Sarim

Sarim (Sarim: Sarim Sovat) is a language spoken in Sarmenyn, a nation on the continent of Yandras. It is a largely fusional, head-final language, displaying split-ergative morphosyntactic alignment.

Phonology

Sarim has a fairly simple phonology; it distinguishes 22 consonants and 7 vowels, as detailed below:

Consonants:

• Labial: /p b m f v/

• Alveolar: /t d n s z ɬ ts) r l/ <t d n s z lh c r l>
• Palatal: /tɕ ɕ dʑ j/ <ch sh j i>
• Velar: /k g ŋ/ <k g ŋ>
• Glottal:/ʔ h/ <' h>

Vowels:

• /i e ɛ ɨ ɑ o u/

• /ai ei ai ou/
• <ai ei au ou>

Allophony

-The consonants /t d n l/ are realised as dental unless adjacent to one of /s z/, which are always alveolar (and laminal).

-The rhotic /r/ is realised as a tril [r] when intervocalic or word initial. Word-finally or when adjacent to another cosnoant, it weakens to a flap [ɾ] or even an approximant [ɹ].

-/j/ is realised as the voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] word-initially.

-Unstressed /ɨ/ tends to lower to [ə] when unstressed. Likewise, /i u o/ may lower to [ɪ ʊ ɔ].

-/ɛ/'s realisation is quite low, somwhere between cardinal [ɛ] and [æ].

-/ɑ/ may round to [ɒ] when adjacent to a sonorant.

More work needs to be done here, but I don't like Phonologies

Phonotactics

A Sarim syllable consists of an onset and a rime. Both elements are compulsory.

The onset may consist of any single consonant, or a cluster of Cr or Cv, with the exception that /r l j v ɬ/ may not be C, and only velars and /s/ may occur in Cv onset clusters.

The rime may consist of any single vowel, or a vowel plus one of a limited number of coda consonants. Word internally, these consonants are /t s r l h/ or a nasal at the same point of articulation as a following consonant. Word-finally, /m n ŋ/ are distinguished phonemically, /h/ may not occur, and /d ɬ/ do occur.

Elision

Elision is a Sandhi feature very common in Sarim, and occurs when two vowels are neighbouring across a word boundary, e.g. 'ti omi that (he) see(s). If the two vowels are the same quality, they are realised together as a long vowel. If the two vowels are of different quality and either the first or last element is one of unstressed /e i/ or /o y/, then these are realised as [j] and [w] respectively, so /ti Omi/ is realised as [tjOmi]. If neither of these conditions is fulfilled, and one of the words involved is a grammatical particle, that particle looses its vowel, which orthographically is represented by replacing the vowel grapheme with an apostrophe. If the two words are lexical words, and removing the final vowel of the first one would not create an illegal consonant cluster, it may be dropped, indicated orthographically by replacing the vowel with an apostrophe. If none of these conditions are met, no change is made.

Stress and Pitch Accent

-Sarim syllables are moraic.

• An open syllable where one of /i ɨ ɛ ɑ o/ is the vowel counts as one mora.
• A consonant rime with one of /i ɨ ɛ ɑ/, or an open rime with one of /u e ai ei au ou/, counts as two morae.
• A consonant rime with one of /u e ai ei au ou/ counts as three morae.

Stress is regulary on the penultimate syllable. Pitch accent falls in the antepenultimate mora of a word (or leftmost mora if a word has two or one morae). Stress is realised with an increase in volume and length, pitch accent with a raising of pitch. Any syllable immediately preceding an accented syllable (even across word boundaries) receives a rising tone, whilst any syllable after an accented syllable receives falling tone. Stressed syllables which do not receive pitch accent are realised as low or falling, whilst a stressed syllable immediately proceeding the pitch-accented syllable has a rising-falling tone. If a stressed syllable occurs between two accented syllables, it is mid-high. If two accented syllables are adjacent, the first one is realised as rising tone.

/'jɑ̆:trēn/, /'sɑ̄:rìm/, /kō'jù:nɨ/, /'sɑ̄:rĭm 'sō:vɑ̀t/, /'jɑ̆:trén 'lāj:d/, /'jɑ̆:trēn 'kɛ̃:dūr/

Where /a/ = /a11/, /á/ = /a13/, /à/ = /a31/, /ă/ = /a312/, /ā/ = /a33/, and /ã/ = /a22/

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Morphology

Nominal Morphology

Sarim nouns are declined for three cases and three numbers. To show how examples of allomorphy and how the various suffixes are formed, four sample noun stems shall be used: dyn'; man maze; house Sarm; Sarim 'aprah; house

The Absolutive form is the same as the stem, with the exception that consonant stems ending in two consonants have an additional epenthetic /i/ inserted between the two consonants in this form, and stems ending in -h lose their final consonant: dyn, maze, sarim, 'apra.

The Oblique is identical to the Absolutive if the noun ends in a vowel or -h. Otherwise, -y is suffixed, unless the noun has /ɨ/ in its stem, in whihc case it -y dissimilates to -i.

dyni, maze, sarmy, 'apra

The Genitive is formed with -n if a noun ends in a vowel and -en if it ends in a consonant. -h stem nouns lose their vowel and take -n. If the last syllable of the stem contains /n/, then the genitive morpheme dissimilates to -m

dynem, mazen. sarmen, 'apran

The plural is formed with -t for all stems, with an epenthetic -a- inserted afterconsonant stems:

dynat, mazet, sarmat, 'aprahat

Before the oblique and genitive inflections, the -a of the plural morpheme is lost:

dynti, dyntem; mazety, mazeten; 'aprahty, 'aprahten

The nullar is a more recent innovation; it is formed with -(ė)l after the case inflection. The nullar genitive is -nde. -h stems have a nullar objective in -hel.

dynėl, dynil, dynende; mazel, mazel, mazende; sarmėl, sarmyl, sarmende; 'apral, 'aprahel, 'aprande

Pronouns

Sarim 1P, 2P, 3P and 4P animate pronouns are inflected for nominative, accusative, oblique and genitive cases. The 3P and 4P inanimate pronouns are inflected for absolutive, oblique, and genitive cases.

1P Singular - Plural:

• NOM:na - nan
• ACC:nem - nam
• OBL:nat - nenta
• GEN:nem - neman

2P singular - plural:

• NOM:alh - eda
• ACC:enda - adan
• OBL:alh - adan
• GEN:alham - alyam

3P(animate) singular - plural:

• NOM:ko - kor
• ACC:kam - karyn
• OBL:kor - koda
• GEN:kom - koram

4P(animate) singular - plural:

• NOM:ri - rėdė
• ACC:rem - riden
• OBL:ridė - rėdat
• GEN:rem - riyem

The third and fourth person inanimate pronouns are koya and ri respectively. They are inflected like normal nouns.

Possessive Clitics

These appear on nouns after any case or number inflections:

1PS:-an 1PP:-ane 2PS:-alh 2PP:-eda 3PS:-a 3PP:-ar 4PS:-ar 4PP:-arė

If the noun in question ends in a vowel, the vowel of the possessive affix is elided, except for -a, which becomes -ia e.g. mazene our house, otaia his father.

Syntax

Theta-roles in Sarim

Sarim shows Ergative alignment. This means that Sarim treats the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient of a transitive verb (P) the same, and marks the agent of a transitive verb (A) differently. However, the animate pronouns show nominative alignment, as found in English and most other European languages. Sarim is therefore a split-ergative language.

Sarim ditransitive verbs show dative alignment; the theme (what is given) is marked as absolutive, whilst the receiver is marked as Dative.

Sarim Words

The basic divide in Sarim is between lexical and grammatical words.

• Lexical words are any words referring to an object, state, or action
• Grammatical words show function or position, or modify meaning.