Classical Diūn

Classical Diūn
Spoken in:	Diūn City-States
Time Period:	200 BNH - 200 NH(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers:	extinct
Genealogical classification:	Proto-Diūn   Classical Diūn
Basic word order:	SOV
Morphological type:	semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping	February 8, 2007-

Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.

I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Plosives: /p b t d t` d` k g/ <p b t d th dh c g>

b. Nasals: /m n n` [N]/ <m n nh n>

c. Fricatives: /p\ B s z s` z` C/ <ph,f bh,v s z sh zh h>

d. Affricates: /ts [tts] tS [ttS] [dZ]/ <cc,ċ cc,ċ ch ch g>

e. Lateral Approximants: /l/ <l>

f. Approximants: /r\ j/ <r i>

g. Vowels: /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u: ai au oi/ <a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ai au oi>

B. Allophones:

a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/

C. Phonotactics

a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word

D. Syllable Structure

a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

A. Nominal Morphology

a. Classical Diūn nouns are inflected for the Ergative Case or if definiteness needs to be distinguished.

b.Classical Diūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.

c. the suffix -(o)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.

d. the suffix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the Ergative suffix and after the root.

e. -(o)n marks a noun as definite. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked or if not marking definiteness doesn't cause ambiguity.

f. Examples:

Vinidom toi vini nīven

[BiJidom toi BiJi ni:BeN]

(The) Boys want to kill me

Boy.plur.erg me.abs kill.3P want.inf

Tia vinidon gin sīho sōnen

[tja BiJidoN giN si:Co soJeN]

I can not find the boys

I.erg boy.plur.def negator find.1P can.inf

B. Verbal Morphology

a. Diūn Verbs are inflected for person. The Diūn tenses (past and future) are expressed by separate particles. The Present does not need a separate particle. <mo> is the past particle and <mu> is the future morpheme. <mi> is also used to emphasize the present. The tense particles follow the verb. Adverbs can be placed between the verb and the tense particle

b.

infinitive: suffix root + -en

1st Person: root + -(h)o

2nd Person: root + -(h)a

3rd Person: root + -(h)i

All-Persons Plural: root + -(h)e

c. Examples:

No dinid va he cephe mu

[no diJid_h Ba Ce kep\e mu]

We will seize your things(possessions)

We.ERG thing.plur you.abs of seize.plur future-particle

Tia ga hado cīvi mo (or) Tia ga hado mo cīvi

[tja ga Cado ki:Bi mo][tja ga Cado mo ki:Bi]

I did that easily

I.erg it/him.abs do.1P easy past-particle (or) I.erg it/him.abs do.1P past-particle easy

d. The Gerund:

e. The gerund functions as a verbs adjectival and adverbial forms. The Gerund verbal ending is -endi.

f. Examples:

Ci vinid humendi zadi mo

[ki BiJid_h CumeNdi zadi mo]

He saw the playing boys

Ci vinid vōmi humendi mo

[ki BiJid_h Bo:mi CumeNdi mo]

He jokingly hit the boys

g. The Gerundative

h. The Gerundative states an action that should or is to be done. It is marked with the -endas suffix

i. Examples:

Ci vinendas

[BiJeNdas]

He [who] should be killed

Toidam vinendas nomi

[toidam BiJeNdas nomi]

The man is to be killed

Toida vinendas

[toida BiJeNdas]

The man who should be killed

j. The Supine

k. The States the purpose of an action.

l.Examples:

Vatim vinid ga he vīcci vōmoim

[Batim BiJid_h ga Ce Bi:ttsi Bo:moim]

Father came to hit his boys

Toida vōmi vīnoim

[toida Bo:mi Bi:Joim]

The man hit to kill

m. The Infinitive:

n.

C. Adjectival and Adverbial Morphology

a. Classical Diūn has four adverbial and adjectival degrees: The bare root is considered the first degree. The second degree, like the English -er suffix, is marked by the -(e)t suffix. The third degree, like the English -est suffix, is marked by the -(e)c suffix. The third degree, meaning "ultimate" or "extremely" is marked by the -(i)dh suffix. If the suffix begins a new syllable /C/ <h> is added before the vowel to conform to Diūn Syllable Structure. Adjectives and Adverbs could arguably not be considered separate word types because the only factor distinguishing the two is purely syntactical.

b. Examples:

Ci neptiūn nomi

[ki neptju:N nomi]

It/He is blue

It/he.erg blue is.3P

Ci neptiūnec nomi

[ki neptju:Jek_h nomi]

It/He is (the) bluest

It/he.erg blue.3rd is.3P

D. Syntax

a. Classical Diūn is an SOV language.

b. Verbal moods are distinguished by word order and, with a few moods, by morphology:

The Diūn verbal moods are:

Subject-Object-Verb - indictive

Verb-Object-Subject - interrogative

Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive, -ne suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb

Verb-Object-Subject - imperative, -im suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb

Subject-Object-Verb- conditional, -ta suffix is added to the infinitive form of the verb. <te> "if" is used between the condition and the event.

c. The indicative mood is the default mood. It is used when the speaker wants to convey a fact. The interrogative mood is used when the speaker is asking a question. The subjunctive is used when the speaker is speaking about a hypothetical event. The imperative is used to state a command. The conditional mood is used to state a condition of another event.

d. Examples:

The Indicative: Tia gīmos toi he phīho

[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:Co]

I love my family

I.erg family me.abs of love.1P

The Interrogative: Phīha gīmos vo he?

[p\i:Ca gi:mos Bo Ce]

Do you love your family?

Love.2P family you.erg of

The Subjunctive: Tia phīhenne gīmos toi he, pe toi phīhe habhi mu.

[tja p\i:CeNne gi:mos toi Ce pe toi p\i:Ce CaBi mu]

Should I love my family, They will love me too.

I.erg love.subj family me.abs of, they.erg me.abs love.plur also future particle

The Imperative: Phīhenim gīmos vo he!

[p\i:CeJim gi:mos Bo Ce]

Love your family!

Love.inf.imp family you.erg of

The Conditional: Gīmosom toi he toi phīhenta te tia ni phīhenta.

[tja gi:mos toi Ce p\i:CeNta te pe toi p\i:CeNta CaBi mu]

My family would love me if I loved them

Family.erg me.abs of me.abs love.con if I.erg them.abs love.con

e. Adjectives and Adverbs follow the noun or verb they modify. The adverbs can come after the verb or after the tense particle(if there is one).

f. Classical Diūn uses postpositions rather than prepositions

g. Modals always come at the end of the phrase in infinitive form when another verb is present.

h. Examples:

Tia vecia ga he vivi vōmo nīven mo

[tja Bekja ga Ce BiBi Bo:mo ni:veN mo]

I wanted to hit him in the face

I.erg face.abs him.abs of on hit.1P want.inf past-particle

i. The Relative clause:

j. The relative clause functions much the same as it does in English. Unlike in English however <vis> "that" must be used in between the first sentence and its complement.

k. Examples:

Toi dōcco vis no ga hade sōnen

[toi do:ttso Bis no ga Cade so:JeN]

I think that we can do it

I.ABS think.1p that we.ERG it.ABS do.1p can.inf

Ca vīni vis tia pōv nomi mo

[ka Bi:Ji Bis tja po:B nomi mo]

She knows that I was there

She.ABS knows.3p that I.Erg there be was