Dal'qörian personal pronouns

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Personal pronouns refer to people or things.

Nominative (subject) pronouns

The dal’qörian nominative personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:

binä	I/I am
diö	you/you are
mæ	he/he is
sia	she/she is
éren	they/they
tiÞ	it/it is
ména	we/we are

There are also two impersonal pronouns in dal'qörian: minä-you/one and minäla-they, and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the passive tense in English (see Verbs):

• am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax dal'qörian! One cannot learn dal'qörian in a day!

• minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras. The house was demolished because it was dangerous. (lit: They demolished the house, because it was unsafe).

As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: am, are, is. In dal'qörian, one can assume that am/are/is can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

ː Followed by a present participle (a verb with the ia inflection)
ːFollowed by an uninflected adjective (including modifying words such as very/extremely)

am/are/is are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

ː Followed by a modal verb (see Verbs-Modals)
ːFollowed by the infinitive of a verb (a verb that ends in r)
ːFollowed by the imperfect and perfect past tense of a verb
ːFollowed by an inflected adjective

examples:

• binä göria nöra. I am going now.

• di gadörajel tädø. The dogs are tired.

• dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár! We argued all day!

• öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri. She was very depressed for a long time.

• iáda, Gáré recévria ni Bemöa. Gary is getting a BMW today.

• stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä. I rarely get home before 6.

• éren voltir ni didérämös. They want a drink.

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Accusative (direct object) pronouns

The accusative pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb:

• I asked him.

• She gave her the book.

• They told us to go-away!

The dal'qörian accusative (or objective) pronouns are:

binöra	me/myself
diöra	you/yourself
mæöra	him/himself
siöra	her/herself
érenöra	them/themselves
tiÞöra	it/itself
ménöra	us/ourselves

NOTE: Unlike English, the accusative personal pronouns you (pl & sing) and it are not the same as the nominative. You will also see that these pronouns count as reflexive pronouns (see Reflexive Pronouns)

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Dative (indirect object) pronouns

In English, there is no distinction between a dative or an accusative pronoun (unlike say German, which can have up to three forms of the pronoun: I'-ich, me/myself-mich and to me-mir). English can however, distinguish a dative pronoun with the preposition to:

• I gave the book to her.

• She gave it back to me.

• We must distribute these leaflets to the people.

Sometimes, the sentence can be re-arranged, or the preposition can be omitted:

• I gave [to] her the book.

• She gave me it back.

In dal'qörian, a dative pronoun is constructed with the preposition te which attaches to the nominative with a high apostrophe. In this instance, the dative pronoun/object must then 'follow' the subject because of dal'qörian prepositional word order (see Prepositions)

• binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj. I gave her the book/I gave the book to her. (lit: I, to she, gave the book).

• sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr. She gave it back to me/She gave me it back. (lit: She, to me, returned it).

NOTE: In the last example, the verb ädandöcr means literally to give something back/to return something, therefore, does not need the pronoun tiÞ-it.