IPA: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:42, 27 May 2008

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Pulmonic Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b	p̪ b̪	t̪ d̪	t d	t̠ d̠	ʈ ɖ	c ɟ	k ɡ	q ɢ		ʔ
Nasal	m	ɱ	n̪	n	n̠	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ	ɴ
Trill	ʙ		r̪	r	r̠			ʀ
Tap or Flap			ɾ̪	ɾ	ɾ̠	ɽ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ç ʝ	x ɣ	χ ʁ	ħ ʕ	h ɦ
Affricative	pɸ bβ	pf bv	tθ dð	ʦ ǆ	ʧ ʤ	ʈʂ ɖʐ	cç ɟʝ	kx [Voiced Velar affricate\|gɣ]]
Lateral fricative			ɬ̪ ɮ̪	ɬ ɮ	ɬ̠ ɮ̠	ɭ̝	ʎ̝	ʟ̝
Approximant	β̞	ʋ	ɹ̪	ɹ	ɹ̠	ɻ	j	ɰ	ʁ̞	ʕ̞
Lateral approximant			l̪	l	l̠	ɭ	ʎ	ʟ

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks	Voiced Implosives	Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial	ɓ Bilabial	ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental	ɗ Dental/alveolar	pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar	ʄ Palatal	tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar	ɠ Velar	kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar	ʛ Uvular	sʼ Alveolar fricative

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
Close	i · y		ɨ · ʉ		ɯ · u
		ɪ · ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e · ø		ɘ · ɵ		ɤ · o
			ə
Open-mid	ɛ · œ		ɜ · ɞ		ʌ · ɔ
	æ		ɐ
Open	a · ɶ				ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative

w Voiced labial-velar approximant

ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant

ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative

ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative

ʔ Epiglottal plosive

ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives

ɺ Lateral alveolar flap

ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress	ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long	eː
ˑ	Half-long	eˑ
˘	Extra short	ĕ
.	Syllable break	ɹi.ækt
	Minor (foot) group
	Major (intonation) group
‿	Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level	Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥	Voiceless n̥ d̥	̤	Breathy voiced b̤ a̤	̪	Dental t̪ d̪
̬	Voiced s̬ t̬	̰	Creaky voiced b̰ a̰	̺	Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ	Aspirated tʰ dʰ	̼	Linguolabial t̼ d̼	̻	Laminal t̻ d̻
˒	More rounded ɔ̜	ʷ	Labialized tʷ dʷ	~	Nasalized ẽ
˓	Less rounded ɔ̹	ʲ	Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖	Advanced u̟	ˠ	Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop	dˠ]]	ˡ	Lateral release dˡ
˗	Retracted i̠	ˤ	Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ	̚	No audible release d̚
¨	Centralized ë	̴	Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽	Mid-centralized e̽	˔	Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
 |-
-| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
+| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]  [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]  [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]  [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]  [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]  || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]  [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
-| Affricative || [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] || [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|ǆ]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
+| Affricative || [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|ǆ]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
 |-
 | Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]

IPA: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:42, 27 May 2008

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools