Anggloo-Saksyn

Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. Englisc) iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic. It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.

Anggloo-Saksyn Englisc
Spoken in:	Anggloo-Land (Inggland) (Angelcynn)
Conworld:	Riil world
Total speakers:	unknown
Genealogical classification:	Indoo-Joroopijyn Dzermanik West Dxermanik      Anggloo-Friixyn        Angglik Anggloo-Saksyn
Basic word order:	Ynimpoortant/V2
Morphological type:	inflekting
Morphosyntactic alignment:	naminytiv-akjuusytiv
Writing system:
Created by:
ynoon	400-1066 C.E.

Dhy Piipyl and Literytcyr

Dhy Saksyns wer invaitid tuu Briten tuu help fait of dhy Pikts. Y lardx maigreecyn yv Saksyns dhen muuvd frym maadern Nordhern Dxermanii and Haalind tuu Inggland. Dhy nekst fjuu sentcyriiz dhee ekspandid westwyrd kaanstyntlii and geend moor land. Dhy piipyl dhen biikeem mikst with dhy Roomanoo-Britic piipyl olredii living dheer.

In dhy 9th and 10th sentcyriis, Deenic Vaikings inveedid parts yv Inggland. Dhy Oold Noors influunets kan stil bii siin tuudee.

hy most wel noon tekst in Anggloo-Saksyn iz dhat vy dhy Hirooik Epik, Beowulf. Oold Ingglic lityratcyr is noon foor alityreecyn, and dheer ar menii Angglo-Saksyn ridylz. Y kraanicyl noon az dhy Anggloo-Saksyn Kraanicyl wyz y kraanicyl yv dhy iivents yv dhy Kingdym, and wyz laiklii startid in dhy 10th sentcyrii and wyz cyntinuwalii ypdeetid intuu dhy 12th.

Dheer iz noo standyrd speling in Anggloo-Saksyn, soo menii wyrds had moor dhan wyn speling.

Oorthaagryfii and Fynaalodx

Ruunik

Anglo-Saxon Runic alphabet

Erii foormz yv Angglooo-Saksyn raiting wyz in Ruunik. It wyz yn ekspancyn yv dhy aaridxinal 24 ruun Fuþark, and had biikym Fuþorc. Biikyz dhy langgwidx had ciftid tuu ingkluud nuu saundz, Dhy aalfybet itself ciftid and ingkluudid severyl nuu letyrz that had nat bin in dhy Eldyr Fuþark. Hawevyr dhee did nat diivelyp dhy wyn Staf sistym similyr tuu dhy ruunik dezainz in Noorwee, Swiidyn and Denmark.

Wen dhy Latin Aalfybet wyz introoduust, Anggloo-Saksyn adid tuu simbylz tuu dhu Latin aalfybet frym Ruunik, dhooz wud bii "þ" /θ/ and "Ƿ" /w/ frym ruunik, kold Thorn and Wynn riispektivlii.

Aalfybet

Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz. Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid cg /ʤ/ and c /ʧ/ and sc /ʃ/. Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /k/ and /sk/ riispektivlii. Dhy letyr g biikymz /j/ next to front vowels. This is how gear becomes year. Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz ge- witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az y- sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik yronne (ran).

Oold Ingglic did nat juuz dhy leterz v and z, biikyz f and s bekeem /v/ and /z/. Dhy letyrz þ and ð booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /θ/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /ð/ (biitwiin vaulz). Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.

Dhy letyr h wyz prynaunst /h/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd. Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /x/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /ç/. Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman ch.

Moorfaaloodxii

Naunz

Dxendyr and Nymbyr

Dheer ar theer Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: Maskjuliin, Feminiin, and Nuutyr. Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in Latin, az wel az madern Rycyn and Dxerman. Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.

Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl. Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.

Keesiz

Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun. Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy -'s ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees. Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.

Strong and Wiik

Laik with Verbz, Anggloo-Saksyn had menii naunz witc tceendxid Dheer stemz, booth in dhy plooryl and symtaimz dooring sym yv dhy keesiz yv dhy singgjuulyr. Dhiiz ar dhy riisynz foor iregjulyr naunz in Maadern Inhglic with stem tceendxiz, sytc az Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Naam.). Dhis iz oftyn haw Anggloo-Saksyn naunz ar katygoorizd.

Egzampyl tcarts

Maskjuuliin:

Keesiz	Dæg¹ 'Dee'	Dagas 'Deez'	Stān 'Stoon'	Stānas 'Stoonz'
Naamnytiv	dæg	dagas	stān	stānas
Dxenytiv	dæges	daga	stānes	stāna
Deetiv	dæge	dagum	stāne	stānum
Akjuusytiv	dæg	dagas	stān	stānas

¹Dæg wyz proonauntst mutc laik dhy wyrd Dai in Maadern Ingglic, oor dhy Ostreeljyn/Kaaknii proonyntsieecyn yv "Dee."

Feminiin:

Keesiz	Hond² 'Hand'	Honda 'Handz'	Ƿynn³ 'Joi'	Ƿynna 'Joiz'
Naamnytiv	hond	hondu	Ƿynn	Ƿynna
Dxenytiv	honda	honda	Ƿynne	Ƿynna
Deetiv	honda	hondum	Ƿynne	Ƿynnum
Akjuusytiv	hond	honda	Ƿynne	Ƿynna

²Hond kud olsoo bii spelt/proonauntst Hand.
³Ƿ kud olsoo bii spelt W, soo Ƿynn kud iisilii bii Wynn.

Nuutyr:

Keesiz	Scip⁴ 'Cip'	Scipu 'Cips'	Dēor⁵ 'Animyl'	Dēor 'Animylz'
Naamnytiv	scip	scipu	dēor	dēor
Dxenytiv	scipes	scipa	dēores	dēora
Deetiv	scipe	scipum	dēor	dēorum
Akjuusytiv	scip	scipu	dēore	dēor

⁴Scip iz proonauntst dhy seem wee az dhy maadern ekwivylent, Cip.
⁵Dēor, riileetid tuu dhy Dxerman wyrd Tier (animyl), sloolii biikeem juuzd foor geem animylz, and leetyr biikymz Diir in Modern English.

Artikyls

Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz. Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt. Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz. Hiir ar dhy artikylz:

Keesiz	Maskjuuliin	Feminiin	Nuutyr	Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
Naamnytiv	se	sēo	ðæt	ðā
Dxenytiv	ðæs	ðǣre	ðæs	ðāra, ðǣra
Deetiv	ðǣm	ðǣre	ðǣm	ðǣm, ðām
Akjuusytiv	ðone	ðā	ðæt	ðā
Instrymentyl	ðē, ðon	ðǣre	ðē, ðon	ðǣm, ðām

Persynyl Proonaunz

Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic. Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul. With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz. Hiir ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz:
Fyrst persyn:

Keesiz	Singgjuulyr	Duul	Plooryl
Naamnytiv	ic, ih	Ƿit, wit	Ƿē, wē
Dxenytiv	mīn	uncer	ūre
Deetiv	mē	unc	ūs
Akjuusytiv	mē	unc	ūs

Second person:

Keesiz	Singular	Duul	Plooryl
Naamnytiv	þū	git	gē
Dxenytiv	þīn	incer	ēoǷer, ēower
Deetiv	þē	inc	ēoǷ, ēow
Akjuusytiv	þē	inc	ēoǷ, ēow

Third person:

Keesiz	Maskjuu. Sing.	Fem. Sing.	Nuut. Sing.	Plooryl
Naamnytiv	hē	hēo	hit	hīe
Dxenytiv	his	hiere	his	hiera
Deetiv	him	hiere	him	him, heom
Akjuusytiv	hine	hīe	hit	hīe

Adxektivz

Adxektivz olsoo diiclain bai dxendyr, nymbyr, and cees. Biikyz wyn Adxektiv haz tuu cyvyr ol thrii dxendyrz, tuu nymbyrz, and foor (faiv with dhy Strong) keesiz, dheer ar moor adxektaiv foormz dhan dheer ar enii ydhyr part yv spiitc, with dhy paasibyl eksepcyn yv dhy verb. dhee tuu hav Strong and Wiik foormz and kan hav ruut vaul stemz witc ar uumlautid. Dhy ploorylz yv dhy Wiik foormz ar juunifoorm akros dxendyrs, byt naat in dhy Strong foorms. Dhy seem adxektiv kud bii Wiik oor Strong diipending on caantekst and dhy naun.

Egzampylz

Gōd = Gud
Wiik:

Keesiz	Maskjuuliin	Feminiin	Nuutyr	Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
Naamnytiv	gōda	gōde	gōde	gōdan
Dxenytiv	gōdan	gōdan	gōdan	gōdena
Deetiv	gōdan	gōdan	gōdan	gōdum
Akjuusytiv	gōdan	gōdan	gōde	gōdan

Strong:

Keesiz	Maskjuuliin	Feminiin	Nuutyr	Pl. Mask.	Pl. Fem.	Pl. Nuut.
Naamnytiv	gōd	gōd	gōd	gōde	gōda	gōd
Dxenytiv	gōdes	gōdre	gōdes	gōdra	gōdra	gōdra
Deetiv	gōdum	gōdre	gōdum	gōdum	gōdum	gōdum
Akjuusytiv	gōdne	gōde	gōd	gōde	gōda	gōd
Instrymentyl	gōde	gōdre	gōde	gōdum	gōdum	gōdum

Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz

Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.

Prepysicynz

æt - (dat.) at, frym, (acc.) yntil, tuu
tō - (dat.) tuu, tuwyrds, at,
wið, wiþ - ygenst,
æfter - (dat.) aftyr,
on - (dat.) in, on, (acc.) intuu, ontuu
mid - (dat.) with,
of - (dat.) yv, frym,
be - (dat. and acc.) bai, niir, ylong, ybaut,
beforan - (dat. and acc.) biifoor, yhed yv
fram - (dat.) frym, bai,
ofer - (dat.) oovyr, ypon (acc.) oovyr tuu, ykros,
þurh - (acc.) thruu
under - (dat.) yndyr (acc.) yndyr,
ymbe - (acc.) niir, bai, ybaut,
in - (dat.) in, (acc.) intuu,
būtan - (dat. or acc.) autsaid, eksept, withaut,
betweox - (dat. or acc.) biitwiin, ymong,
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) tuu within,
oð - (acc.) yp tuu, yntil,
geond - (acc.) thruu, thruwaut,
bufan (dat.) ybyv, (acc.) ypwyrds,
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) intuu,

Cyndxynkcynz

æfter - aftyr,
ǣr - biifoor
gif - if,
hwæðer, hwæþer - wedhyr
þā, ðā - wen,
hwīle - wail,
swā - az, sytc, (dhis wyrd haz y fynetik/semantik caagneet in Oold Noors, sva.)
swelce - az if,
þæt, ðæt - dhat, soo dhat,
þǣr, ðǣr - weer,
þēah, ðēah - Dhoo,
siððan, siþþan - sints, aftyr, (dhis wyn iz olsoo in Oold Noors and Midyl Ingglic sytc az dhy fyrst lain in "Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght".)

Verbs

Verbal Comparison, Patterns, and General Overview

Like nouns and adjectives, Verbs have Strong and Weak forms. The Strong forms usually involve vowel shifts in the stem, even in the present tense. It is also inflected based on person, number, tense, and mood.

It is known for having -st in the second person, which was used for thou in the Middle English era. It is also used in German for the du form, which is the cognate to þū and thou (which also a cognate to Latin tu). Anglo-Saxon Verbs are known for the signature -ð/-þ ending in the 3rd person singular, which was also used into the Early Modern English era, which Shakespeare is apart of, examples from that era include the words: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.

The infinitive ending is commonly -an, which is similar to the modern German -en infinitive ending. Also the orthographic cognate ge- is used in both German and Anglo-Saxon to represent the past tense, even if they are not pronounced the same way, and in Standard High German, the prefix is required, whereas the Anglo-Saxon one is more optional. The Weak past tense marker insert -ed-, whereas the Strong past tense usually involves a vowel change.

Although Anglo-Saxon did have the Subjunctive and Imperative, the examples shall be focused on the Present and Past tenses.

Wiik Egzampylz

Present tents
Infinytiv	Lufian tuu lyv		Fremman tuu duu
	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
1st persyn	lufie	lufiað	fremme	femmað
2nd persyn	lufast	lufiað	fremest	femmað
3rd persyn	lufað	lufiað	fremeð	femmað
Past tents
	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
1st persyn	lufode	lufodon	fremede	femmedon
2nd persyn	lufodest	lufodon	fremedest	femmedon
3rd persyn	lufode	lufodon	fremede	femmedon

Strong Egzampylz

Present tents
Infinytiv	Singan tuu sing		Niman tuu teek
	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
1st persyn	singe	singað	nime	nimað
2nd persyn	singest	singað	nimest	nimað
3rd persyn	singeð	singað	nimeð	nimað
Past Tents
	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
1st persyn	sang	sungon	nam	nāmon
2nd persyn	sunge	sungon	nāme	nāmon
3rd persyn	sang	sungon	nam	nāmon

Dhy Verb Bēon and Wesan

Dheer ar tuu foormz yv dhy verb tuu bii in Anggloo-Saksyn. Dhed booth ceer dhy seem past tents, ruutid in wesan. Dhy verb foorm wesan wyz priizervd in dhy past tents, in dhy foorm yv was and were.

Dhiiz verb foormz wer olsoo priiservd intuu dhy Midyl Ingglic ery, in yn Epik kold Brut:
"Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært."
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.

Present tents
Infinitive	Bēon tuu bii		Wesan tuu bii
	sing.	pl.	sing.	pl.
1st persyn	bēo	bēoð	eom	sind, sindon
2nd persyn	bist	bēoð	eart	sind, sindon
3rd persyn	bið	bēoð	is	sind, sindon
Past tents
		sing.	pl.
1st persyn		wæs	wǣron
2nd persyn		wǣre	wǣron
3rd persyn		wæs	wǣron

Sources and External Links

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html

http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html

http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm

http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html

Finegan, Edward. "English." The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990

Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.

Page written by Timothy Patrick Snyder.

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