Sarim: Difference between revisions
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-Plosives <nowiki>/p t d | -Plosives <nowiki>/p t d c k g kʷ/ <p t d ty c g cu> </nowiki> | ||
-Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ></nowiki> | -Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋ ŋʷ / <m n ŋ ŋu ></nowiki> | ||
-Fricatives <nowiki> /ɸ β θ s | -Fricatives <nowiki> /ɸ β θ s sʷx xʷ/ <f v th s su h hu></nowiki> | ||
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'''Vowels''' | '''Vowels''' | ||
<nowiki>/i a | <nowiki>/i e a o/nowiki> | ||
<nowiki> <i a | <nowiki> <i e a o> </nowiki> | ||
'''Syllable Structure''' | '''Syllable Structure''' | ||
Sarim | The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C); a vowel is the only compulsory element, and there are no consonant clusters word-intially or -finally. Word-finally, the only consonants that occur are /n s t r θ m ŋ w j/ | ||
Word-internally, word clusters consisting of any consonant + one of /s sʷ t d r n/, with the following caveats: | |||
The labialised consonants /sʷ kʷ xʷ ŋʷ/ do not occur in the first element of word internal clusters. | |||
Geminate consonants do not occur; if a morpheme or word-compounding would create a situation where two identical consonants form a cluster, this cluster simplifies to a single consonant. | |||
As the second element of a cluster, /d/ and /t/ are only distinguished after a nasal consonant and /r/; in other situations they act as a single phoneme, realised as [d] after a voiced consonant except /l/, and [t] after a voicless consonant and /l/. | |||
The following phoneme sequences do not occur: */nr lr rl rs θs ɸs xs θsʷ ɸsʷ xsʷ ssʷ/ | |||
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-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. | -/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. | ||
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-/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers. | -/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers. | ||
-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as | -Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps]. | ||
-Word-finally, /o/ raises to [u]. In most other situations, it is realised as [ʊ]. | |||
- | -When unstressed, /a e i/ are realised as [ɐ ɛ ɪ]. | ||
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'''Stress''' | '''Stress''' | ||
Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic , always falling on the | Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the final syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not. | ||
'''Sandhi''' | '''Sandhi''' | ||
-If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted: | -If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted: | ||
''' | '''raya imne ma''' "that throat" [rɐ'ja ?ɪm'ne mʙ]. | ||
-If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided: | -If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided: | ||
''' | '''toth hayi''' "the child's dog " ['tʊ: 'xɐjɪ]. | ||
''(More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ )'' | ''(More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ )'' | ||
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'''Sample Sarim Words''' | '''Sample Sarim Words''' | ||
/' | /'don/ ['dʊn], '''dun''' "man" | ||
/' | /'arkija/ [ɐɦkɪ'ja] '''arcīya''' "break" | ||
/'himnaji/ [' | /'himnaji/ ['xɪmnɐ'ji]'''hemnayi''' "Our sister" | ||
Revision as of 04:03, 4 April 2008
Sarim is a language spoken in the Sarmanin region in the west of Yandras.
Phonology
Consonants
-Plosives /p t d c k g kʷ/ <p t d ty c g cu>
-Nasals /m n ŋ ŋʷ / <m n ŋ ŋu >
-Fricatives /ɸ β θ s sʷx xʷ/ <f v th s su h hu>
-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j w/ <r l i u>
Note that /ɸ θ x/ derive from older */p t k/, and so pattern with the stops (i.e., they can appear in onset clusters).
Vowels
/i e a o/nowiki> <nowiki> <i e a o>
Syllable Structure
The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C); a vowel is the only compulsory element, and there are no consonant clusters word-intially or -finally. Word-finally, the only consonants that occur are /n s t r θ m ŋ w j/
Word-internally, word clusters consisting of any consonant + one of /s sʷ t d r n/, with the following caveats:
The labialised consonants /sʷ kʷ xʷ ŋʷ/ do not occur in the first element of word internal clusters.
Geminate consonants do not occur; if a morpheme or word-compounding would create a situation where two identical consonants form a cluster, this cluster simplifies to a single consonant.
As the second element of a cluster, /d/ and /t/ are only distinguished after a nasal consonant and /r/; in other situations they act as a single phoneme, realised as [d] after a voiced consonant except /l/, and [t] after a voicless consonant and /l/.
The following phoneme sequences do not occur: */nr lr rl rs θs ɸs xs θsʷ ɸsʷ xsʷ ssʷ/
Allophony
-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant.
-/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers.
-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].
-Word-finally, /o/ raises to [u]. In most other situations, it is realised as [ʊ].
-When unstressed, /a e i/ are realised as [ɐ ɛ ɪ].
Stress
Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the final syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.
Sandhi
-If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted: raya imne ma "that throat" [rɐ'ja ?ɪm'ne mʙ].
-If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided:
toth hayi "the child's dog " ['tʊ: 'xɐjɪ].
(More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ )
Sample Sarim Words
/'don/ ['dʊn], dun "man"
/'arkija/ [ɐɦkɪ'ja] arcīya "break"
/'himnaji/ ['xɪmnɐ'ji]hemnayi "Our sister"
