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'''Pulmonic Consonants''' | '''Pulmonic Consonants''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
| || Bilabial | | Labiodental | | Dental | | Alveolar | | Postalveolar | | Retroflex | | Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal | | || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]] | | Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]] | ||
Revision as of 11:47, 27 May 2008
The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Pulmonic Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
| Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʔ | |
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||
| Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | ʀ | ||||||
| Tap or Flap | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | |||||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ |
| Affricative | pɸ bβ | pf bv | tθ dð | ʦ dž | ʧ ʤ | ʈʂ ɖʐ | cç ɟʝ | kx gɣ | |||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | |||||
| Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | |
| Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
| Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
| ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
| ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
| ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
| ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
| ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||
| Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
| ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
| ə | |||||
| Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
| æ | ɐ | ||||
| Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Other Symbols
| ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʔ Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ɺ Lateral alveolar flap |
| ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x. |
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Suprasegmentals
| ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
| ˌ | Secondary stress | |
| ː | Long | eː |
| ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
| ˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
| . | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
| Minor (foot) group | ||
| Major (intonation) group | ||
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
| Level | Contour |
|---|---|
| e̋ or ˥ | |
| é ˦ | |
| ē ˧ | |
| è ˨ | |
| ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
| ̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ | |
| ̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ | |
| ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ | |
| ˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ | |
| ˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | |||
| ˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop | dˠ]] | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
| ˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ | |
| ¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | |||
| ̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |
