Sarim: Difference between revisions
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'''Consonants''' | '''Consonants''' | ||
-Plosives /p t d | |||
-Plosives /p t d ɟ k g/ <p t d j c g> | |||
-Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ> | -Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ> | ||
- | -Fricatives /ɸ β θ s ɕ x/ <f v th s h> | ||
-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j w/ <r l i u> | |||
Note that /ɸ θ x/ derive from older */p t k/, and so pattern with the stops (i.e., they can appear in onset clusters). | |||
'''Vowels''' | '''Vowels''' | ||
/i | |||
<i | /i a u i: a: u:/ | ||
<i a u ī ā ū> | |||
'''Syllable Structure''' | '''Syllable Structure''' | ||
Sarim has a basic (C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. | Sarim has a basic (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. In the onset,a limited number of consonant clusters can be found, almost always a sequence of plosive + /r/ in native words. | ||
Word internally, most sequences occur, with the exception of sequences of fricative-fricative (including /ɸ θ x/). Geminate consonants do not occur except in compound words (compare English "penny" and "penknife"). | |||
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-Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of | -Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant, thus /'anka/ "eat", is realised as ['aŋka]. Note that /m/ and /ŋ/ do not undergo this assimilation, so /imni/ "throat, language" is still [ɪmnɪ] | ||
-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. | -/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. | ||
-/ | -/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers. | ||
-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as sequences nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps]. | -Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as sequences nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps]. | ||
-Short /a i u/ tend to be realised as /ɐ ɪ ʊ/. | |||
-When unstressed, long /a: i: u:/ also tend to be realised as /ɐ: ɪ: ʊ:/ | |||
Stress in Sarim is | '''Stress''' | ||
Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic , always falling on the antipenultimate syllable for words more than 3 syllable long, and on the penult for bisyllabic words, unless that syllable has a short vowel and an adjacent syllable has a long vowel, in which case the stress moves to the syllable with a long vowel. If both adjacent syllables have a long vowel, then the moves rightwards. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not. | |||
'''Sandhi''' | '''Sandhi''' | ||
-If two vowels | -If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted: | ||
'''rāya imni ma''' "that throat" [ra:jɐ ?ɪmnɪ mʙ]. | |||
-If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative | -If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided: | ||
'''tūth hayi''' "the woman's child " ['tu: 'xɐjɪ]. | |||
''(More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ )'' | |||
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'''Sample Sarim Words''' | '''Sample Sarim Words''' | ||
/'dun/ [' | /'dun/ ['dʊn], '''dun''' "man" | ||
/' | /'arki:ja/ [ɐɦ'ki:ɟɐ] '''arcīja''' "break" | ||
/' | /'himnaji/ ['xɪmnɐji]'''hemnayi''' "Our sister" | ||
Revision as of 01:27, 31 March 2008
Sarim is a language spoken in the Sarmanin region in the west of Yandras.
Phonology
Consonants
-Plosives /p t d ɟ k g/
-Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ> -Fricatives /ɸ β θ s ɕ x/ <f v th s h> -Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j w/ <r l i u> Note that /ɸ θ x/ derive from older */p t k/, and so pattern with the stops (i.e., they can appear in onset clusters). Vowels /i a u i: a: u:/ Syllable Structure Sarim has a basic (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. In the onset,a limited number of consonant clusters can be found, almost always a sequence of plosive + /r/ in native words. Word internally, most sequences occur, with the exception of sequences of fricative-fricative (including /ɸ θ x/). Geminate consonants do not occur except in compound words (compare English "penny" and "penknife"). Allophony -Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant, thus /'anka/ "eat", is realised as ['aŋka]. Note that /m/ and /ŋ/ do not undergo this assimilation, so /imni/ "throat, language" is still [ɪmnɪ] -/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. -/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers. -Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as sequences nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps]. -Short /a i u/ tend to be realised as /ɐ ɪ ʊ/. -When unstressed, long /a: i: u:/ also tend to be realised as /ɐ: ɪ: ʊ:/ Stress Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic , always falling on the antipenultimate syllable for words more than 3 syllable long, and on the penult for bisyllabic words, unless that syllable has a short vowel and an adjacent syllable has a long vowel, in which case the stress moves to the syllable with a long vowel. If both adjacent syllables have a long vowel, then the moves rightwards. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not. Sandhi -If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted: rāya imni ma "that throat" [ra:jɐ ?ɪmnɪ mʙ]. -If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided: tūth hayi "the woman's child " ['tu: 'xɐjɪ]. (More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ ) Sample Sarim Words /'dun/ ['dʊn], dun "man" /'arki:ja/ [ɐɦ'ki:ɟɐ] arcīja "break" /'himnaji/ ['xɪmnɐji]hemnayi "Our sister"
