''-an''' oor '''-en''', witc iz similyr tuu dhy maadern Dxerman '''-en''' infinytiv ending.  Olsoo dhy oorthaagryfik caagneet '''ge-''' iz juuzd in booth Dxerman and Anggloo-Saksyn tuu repriisent dhy past tents, iiven if Dhee ar naat proonauntst dhy seem wee, and in Standyrd High Dxerman, dhy priifiks iz riikwajyrd, weeraz dhy Anggloo-Saksyn wyn iz moor opcynyl.  Dhy Wiik past tents markyr inserts '''-ed-''', weeraz dhy Strong past tents juuxuwalii invaalvz y vaul tcandx.


Although Anglo-Saxon did have the Subjunctive and Imperative, the examples shall be focused on the Present and Past tenses.
Oldhoo Anggloo-Saksyn did hav dhy Sybdxynktiv and Imperytiv, dhy egzampylz cal bii fookyst on dhy Present and Past tentsiz.


==='''Wiik Egzampylz'''===
==='''Wiik Egzampylz'''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
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==='''Strong Egzampylz'''===
==='''Strong Egzampylz'''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
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Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.<br>
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.<br>


{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0
{| class="bluetable {{{1}}}" border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Present tents'''
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| '''3rd persyn''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon
| '''3rd persyn''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon
|-  
|-  
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Past tents'''
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''Past Tents''' (foor booth)
|-
|-
| || || sing. || pl. ||  ||
| || colspan="2"| sing. ||colspan="2"| pl.  
|-
|-
| '''1st persyn''' ||  || wæs || wǣron || ||
| '''1st persyn''' ||  colspan="2"| wæs ||colspan="2"| wǣron  
|-
|-
| '''2nd persyn''' ||  || wǣre || wǣron || ||
| '''2nd persyn''' ||  colspan="2"| wǣre || colspan="2"| wǣron  
|-
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || || wæs || wǣron || ||
| '''3rd persyn''' || colspan="2"| wæs || colspan="2"|wǣron  
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 14:22, 3 June 2008

This article is in Tower Orthography, to see it in standard English click here.

Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. Englisc) iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic. It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.

Anggloo-Saksyn
Englisc
Spoken in: Anggloo-Land (Inggland) (Angelcynn)
Conworld: Riil world
Total speakers: unknown
Genealogical classification: Indoo-Joroopijyn
Dzermanik
West Dxermanik
     Anggloo-Friixyn
       Angglik
Anggloo-Saksyn
Basic word order: Ynimpoortant/V2
Morphological type: inflekting
Morphosyntactic alignment: naminytiv-akjuusytiv
Writing system:
Created by:
ynoon 400-1066 C.E.


Dhy Piipyl and Literytcyr

Dhy Saksyns wer invaitid tuu Briten tuu help fait of dhy Pikts. Y lardx maigreecyn yv Saksyns dhen muuvd frym maadern Nordhern Dxermanii and Haalind tuu Inggland. Dhy nekst fjuu sentcyriiz dhee ekspandid westwyrd kaanstyntlii and geend moor land. Dhy piipyl dhen biikeem mikst with dhy Roomanoo-Britic piipyl olredii living dheer.

In dhy 9th and 10th sentcyriis, Deenic Vaikings inveedid parts yv Inggland. Dhy Oold Noors influunets kan stil bii siin tuudee.

hy most wel noon tekst in Anggloo-Saksyn iz dhat vy dhy Hirooik Epik, Beowulf. Oold Ingglic lityratcyr is noon foor alityreecyn, and dheer ar menii Angglo-Saksyn ridylz. Y kraanicyl noon az dhy Anggloo-Saksyn Kraanicyl wyz y kraanicyl yv dhy iivents yv dhy Kingdym, and wyz laiklii startid in dhy 10th sentcyrii and wyz cyntinuwalii ypdeetid intuu dhy 12th.


Dheer iz noo standyrd speling in Anggloo-Saksyn, soo menii wyrds had moor dhan wyn speling.

Oorthaagryfii and Fynaalodx

Ruunik

Anglo-Saxon Runic alphabet

Erii foormz yv Angglooo-Saksyn raiting wyz in Ruunik. It wyz yn ekspancyn yv dhy aaridxinal 24 ruun Fuþark, and had biikym Fuþorc. Biikyz dhy langgwidx had ciftid tuu ingkluud nuu saundz, Dhy aalfybet itself ciftid and ingkluudid severyl nuu letyrz that had nat bin in dhy Eldyr Fuþark. Hawevyr dhee did nat diivelyp dhy wyn Staf sistym similyr tuu dhy ruunik dezainz in Noorwee, Swiidyn and Denmark.

Wen dhy Latin Aalfybet wyz introoduust, Anggloo-Saksyn adid tuu simbylz tuu dhu Latin aalfybet frym Ruunik, dhooz wud bii "þ" /θ/ and "Ƿ" /w/ frym ruunik, kold Thorn and Wynn riispektivlii.

Aalfybet

Ƿƿ wynn, Old English w, witc iz mising in menii juunikood faants.

Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz. Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid cg /ʤ/ and c /ʧ/ and sc /ʃ/. Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /k/ and /sk/ riispektivlii. Dhy letyr g biikymz /j/ nekst tuu frynt vauls. Dhis iz hau gear biikymz year. Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz ge- witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az y- sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik yronne (ran).

Oold Ingglic did naat juuz dhy leterz v and z, biikyz f and s bekeem /v/ and /z/. Dhy letyrz þ and ð booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /θ/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /ð/ (biitwiin vaulz). Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.


Dhy letyr h wyz prynaunst /h/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd. Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /x/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /ç/. Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman ch.

Gramyr

Naunz

Dxendyr and Nymbyr

Dheer ar thrii Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: Maskjuliin, Feminiin, and Nuutyr. Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in Latin, az wel az madern Rycyn and Dxerman. Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.

Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl. Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.

Keesiz

Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun. Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy -'s ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees. Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.

Strong and Wiik

Laik with Verbz, Anggloo-Saksyn had menii naunz witc tceendxid Dheer stemz, booth in dhy plooryl and symtaimz dooring sym yv dhy keesiz yv dhy singgjuulyr. Dhiiz ar dhy riisynz foor iregjulyr naunz in Maadern Inhglic with stem tceendxiz, sytc az Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Naam.). Dhis iz oftyn haw Anggloo-Saksyn naunz ar katygoorizd.

Egzampyl tcarts

Maskjuuliin:

Keesiz Dæg¹ 'Dee' Dagas 'Deez' Stān 'Stoon' Stānas 'Stoonz'
Naamnytiv dæg dagas stān stānas
Dxenytiv dæges daga stānes stāna
Deetiv dæge dagum stāne stānum
Akjuusytiv dæg dagas stān stānas

¹Dæg wyz proonauntst mutc laik dhy wyrd Dai in Maadern Ingglic, oor dhy Ostreeljyn/Kaaknii proonyntsieecyn yv "Dee."

Feminiin:

Keesiz Hond² 'Hand' Honda 'Handz' Ƿynn³ 'Joi' Ƿynna 'Joiz'
Naamnytiv hond hondu Ƿynn Ƿynna
Dxenytiv honda honda Ƿynne Ƿynna
Deetiv honda hondum Ƿynne Ƿynnum
Akjuusytiv hond honda Ƿynne Ƿynna

²Hond kud olsoo bii spelt/proonauntst Hand.
³Ƿ kud olsoo bii spelt W, soo Ƿynn kud iisilii bii Wynn.

Nuutyr:

Keesiz Scip⁴ 'Cip' Scipu 'Cips' Dēor⁵ 'Animyl' Dēor 'Animylz'
Naamnytiv scip scipu dēor dēor
Dxenytiv scipes scipa dēores dēora
Deetiv scipe scipum dēor dēorum
Akjuusytiv scip scipu dēore dēor

⁴Scip iz proonauntst dhy seem wee az dhy maadern ekwivylent, Cip.
⁵Dēor, riileetid tuu dhy Dxerman wyrd Tier (animyl), sloolii biikeem juuzd foor geem animylz, and leetyr biikymz Diir in Modern English.

Artikyls

Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz. Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt. Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz. Hiir ar dhy artikylz:

Keesiz Maskjuuliin Feminiin Nuutyr Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
Naamnytiv se sēo ðæt ðā
Dxenytiv ðæs ðǣre ðæs ðāra, ðǣra
Deetiv ðǣm ðǣre ðǣm ðǣm, ðām
Akjuusytiv ðone ðā ðæt ðā
Instrymentyl ðē, ðon ðǣre ðē, ðon ðǣm, ðām

Persynyl Proonaunz

Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic. Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul. With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz. Hiir ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz:
Fyrst persyn:

Keesiz Singgjuulyr Duul Plooryl
Naamnytiv ic, ih Ƿit, wit Ƿē, wē
Dxenytiv mīn uncer ūre
Deetiv mē unc ūs
Akjuusytiv mē unc ūs

Second person:

Keesiz Singular Duul Plooryl
Naamnytiv þū git gē
Dxenytiv þīn incer ēoǷer, ēower
Deetiv þē inc ēoǷ, ēow
Akjuusytiv þē inc ēoǷ, ēow

Third person:

Keesiz Maskjuu. Sing. Fem. Sing. Nuut. Sing. Plooryl
Naamnytiv hē hēo hit hīe
Dxenytiv his hiere his hiera
Deetiv him hiere him him, heom
Akjuusytiv hine hīe hit hīe

Adxektivz

Adxektivz olsoo diiclain bai dxendyr, nymbyr, and cees. Biikyz wyn Adxektiv haz tuu cyvyr ol thrii dxendyrz, tuu nymbyrz, and foor (faiv with dhy Strong) keesiz, dheer ar moor adxektaiv foormz dhan dheer ar enii ydhyr part yv spiitc, with dhy paasibyl eksepcyn yv dhy verb. dhee tuu hav Strong and Wiik foormz and kan hav ruut vaul stemz witc ar uumlautid. Dhy ploorylz yv dhy Wiik foormz ar juunifoorm akros dxendyrs, byt naat in dhy Strong foorms. Dhy seem adxektiv kud bii Wiik oor Strong diipending on caantekst and dhy naun.

Egzampylz

Gōd = Gud
Wiik:

Keesiz Maskjuuliin Feminiin Nuutyr Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
Naamnytiv gōda gōde gōde gōdan
Dxenytiv gōdan gōdan gōdan gōdena
Deetiv gōdan gōdan gōdan gōdum
Akjuusytiv gōdan gōdan gōde gōdan

Strong:

Keesiz Maskjuuliin Feminiin Nuutyr Pl. Mask. Pl. Fem. Pl. Nuut.
Naamnytiv gōd gōd gōd gōde gōda gōd
Dxenytiv gōdes gōdre gōdes gōdra gōdra gōdra
Deetiv gōdum gōdre gōdum gōdum gōdum gōdum
Akjuusytiv gōdne gōde gōd gōde gōda gōd
Instrymentyl gōde gōdre gōde gōdum gōdum gōdum

Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz

Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.

Prepysicynz

æt - (dat.) at, frym, (acc.) yntil, tuu
tō - (dat.) tuu, tuwyrds, at,
wið, wiþ - ygenst,
æfter - (dat.) aftyr,
on - (dat.) in, on, (acc.) intuu, ontuu
mid - (dat.) with,
of - (dat.) yv, frym,
be - (dat. and acc.) bai, niir, ylong, ybaut,
beforan - (dat. and acc.) biifoor, yhed yv
fram - (dat.) frym, bai,
ofer - (dat.) oovyr, ypon (acc.) oovyr tuu, ykros,
þurh - (acc.) thruu
under - (dat.) yndyr (acc.) yndyr,
ymbe - (acc.) niir, bai, ybaut,
in - (dat.) in, (acc.) intuu,
būtan - (dat. or acc.) autsaid, eksept, withaut,
betweox - (dat. or acc.) biitwiin, ymong,
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) tuu within,
oð - (acc.) yp tuu, yntil,
geond - (acc.) thruu, thruwaut,
bufan (dat.) ybyv, (acc.) ypwyrds,
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) intuu,

Cyndxynkcynz

æfter - aftyr,
ǣr - biifoor
gif - if,
hwæðer, hwæþer - wedhyr
þā, ðā - wen,
hwīle - wail,
swā - az, sytc, (dhis wyrd haz y fynetik/semantik caagneet in Oold Noors, sva.)
swelce - az if,
þæt, ðæt - dhat, soo dhat,
þǣr, ðǣr - weer,
þēah, ðēah - Dhoo,
siððan, siþþan - sints, aftyr, (dhis wyn iz olsoo in Oold Noors and Midyl Ingglic sytc az dhy fyrst lain in "Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght".)

Verbs

Verbyl Cymparisyn, Paternz, and Dxenryl Oovyrvjuu

Laik naunz and adxektivz, Verbz hav Strong and Wiik foormz. Dhy Strong foormz juuxuwalii invaalv vaul cifts in dhy stem, iiven in dhy present tents. It iz olsoo inflektid beest on persyn, nymbyr, tentse, and muud.

It is noon foor having -st in dhy sekynd persyn, witc wyz juuzd foor thou (Thau) in dhy Midyl Ingglic ery. It iz olsoo uuzd in Dxerman foor dhy du foorm, witc iz dhy caagneet tuu þū and thou (witc iz olsoo y caagneet tuu Latin tu). Anggloo-Saksyn Verbz ar noon foor dhy signytcyr -ð/-þ ending in dhy 3rd persyn singjuulyr, witc wyz olsoo uuzd intuu dhy Erlii Maadern Ingglic ery, witc Ceekspiir iz ypart yv, egzampylz frym dhat ery ingkluud dhy wyrdz: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.

Dhy infinytiv ending iz caamynlii -an oor -en, witc iz similyr tuu dhy maadern Dxerman -en infinytiv ending. Olsoo dhy oorthaagryfik caagneet ge- iz juuzd in booth Dxerman and Anggloo-Saksyn tuu repriisent dhy past tents, iiven if Dhee ar naat proonauntst dhy seem wee, and in Standyrd High Dxerman, dhy priifiks iz riikwajyrd, weeraz dhy Anggloo-Saksyn wyn iz moor opcynyl. Dhy Wiik past tents markyr inserts -ed-, weeraz dhy Strong past tents juuxuwalii invaalvz y vaul tcandx.

Oldhoo Anggloo-Saksyn did hav dhy Sybdxynktiv and Imperytiv, dhy egzampylz cal bii fookyst on dhy Present and Past tentsiz.

Wiik Egzampylz

Present tents
Infinytiv Lufian tuu lyv Fremman tuu duu
sing. pl. sing. pl.
1st persyn lufie lufiað fremme femmað
2nd persyn lufast lufiað fremest femmað
3rd persyn lufað lufiað fremeð femmað
Past tents
sing. pl. sing. pl.
1st persyn lufode lufodon fremede femmedon
2nd persyn lufodest lufodon fremedest femmedon
3rd persyn lufode lufodon fremede femmedon

Strong Egzampylz

Present tents
Infinytiv Singan tuu sing Niman tuu teek
sing. pl. sing. pl.
1st persyn singe singað nime nimað
2nd persyn singest singað nimest nimað
3rd persyn singeð singað nimeð nimað
Past Tents
sing. pl. sing. pl.
1st persyn sang sungon nam nāmon
2nd persyn sunge sungon nāme nāmon
3rd persyn sang sungon nam nāmon

Dhy Verb Bēon and Wesan

Dheer ar tuu foormz yv dhy verb tuu bii in Anggloo-Saksyn. Dhed booth ceer dhy seem past tents, ruutid in wesan. Dhy verb foorm wesan wyz priizervd in dhy past tents, in dhy foorm yv was and were.

Dhiiz verb foormz wer olsoo priiservd intuu dhy Midyl Ingglic ery, in yn Epik kold Brut:
"Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært."
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.

Present tents
Infinitive Bēon tuu bii Wesan tuu bii
sing. pl. sing. pl.
1st persyn bēo bēoð eom sind, sindon
2nd persyn bist bēoð eart sind, sindon
3rd persyn bið bēoð is sind, sindon
Past Tents (foor booth)
sing. pl.
1st persyn wæs wǣron
2nd persyn wǣre wǣron
3rd persyn wæs wǣron

Sources and External Links

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html

http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html

http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm

http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html

Finegan, Edward. "English." The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990

Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.

Page written by Timothy Patrick Snyder.

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