Hemackle vowel system: Difference between revisions
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{| align="center" | {| align="center" | ||
| colspan="4" align="center" | PGmc | | colspan="4" align="center" | PGmc | ||
| colspan="4" align="center" | Fris-Hm | | colspan="4" align="center" | Fris-Hm <sup>1</sup> | ||
| colspan="4" align="center" | OHm | | colspan="4" align="center" | OHm | ||
| colspan="4" align="center" | MHm | | colspan="4" align="center" | MHm | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɐ́ | | colspan="2" align="center" | iɐ́ | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìː<sub>1</sub> | | colspan="2" align="center" | ìː<sub>1</sub> | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | | colspan="2" align="center" | iǽː | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əɪ̥ | | colspan="2" align="center" | əɪ̥ | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈiu<sup>2</sup> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iú | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìʊ̥ː<sub>1</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iýː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jəʏ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | i | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | i | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ì | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | í | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ì | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | í | |||
| align="center" | i | |||
| align="center" | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’<sup>3</sup> | |||
| align="center" | i | |||
| align="center" | ɪ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ‘iu’<sup>2, 4</sup> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘ìu’ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘iú’ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ì | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘iý’ | |||
| align="center" | i | |||
| align="center" | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’<sup>3</sup> | |||
| align="center" | jy | |||
| align="center" | jʏ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ē | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ē | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìː<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈeo | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | èu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ió | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìʊ̥ː<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iǿː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jøʏ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | e | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | e | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | è | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | é | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | è | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | é | |||
| align="center" | e | |||
| align="center" | ɛ | |||
| align="center" | e | |||
| align="center" | ɛ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ‘eo’<sup>2, 4</sup> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘èu’ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘ió’ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | è | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ‘iǿ’ | |||
| align="center" | e | |||
| align="center" | ɛ | |||
| align="center" | jø | |||
| align="center" | jœ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | eu | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈiu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iú | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìʊ̥ː<sub>1</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iýː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jəʏ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈeo | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | èu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ió | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ìʊ̥ː<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iǿː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jøʏ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ā | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ā | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | àɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ̀ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ́ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐə̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐə̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | a | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | a | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | à | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | á | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ̀ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ́ | |||
| align="center" | ɐ | |||
| align="center" | ʌ | |||
| align="center" | ɐ | |||
| align="center" | ʌ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | e | |||
| colspan="12" align="left" | (''see'' '''e''' ''above'') | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ai | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ā | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | àɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ̀ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐ́ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐə̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɐə̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ɛ̄ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛ̀ɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛ̀ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛɪ̥ | | colspan="2" align="center" | ɛɪ̥ | ||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈɛɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛ̀ɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛ̀ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛɪ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | jɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈɛi | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛí | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | íː<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | iɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | au | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ɔ̄ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɔ̀ɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɔ̀ɐ<sub>1</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɔə̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | œ̄ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | œ̀ɐ<sub>1</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | œ̀ɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | œə̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ˈɔu | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uú | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | úː<sub>1</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uʊ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ō | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ō | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | òɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɔ̀ɐ<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɛʊ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ø̄ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | œ̀ɐ<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ɔ̀ɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | œʏ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | o | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | o | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ò | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ó | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ò | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ó | |||
| align="center" | o | |||
| align="center" | ɔ | |||
| align="center" | o | |||
| align="center" | ɔ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ø | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ø̀ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ǿ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ø̀ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ǿ | |||
| align="center" | ø | |||
| align="center" | œ | |||
| align="center" | ø | |||
| align="center" | œ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ū | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ū | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ùɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ùː<sub>2</sub> | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | uɐ́ː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əʊ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | ȳ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ỳɐ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ỳː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | yǽː | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | əʏ̥ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | u | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | u | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ù | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ú | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ù | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ú | |||
| align="center" | u | |||
| align="center" | ʊ | |||
| align="center" | u | |||
| align="center" | ʊ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | | |||
| colspan="4" align="center" | y | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ỳ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ý | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ỳ | |||
| colspan="2" align="center" | ý | |||
| align="center" | y | |||
| align="center" | ʏ | |||
| align="center" | y | |||
| align="center" | ʏ | |||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> Here we refer to a stage in the language's development when Frisian and Hemackle were sister dialects of the Ingvaeonic isogloss.<br> | |||
<sup>2</sup> This is the result of PGmc <ī, ē> in an environment which causes fracture.<br> | |||
<sup>3</sup> Before a nasal in a closed syllable with Middle Hemackle grave accent, PGmc <nowiki><i></nowiki> becomes the diphthong <‘əɪ̥’>, a short diphthong sounded for one mora-length.<br> | |||
<sup>4</sup> Here to denote a short, one mora-length diphthong, I'm using Voyles' notation. | |||
Latest revision as of 13:43, 20 August 2007
| PGmc | Fris-Hm 1 | OHm | MHm | NHm | |||||||||||||||
| Grave | Acute | Grave | Acute | ||||||||||||||||
| open | closed | open | closed | ||||||||||||||||
| ī | ī | ìɐ | iɐ́ | ìː1 | iǽː | əɪ̥ | jɛɪ̥ | ||||||||||||
| ˈiu2 | ìu | iú | ìʊ̥ː1 | iýː | əɪ̥ | jəʏ̥ | |||||||||||||
| i | i | ì | í | ì | í | i | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’3 | i | ɪ | ||||||||||
| ‘iu’2, 4 | ‘ìu’ | ‘iú’ | ì | ‘iý’ | i | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’3 | jy | jʏ | |||||||||||
| ē | ē | ìɐ | iɐ́ | ìː2 | iǽː | iɪ̥ | jɛɪ̥ | ||||||||||||
| ˈeo | èu | ió | ìʊ̥ː2 | iǿː | iɪ̥ | jøʏ̥ | |||||||||||||
| e | e | è | é | è | é | e | ɛ | e | ɛ | ||||||||||
| ‘eo’2, 4 | ‘èu’ | ‘ió’ | è | ‘iǿ’ | e | ɛ | jø | jœ | |||||||||||
| eu | ˈiu | ìu | iú | ìʊ̥ː1 | iýː | əɪ̥ | jəʏ̥ | ||||||||||||
| ˈeo | èu | ió | ìʊ̥ː2 | iǿː | iɪ̥ | jøʏ̥ | |||||||||||||
| ā | ā | àɐ | əɐ́ | ɐ̀ː | ɐ́ː | ɐə̥ | ɐə̥ | ||||||||||||
| a | a | à | á | ɐ̀ | ɐ́ | ɐ | ʌ | ɐ | ʌ | ||||||||||
| e | (see e above) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ai | ā | àɐ | əɐ́ | ɐ̀ː | ɐ́ː | ɐə̥ | ɐə̥ | ||||||||||||
| ɛ̄ | ɛ̀ɐ | iɐ́ | ɛ̀ː | iǽː | ɛɪ̥ | jɛɪ̥ | |||||||||||||
| ˈɛɐ | ɛ̀ɐ | iɐ́ | ɛ̀ː | iǽː | ɛɪ̥ | jɛɪ̥ | |||||||||||||
| ˈɛi | ɛí | íː2 | iɪ̥ | ||||||||||||||||
| au | ɔ̄ | ɔ̀ɐ | uɐ́ | ɔ̀ɐ1 | uɐ́ː | ɔə̥ | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | ||||||||||||
| œ̄ | œ̀ɐ1 | yǽ | œ̀ɐ | yǽː | œə̥ | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||||||||||||
| ˈɔu | uú | úː1 | uʊ̥ | ||||||||||||||||
| ō | ō | òɐ | uɐ́ | ɔ̀ɐ2 | uɐ́ː | ɛʊ̥ | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | ||||||||||||
| ø̄ | œ̀ɐ2 | yǽ | ɔ̀ɐ | yǽː | œʏ̥ | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||||||||||||
| o | o | ò | ó | ò | ó | o | ɔ | o | ɔ | ||||||||||
| ø | ø̀ | ǿ | ø̀ | ǿ | ø | œ | ø | œ | |||||||||||
| ū | ū | ùɐ | uɐ́ | ùː2 | uɐ́ː | əʊ̥ | ʊ̥ɐə̥ | ||||||||||||
| ȳ | ỳɐ | yǽ | ỳː | yǽː | əʏ̥ | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥ | |||||||||||||
| u | u | ù | ú | ù | ú | u | ʊ | u | ʊ | ||||||||||
| y | ỳ | ý | ỳ | ý | y | ʏ | y | ʏ | |||||||||||
1 Here we refer to a stage in the language's development when Frisian and Hemackle were sister dialects of the Ingvaeonic isogloss.
2 This is the result of PGmc <ī, ē> in an environment which causes fracture.
3 Before a nasal in a closed syllable with Middle Hemackle grave accent, PGmc <i> becomes the diphthong <‘əɪ̥’>, a short diphthong sounded for one mora-length.
4 Here to denote a short, one mora-length diphthong, I'm using Voyles' notation.
