Modern Standard Imperial: Difference between revisions

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! Close-Mid
! Close-Mid
|align=center|
|align=center| e /e/
|align=center| ē /e:/
|align=center| ē /e:/
|align=center|
|align=center|
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|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| o /o/
|align=center| ō /o:/
|align=center| ō /o:/
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! Open-Mid
! Open-Mid
|align=center| e /E/
|align=center|
|align=center| ēh /E:/
|align=center| ēh /E:/
|align=center| oe /2:/
|align=center| oe /2:/
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|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
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|align=center| o /O/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| ōh /O:/
|align=center| ōh /O:/
   
   
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|align=center| a /a/
|align=center|  
|align=center| ā /a:/
|align=center|
|align=center| āh /a:/
|align=center|
|align=center| a /A/
|align=center| ā /A:/
|align=center| ā /A:/
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Revision as of 16:22, 2 September 2007

Phonology

Phonemic Inventory

Consonants

POA Labials Dentals Palatals Velars Gutturals
Fortis stops p /p/ t /t/ c /tS/ k /k/ q /q/
Lenis stops b /b/ d /d/ j /dZ/ g /g/
Fortis fricatives ph /f/ th /T/ ch /C/ kh /x/ qh /H\/
Lenis fricatives f /f/ s /s/ ç /C/ x /x/ gh /<\/
Nasals m /m/ n /n/
Liquids l /l/ r /R/
Glides (u) /w/ (i) /j/ (u) /w/

Vowels

POA Front Short Front Long Front Rounded Near-Front Long Central Short Central Long Near-Back Long Back Short Back Long
Close i /i/ ī /i:/ ue /y:/ u /u/ ū /u:/
Near-close īh /I:/ ūh /U:/
Close-Mid e /e/ ē /e:/ o /o/ ō /o:/
Mid
Open-Mid ēh /E:/ oe /2:/ ōh /O:/
Near-Open
Open āh /a:/ a /A/ ā /A:/

Phonetic Realization and Allophonic Variation

Consonants

  • Most consonants have different allophones for initial, intervocalic, and coda situations:
Orthography Initial Intervocalic Coda
p [p_h] [b] [p_}]
b [b_<] [B] [p_}]
ph [f] [f] [f]
t [t_h] [d] [t_}]
d [d_<] [D] [t_}]
c [tS_h] [tS] [k_}]
j [dZ] [dZ] [k_}]
k [k_h] [g] [k_}]
g [g_<] [G] [k_}]
q [q] [?] [?]
f [f] [v] [v]
s [s] [z] [h]
m [m] [~B] [~B]
n [n] [~D] [~]
l [l] [l, 5] [l, 5, U]
r [R] [4] [6]
  • Intervocalic geminates de-geminate but undergo no further lenition.
  • Note that <ph> is distinguished from <f> in all but initial position.
  • All other consonants are the same in all positions.
  • The voiced fricative allophones of the lenis stops may or may not have actual frication
  • /m/ and /n/ are realized intervocalically like /b/ and /d/, but with nasalization of the preceding vowel

Vowels

  • Short vowels are lax before two consonants, or a consonant and a word-boundary. The lax allophones of /i e A o u/ are [I E a O U].
  • Long vowels are realized phonetically short word-finally, and before a cluster containing a fortis phoneme; the short vowels are reduced in these environments
  • The reduced vowels differ by region, but the Capital Region has /i e a/->[@] and /u o/->[U]
Neutralizations

The three-way distinction between short, long lax, long tense vowels is neutralized before /r/, /l/, and /n/:

Vowel _/r/ _/l/ _/n/
i [I6] [I@l], [IU] I~(:)
e [E6], [E:] [E@l], [EU] E~(:)
a [A:] [Q:l], [O:] a~(:)
o [O:] [O:l], [O:] O~(:)
u [U6] [U@l], [U:] U~(:)
/y: 2:/ [3:] [3:l], [8U] I~(:)

Inflectional Morphology

Syntax