Kuma-Koban: Difference between revisions
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| author = [[User:thegoatman|S. G. McCabe]] | | author = [[User:thegoatman|S. G. McCabe]] | ||
| date = | | date = c2000 CE | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The Vertaic languages, of which only | The Vertaic languages, of which Sŭmgŭrto Verát is the only widely attested example, were a continuum of Split-S, APV/EV order, Indo-European languages. The most recent common ancestor of Old Verat and any other IE language must be Proto-Indo-European itself, as it shows such features as to be incompatible with any other family. Old Verat is a Satem language which displays the Augment, and shows conditional delabialization of PIE labiovelars, as well as preserving the laryngeal h₂ in anlaut, and demonstrating an unusual chain-shift of its obstruent series. | ||
As a Split-S language, it divides verbs into two morphosyntactic categories, Active and Middle, on the basis of transitivity and the volition of the subject/experiencer. There are two accompanying noun classes, Animate and Neuter, the latter of which cannot be | As a Split-S language, it divides verbs into two morphosyntactic categories, Active and Middle, on the basis of transitivity and the volition of the subject/experiencer. There are two accompanying noun classes, Animate and Neuter, the latter of which cannot be marked as an Agent (nominative). Despite this, the language is syntactically Nominative-Accusative, as the verbs agree in person and number with the subject in every case, not with the patient, as is the case with its more Ergative North-Caucasian neighbors. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Commonly known as Verat, this was the language spoken by the southern | Commonly known as Verat, this was the language spoken by the southern Helivega tribes. Traditionally it is held to be the language spoken by the first Lord of Lords, Sinkúrago Udún, promulgated after he forced the other Helivega clans to kneel and pay tribute. | ||
Verat was spoken in the south and east, especially at Terek, and presumably as far north as Kuban. Because of its southern location, Sumgurto Verat progressively accumulated more features from its Northeast-Caucasian neighbors, such as increasingly pure ergativity, and significant amounts of vocabulary in the common dialects. | |||
==Orthography and Phonology== | ==Orthography and Phonology== | ||
Revision as of 18:59, 14 December 2007
| Old Verat Verát | |
| Spoken in: | Terek Highlands (Teregvérga) |
| Conworld: | Khelivega Continuity |
| Total speakers: | Roughly 300 Thousand |
| Genealogical classification: | Indo-European
|
| Basic word order: | SOV |
| Morphological type: | Inflecting |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Split-S |
| Writing system: | |
| Created by: | |
| S. G. McCabe | c2000 CE |
Overview
The Vertaic languages, of which Sŭmgŭrto Verát is the only widely attested example, were a continuum of Split-S, APV/EV order, Indo-European languages. The most recent common ancestor of Old Verat and any other IE language must be Proto-Indo-European itself, as it shows such features as to be incompatible with any other family. Old Verat is a Satem language which displays the Augment, and shows conditional delabialization of PIE labiovelars, as well as preserving the laryngeal h₂ in anlaut, and demonstrating an unusual chain-shift of its obstruent series.
As a Split-S language, it divides verbs into two morphosyntactic categories, Active and Middle, on the basis of transitivity and the volition of the subject/experiencer. There are two accompanying noun classes, Animate and Neuter, the latter of which cannot be marked as an Agent (nominative). Despite this, the language is syntactically Nominative-Accusative, as the verbs agree in person and number with the subject in every case, not with the patient, as is the case with its more Ergative North-Caucasian neighbors.
History
Commonly known as Verat, this was the language spoken by the southern Helivega tribes. Traditionally it is held to be the language spoken by the first Lord of Lords, Sinkúrago Udún, promulgated after he forced the other Helivega clans to kneel and pay tribute.
Verat was spoken in the south and east, especially at Terek, and presumably as far north as Kuban. Because of its southern location, Sumgurto Verat progressively accumulated more features from its Northeast-Caucasian neighbors, such as increasingly pure ergativity, and significant amounts of vocabulary in the common dialects.
Orthography and Phonology
The Phonology of Verat is somewhat simpler than that of Proto-Indo-European. It shows 15 phonemic consonants and 5 vowels with phonemic length contrasts. Traditionally, the consonants are divided into three main series.
Consonants
Vowels
For vowels, we have a rather typical five-vowel system. The short vowels are somewhat more lax than the long vowels, and the language shows a distinctively lowered /uː/. Long vowels are denoted in the standard orthography by a macron; accented short vowels have a high or rising tone, denoted by the acute accent á, while accented long vowels have a rising-falling tone, denoted by the circumflex â. Some orthographies use the an acute-with-macron ā́, as is done in Sanskrit; this is avoided due to the lack of standard Unicode support for these characters, and poor integration of Opentype into most software.
| i [ɪ̝] | u [ʊ] | ||
| e [ɛ̝] | o [ɔ] | ||
| a [ɐ] |
| ī [iː] | ū [u̞ː] | ||
| ē [eː] | ō [oː] | ||
| ā [aː] |
Noun
There are eight noun cases: Nominative, Absolutive, Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Ablative, Locative, and Vocative. This is alongside two noun classes: Animate and Neuter, and three numbers: Singular, Dual, Plural. There are sixteen declensions, in total, split among three inflectional patters.
Verb
Unusual among early IE languages, Verat is best classified as a Split-S language. Verbs are split into two categories by morphosyntactic behavior, the Active and Middle. All transitive verbs are Active, but not all intransitive verbs are Middle. Most, such as those where the experiencer has no control, such as gābo ‹to float› or mergă ‹to rot› are Middle and mark the experiencer in the absolutive case, but those where the experience has volition, statives such as dagī ‹to be silent›, or xarpo ‹to toil› are Active, and the experiencer here is marked in the nominative, rather than the absolutive.
As an Indo-European language, Verat has a fairly complicated verb system displaying an ablaut. Conjugational and inflectional patterns of the tenses are grouped into three systems by aspect: Imperfective in the Present, Perfective in the Aorist, and Perfect in the Perfect.
