Knoschke: Difference between revisions

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Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[CXS]].
Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[CXS]].
* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.
* '''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.
* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|preceding vowel is stressed]]:
* Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|preceding vowel is stressed]]:


Line 25: Line 22:


Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.
* Consonants are palatalized before '''*i, *î, *e, *ê''' though not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.
* Consonants are palatalized before '''*i, *î, *e, *ê''' though not before '''*y'''.  Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.
* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
* Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.


Line 34: Line 29:
: /u(:)j/ > /[i(:)j/
: /u(:)j/ > /[i(:)j/
: /yj/ > /ij/
: /yj/ > /ij/
* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from '''*ajC'''.
* All '''*VjC''' sequences become '''V:C''', so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from '''*ajC'''.
* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw'''.
* Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw'''.


Line 43: Line 36:
: /i(:)w/ > /u(:)w/
: /i(:)w/ > /u(:)w/
: /yw/ > /uw/
: /yw/ > /uw/
* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises no new phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.
* All '''*VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises no new phoneme since '''*awC''' merges with '''*owC''' and '''*ôC'''.


As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.
As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.
* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
* The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
* Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
* Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j > gj > d_j''' was general.
* Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j > gj > d_j''' was general.
* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
* Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.
* Unstressed long vowels shorten.
* The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
* The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
 
:* In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
** In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
: Main exceptions:
: Main exceptions:
*** All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
::* All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
 
::* Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals.  Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
*** Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals.  Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
::* After primary palatals /j/ drops.
 
::* Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes SC.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
*** After primary palatals /j/ drops.
::* A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
 
:* Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
*** Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes SC.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
:* Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
 
:* All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:
*** A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
::* '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.
 
::* '''bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx'''.
** Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
:* /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
 
:* A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
** Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
:* Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
 
:* Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
** All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:
:* Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by '''r/l''' become voiceless aspirated stops.
*** '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.
:* Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
*** '''bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx'''.
:* Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
 
:* /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
** /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
:* Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
 
:* Initial resonants before stops are lost.
** A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
:* Initial geminates are simplified.
 
:* '''nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll'''.
** Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
:* '''mn > nn''', '''nm > mm'''.
 
:* '''nr/n4 > rr'''.
** Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
:* '''Vr > Vrr'''.
 
:* '''V4 > Vr'''.
** Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by '''r/l''' become voiceless aspirated stops.
 
** Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
 
** Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
 
** /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
 
** Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
 
** Initial resonants before stops are lost.
 
** Initial geminates are simplified.
 
** '''nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll'''.
 
** '''mn > nn''', '''nm > mm'''.
 
** '''nr/n4 > rr'''.
 
** '''Vr > Vrr'''.
 
** '''V4 > Vr'''.
 
* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:
* The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:


Line 119: Line 80:
: U/o > o
: U/o > o
: O > /O/
: O > /O/
* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  '''Va/VE/VO''' give new long vowels.
* /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  '''Va/VE/VO''' give new long vowels.
* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''
* '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''
* Final '''V''' + simple nasal becomes '''V~'''.
* Final '''V''' + simple nasal becomes '''V~'''.
* Final geminates are simplified.
* Final geminates are simplified.
* '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with /uv/ becoming /u:/.
* '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with /uv/ becoming /u:/.


Revision as of 02:11, 31 May 2005

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.


I have made a sketch of the phonology for a Noric language which as yet has no name. In the meantime I'll call it "B-Noric", short for "Benct's Noric language".

History

(To be filled in)

Historical phonology

Transcriptions preceded by * are the agreed-upon transcription. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are CXS.

  • *CVLC tends to be realized as CLVC when the first C is a stop.
  • Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the preceding vowel is stressed:
*b > B *p > b *ph > f *tc > S *ts > s *s/*c > h
*d > 4 *t > d *th > h *tch > S *tsh > s *x > j
*g > G *k > g *kh > x *dx > Z *dz > z *h > h\

Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: *tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*s/*c and *x/*j. OTOH the phonemes *b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k and *th/*h do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.

  • Consonants are palatalized before *i, *î, *e, *ê though not before *y. Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other. They however remain distinct from the old "palatals" *tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x, the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [G_j] which merges with *j. These two sets will be called primary palatals and secondary palatals respectively.
  • Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize. For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.
/a(:)j/ > [&(:)j]
/o(:)j/ > /e(:)j/
/u(:)j/ > /[i(:)j/
/yj/ > /ij/
  • All *VjC sequences become V:C, so there arises a new phoneme /&:/ from *ajC.
  • Unrounded vowels round/retract before *w. The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded. There arises no new phonemes, since *aw/*âw merge with *ow/*ôw.
/a(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
/e(:)w/ > /o(:)w/
/i(:)w/ > /u(:)w/
/yw/ > /uw/
  • All *VwC sequences become V:C, but there arises no new phoneme since *awC merges with *owC and *ôC.

As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.

  • The [G] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.
  • Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [B] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /m_j/ merges with /w/.
  • Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw]. Sporadically /j/ becomes /d_j/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of j > gj > d_j was general.
  • Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.
  • Unstressed long vowels shorten.
  • The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.
  • In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.
Main exceptions:
  • All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no phonetic change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.
  • Dentals before /j/ merge with the secondary palatals. Also [xj] and [hj] merge with /s_j/, and [h\j] merges with /j/.
  • After primary palatals /j/ drops.
  • Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus C(C)SC becomes SC. This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.
  • A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [4], except if that obstruent is [d] or [Z].
  • Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /?/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.
  • Complete assimilation of /?/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /?/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.
  • All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop. Exceptions:
  • pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx remain.
  • bv > bb, gG > gg, pf/fp > ff, kx/xk > xx.
  • /h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative. After an affricate this means loss of /h/.
  • A resonant + sibilant becomes resonant + affricate.
  • Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.
  • Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop.
  • Initial unclustered stops or stops followed by r/l become voiceless aspirated stops.
  • Initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.
  • Initial nasals before voiced stops are lost.
  • /t/ + nasal becomes /tt/. Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.
  • Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.
  • Initial resonants before stops are lost.
  • Initial geminates are simplified.
  • nl/ln/rl/lr/4l/l4 > ll.
  • mn > nn, nm > mm.
  • nr/n4 > rr.
  • Vr > Vrr.
  • V4 > Vr.
  • The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed. There are some mergers:
I/e > e
E/&/&: > E
a/a: > a
U/o > o
O > /O/
  • /?/ and /h\/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs. High mid vowels become high after other vowels, giving Vi and Vi diphthongs. Va/VE/VO give new long vowels.
  • Vh becomes V:
  • Final V + simple nasal becomes V~.
  • Final geminates are simplified.
  • Vv becomes Vw, with /uv/ becoming /u:/.

More to come. Unfortunately there is not much vocabulary to demonstrate on yet!

BPJ 03:01, 31 May 2005 (PDT)

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