Knoschke: Difference between revisions

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Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[CXS]].
Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[CXS]].
* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.
* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.
* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|preceding vowel is stressed]]:
* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|preceding vowel is stressed]]:


{| border=0 cellpadding=6
{| border=0 cellpadding=6
| '''*b''' > B || '''*p''' > b || '''*ph''' > f || '''*tc''' > S || '''*ts''' > s || '''*s/*c''' > h
| '''*b''' > [β] || '''*p''' > [b] || '''*ph''' > [f] || '''*tc''' > [ʃ] || '''*ts''' > [s] || '''*s/*c''' > [h]
|-
|-
| '''*d''' > 4 || '''*t''' > d || '''*th''' > h || '''*tch''' > S || '''*tsh''' > s || '''*x''' > j
| '''*d''' > [ɾ] || '''*t''' > [d] || '''*th''' > [h] || '''*tch''' > [ʃ] || '''*tsh''' > [s] || '''*x''' > [j]
|-
|-
| '''*g''' > G || '''*k''' > g || '''*kh''' > x || '''*dx''' > Z || '''*dz''' > z || '''*h''' > h\
| '''*g''' > [ɣ] || '''*k''' > [g] || '''*kh''' > [x] || '''*dx''' > [ʒ] || '''*dz''' > [z] || '''*h''' > [ɦ]
|}
|}


Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
* Consonants are palatalized before '''*i, *î, *e, *ê''' though not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.
 
* Consonants are palatalized before '''*i, *î, *e, *ê''' though not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [ɣʲ] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.
 
* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.


: /a(:)j/ > [&(:)j]
: '''*a(:)j > æ(:)j'''
: /o(:)j/ > /e(:)j/
: '''*o(:)j > e(:)j'''
: /u(:)j/ > /[i(:)j/
: '''*u(:)j > i(:)j'''
: /yj/ > /ij/
: '''*yj > ij'''
* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from '''*ajC'''.
 
* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new phoneme /æ?/ from '''*ajC'''.
 
* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw'''.
* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw'''.


: /a(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
: '''*a(:)w > o(:)w'''
: /e(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
: '''*e(:)w > o(:)w'''
: /i(:)w/ > /u(:)w/
: '''*i(:)w > u(:)w'''
: /yw/ > /uw/
: '''*yw > uw'''
* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises no new phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.
 
* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V<sup><big>̄</big></sup>C''', but there arises no new phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.


As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.
As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.
* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
* Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j > gj > d_j''' was general.
* Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j > gj > d_j''' was general.
* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.
* The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
* The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
:* In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
:* In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
: Main exceptions:
: Main exceptions:
::* All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
::* All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
::* Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals.  Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
::* Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals.  Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
::* After primary palatals /j/ drops.
::* After primary palatals /j/ drops.
::* Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes SC.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
::* Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes SC.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
::* A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
::* A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
:* Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
:* Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
:* Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
:* Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
:* All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:
:* All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:
::* '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.
::* '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.
::* '''bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx'''.
::* '''bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx'''.
:* /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
:* /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
:* A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
:* A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
:* Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
:* Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
:* Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
:* Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
:* Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by '''r/l''' become voiceless aspirated stops.
:* Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by '''r/l''' become voiceless aspirated stops.
:* Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
:* Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
:* Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
:* Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
:* /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
:* /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
:* Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
:* Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
:* Initial resonants before stops are lost.
:* Initial resonants before stops are lost.
:* Initial geminates are simplified.
:* Initial geminates are simplified.
:* '''nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll'''.
:* '''nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll'''.
:* '''mn > nn''', '''nm > mm'''.
:* '''mn > nn''', '''nm > mm'''.
:* '''nr/n4 > rr'''.
:* '''nr/n4 > rr'''.
:* '''Vr > Vrr'''.
:* '''Vr > Vrr'''.
:* '''V4 > Vr'''.
:* '''V4 > Vr'''.
* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:
* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:


: I/e > e
: I/e > e
: E/&/&: > E
: E/&/&: > E
: a/a: > a
: a/a: > a
: U/o > o
: U/o > o
: O > /O/
: O > /O/
* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  '''Va/VE/VO''' give new long vowels.
* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  '''Va/VE/VO''' give new long vowels.
* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''
* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''
* Final '''V''' + simple nasal becomes '''V~'''.
* Final '''V''' + simple nasal becomes '''V~'''.
* Final geminates are simplified.
* Final geminates are simplified.
* '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with /uv/ becoming /u:/.
* '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with /uv/ becoming /u:/.


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[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)


[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:LLL]]

Revision as of 02:47, 31 May 2005

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.


I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name. In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "Benct's Noric language".

History

(To be filled in)

Historical phonology

Transcriptions preceded by * are the agreed-upon transcription. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are CXS.

  • *CVLC tends to be realized as CLVC when the first C is a stop.
*b > [β] *p > [b] *ph > [f] *tc > [ʃ] *ts > [s] *s/*c > [h]
*d > [ɾ] *t > [d] *th > [h] *tch > [ʃ] *tsh > [s] *x > [j]
*g > [ɣ] *k > [g] *kh > [x] *dx > [ʒ] *dz > [z] *h > [ɦ]

Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: *tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c and *x/*j. OTOH the phonemes *b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k and *th/*h do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.

  • Consonants are palatalized before *i, *î, *e, *ê though not before *y. Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other. They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" *tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x, the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [ɣʲ] which merges with *j. These two sets will be called primary palatals and secondary palatals respectively.
  • Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize. For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
*a(:)j > æ(:)j
*o(:)j > e(:)j
*u(:)j > i(:)j
*yj > ij
  • All *VjC sequences become V:C, so there arises a new phoneme /æ?/ from *ajC.
  • Unrounded vowels round/retract before *w. The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded. There arises no new phonemes, since *aw/*âw merge with *ow/*ôw.
*a(:)w > o(:)w
*e(:)w > o(:)w
*i(:)w > u(:)w
*yw > uw
  • All *VwC sequences become V̄C, but there arises no new phoneme since *awC merges with *owC and *ôC.

As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.

  • The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
  • Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
  • Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw]. Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of j > gj > d_j was general.
  • Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
  • Unstressed long vowels shorten.
  • The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
  • In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
Main exceptions:
  • All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no phonetic change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
  • Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals. Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
  • After primary palatals /j/ drops.
  • Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus C(C)SC becomes SC. This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
  • A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
  • Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
  • Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
  • All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop. Exceptions:
  • pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx remain.
  • bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx.
  • /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative. After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
  • A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
  • Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
  • Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
  • Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by r/l become voiceless aspirated stops.
  • Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
  • Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
  • /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/. Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
  • Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
  • Initial resonants before stops are lost.
  • Initial geminates are simplified.
  • nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll.
  • mn > nn, nm > mm.
  • nr/n4 > rr.
  • Vr > Vrr.
  • V4 > Vr.
  • The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed. There are some mergers:
I/e > e
E/&/&: > E
a/a: > a
U/o > o
O > /O/
  • /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs. High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving Vi and Vi diphthongs. Va/VE/VO give new long vowels.
  • Vh becomes V:
  • Final V + simple nasal becomes V~.
  • Final geminates are simplified.
  • Vv becomes Vw, with /uv/ becoming /u:/.

More to come. Unfortunately there is not much vocabulary to demonstrate on yet!

BPJ 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)

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