Svanniskar morphology: Difference between revisions

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'''[[Svanniskar|Svannískar]]''' is a heavily inflecting language. Nouns inflect for five cases in two numbers, subdivided into the characteristic Germanic "strong" and "weak classes". Verbs conjugate for three persons and two numbers in two tenses and three moods. Like other Germanic languages, Svannískar has a number of classes of "strong" verbs (those with internal ablaut) similar to those of German, for example. Adjectives have both "strong" and "weak" declensions also, and have a total of sixty inflections (though some of these are the same, e.g. the weak feminine nominative and instrumental singulars).


==Strong Declension Patterns==
Strong nouns of the following stems are declined as follows:
===Masculine a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -os
|-
| Acc  || -er || -om
|-
| Dat  || -a || -am
|-
| Gen  || -a || -an
|-
| Ins  || *-i || -am
|}
The instrumental singular form causes i-umlaut (see above). Sample noun: wólfar, wólfer, sa (m., wolf)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || wólf-ar || wólf-os
|-
| Gen  || wólf-er || wólf-om
|-
| Dat  || wólf-a || wólf-am
|-
| Acc  || wólf-a || wólf-an
|-
| Ins  || wǿlf-i || wólf-am
|}
===Masculine i-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || *-ir || *-ir
|-
| Gen  || *-isa || -ejon
|-
| Dat  || -e || *-i
|-
| Acc  || *-in || *-in
|-
| Ins  || *-i || *-i
|}
Each form marked with an asterix causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: wýrmir, wýrmisa, sa (m., worm)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || wýrm-ir || wýrm-ir
|-
| Gen  || wýrm-isa || wúrm-ejon
|-
| Dat  || wúrm-e || wýrm-i
|-
| Acc  || wýrm-in || wýrm-in
|-
| Ins  || wýrm-i || wýrm-i
|}
===Masculine u-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -u || *-iwir
|-
| Gen  || -ør || -uwon
|-
| Dat  || -æ || *-ymir
|-
| Acc  || -un || -un
|-
| Ins  || -æ || *-ymir
|}
Each form marked with an asterix causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: gávlu, gávlør, sa (m., gable)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || gávl-u || gǽvliwir
|-
| Gen  || gávl-ør || gávl-uwon
|-
| Dat  || gávl-æ || gǽvl-ymir
|-
| Acc  || gávl-un || gávl-un
|-
| Ins  || gávl-æ || gǽvl-ymir
|}
===Neuter a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -am || -u
|-
| Gen  || -er || -om
|-
| Dat  || -a || -am
|-
| Acc  || -am || -u
|-
| Ins  || *-i || -am
|}
The instrumental singular form causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: hósam, hóser, þat (n., house)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hós-am || hós-u
|-
| Gen  || hós-er || hós-om
|-
| Dat  || hós-a || hós-am
|-
| Acc  || hós-am || hós-u
|-
| Ins  || hǿs-i || hós-am
|}
===Neuter r-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -aru
|-
| Gen  || -ares || -arom
|-
| Dat  || -ara || -aram
|-
| Acc  || -ar || -aru
|-
| Ins  || -ara || -aram
|}
Sample Noun: gǽtar, gǽtares, þat (n., goat)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || gǽt-ar || gǽt-aru
|-
| Gen  || gǽt-ares || gǽt-arom
|-
| Dat  || gǽt-ara || gǽt-aram
|-
| Acc  || gǽt-ar || gǽt-aru
|-
| Ins  || gǽt-ara || gǽt-aram
|}
===Feminine u-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -u || -or
|-
| Gen  || -or || -om
|-
| Dat  || -u || -om
|-
| Acc  || -o || -on
|-
| Ins  || -u || -om
|}
Sample noun: hándu, hándor, so (f., hand)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hánd-u || hánd-or
|-
| Gen  || hánd-or || hánd-om
|-
| Dat  || hánd-u || hánd-om
|-
| Acc  || hánd-o || hánd-on
|-
| Ins  || hánd-u || hánd-om
|}
==Weak Declension Patterns==
Weak nouns of the following declension patterns are declined as follows:
===Masculine a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -æ
|-
| Gen  || -er || -æno
|-
| Dat  || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -ano || -an
|-
| Ins  || -o || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: Gúþar, Gúþer, sa (m., Goth, a member of the East Germanic tribe)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || Gúþ-ar || Gúþ-æ
|-
| Gen  || Gúþ-er || Gúþ-æno
|-
| Dat  || Gúþ-esma || Gúþ-æmir
|-
| Acc  || Gúþ-ano || Gúþ-an
|-
| Ins  || Gúþo || Gúþ-æmir
|}
===Feminine o-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -o || -or
|-
| Gen  || -esor || -æro
|-
| Dat  || -æ || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -o || -or
|-
| Ins  || -æ || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: dǿro, dǿresor, so (f., door)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || dǿr-o || dǿr-or
|-
| Gen  || dǿr-esor || dǿr-æro
|-
| Dat  || dǿr-æ || dǿr-æmir
|-
| Acc  || dǿr-o || dǿr-or
|-
| Ins  || dǿr-æ || dǿr-æmir
|}
===Neuter a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -a || -o
|-
| Gen  || -er || -æro
|-
| Dat  || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -a || -o
|-
| Ins  || -o || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: hǽrta, hǽrter, þat (n., heart)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hǽrt-a || hǽrt-o
|-
| Gen  || hǽrt-er || hǽrt-æro
|-
| Dat  || hǽrt-esma || hǽrt-æmir
|-
| Acc  || hǽrt-a || hǽrt-o
|-
| Ins  || hǽrt-o || hǽrt-æmir
|}
==Strong Verb Conjugation==
Strong verbs have three sets of present indicative conjugation endings depending on their infinitive ending, but otherwise share the same endings for each tense.
===Present Indicative Conjugation===
The present indicative is derived from first principal part. The present indicative conjugation of regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | -an verbs || colspan=2 | -en verbs || colspan=2 | -on verbs
|-
| Person || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -u || -am || -u || -am || -u || -om
|-
| 2nd || -ar || -aþ || -ær || -æþ || -or || -oþ
|-
| 3rd || -aþ || -and || -æþ || -and || -oþ || -ond
|}
===Preterite Indicative Conjugation===
The singular forms of the preterite indicative are derived from the second principal part and the plural forms from the third. The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -(-) || -um
|-
| 2nd || *-t || -uþ
|-
| 3rd || -(-) || -un
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The stem of a verb assimilates voicing to that second person singular ending, e.g. *hǽvt > hǽft.
===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present subjunctive of strong verbs is derived from the first principal part. The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -æ || -æm
|-
| 2nd || -ær || -æþ
|-
| 3rd || -æþ || -ænd
|}
===Preterite Subjunctive Conjugation===
The preterite subjunctive of strong verbs is derived from the third principal parts. The preterite subjunctive conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -(-) || -um
|-
| 2nd || *-t || -uþ
|-
| 3rd || -(-) || -un
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>This form assimilates voicing as the preterite indicative.
===Imperative Conjugation===
The imperative of strong verbs has only two forms: second person singular and second person plural. It is derived from the first principal part. The imperative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 2nd || -a || -aþ
|}
===Present Participle and Gerund===
The present participle declines as a normal weak adjective, and the gerund as a strong masculine a-stem noun. They are derived by suffixing the following to the first principle part:
{| border=1
! colspan=3 | Present Participle || colspan=3 | Gerund
|-
| -an || -en || -on || -an || -en || -on
|-
| -ándon || -ǽndon || -óndon || -ánþar || -ǽnþar || -ónþar
|}
==Weak Verb Conjugation==
Weak verbs, which typically, though not always, end in -an, share the same endings for every tense. Regular weak verbs also have invariable stems.
===Present Indicative Conjugation===
The present indicative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -e || -em
|-
| 2nd || -er || -eþ
|-
| 3rd || -eþ || -end
|}
===Preterite Indicative Conjugation===
The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -ed || -edum
|-
| 2nd || -ett || -eduþ
|-
| 3rd || -ed || -edun
|}
===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present subjunctive conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -i || -im
|-
| 2nd || -ir || -iþ
|-
| 3rd || -iþ || -ind
|}
===Preterite Subjunctive Conjugation===
The preterite subjunctive conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -id || -idum
|-
| 2nd || -itt || -iduþ
|-
| 3rd || -id || -idun
|}
===Imperative Conjugation===
The imperative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 2nd || -a || -aþ
|}
===Present Participle and Gerund===
The present participle ( which declines as a regular weak adjective) and the gerund (which declines as a strong masculine a-stem noun) are derived by suffixing the following:
{| border=1
! Present Participle || Gerund
|-
| -éndon || -énþar
|}
==Pronominal Morphology==
Svannískar has three personal (or inanimate) pronouns, all of which have irregular non-nomiantive forms, though they do often follow patterns in these. However, only the third person pronoun '''sa''' has instrumental case forms.
===First Person Pronoun===
The first person pronoun stands for the person(s) speaking. It is declined as follows:
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || ik || wir
|-
| Gen || min || únser
|-
| Dat || me || uns
|-
| Acc || mik || uns
|}
===Second Person Pronoun===
The second person pronoun stands for the person(s) being addressed by the speaker. It is declined as follows:
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || þu || jur
|-
| Gen || þin || ýwer
|-
| Dat || þe || yw
|-
| Acc || þik || yw
|}
===Third Person Pronoun===
The third person pronoun stands for a person or thing spoken of by the speaker. '''Sa''' and its forms describe nouns masculine in gender, '''so''' and its forms things feminine, and '''þat''' and its forms things neuter.
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || sa || þæ || so || þor || þat || þo
|-
| Gen || þes || þéro || þéror || þǽro || þes || þéro
|-
| Dat || þésmo || þǽmir || þéræ || þǽmir || þésmo || þǽmir
|-
| Acc || þen || þan || þo || þor || þat || þo
|-
| Ins || þy || þǽmir || þéræ || þǽmir || þy || þǽmir
|}
====Sa as Demonstrative====
Technically speaking, '''sa''', '''so''', '''þat''' is a demonstrative adjective/pronoun, equivalent to English "this", "that", or "yon". It is a cognate to Old English '''se''', Gothic '''sa'''.
====Sa as Article====
'''Sa''', ever useful, has yet another use as the definite article. '''Sa''' and its forms may be used prior to a noun to ascribe definiteness to it '''''the''' cat'', '''''the''' dog'', and so on.
===Pronoun Use===
Like French or English, pronouns in Svannískar are always be used, though this is by convention rather than necessity. In some particularly ancient texts, however, the pronouns are dropped, based on the assumption that the reader would be able to differentiate the verb forms (which one might suppose would be true today, but it remains convention to use pronouns nonetheless).
==Adjectival Morphology==
Adjectives in Svannískar decline just as nouns or pronouns do. However, rather than being divided into classes of weak or strong adjectives the way nouns are, adjectives sometimes decline weak, sometimes strong. Adjectives decline weak if:
* ...they follow '''sa''' used as an article.
* ...they are a numeric adjective (except '''ǽnar''', "one").
* ...they are the second (or third, fourth, etc.) adjective in a noun phrase.
* ...they are a present participle.
* ...they follow a conjugated verb.
* ...they are a comparative ending in '''-íron'''<br>
The following adjectives never decline weak:
* Past participles
* '''ǽnar''', '''ǽnu''', '''ǽnam'''
* Possessive pronouns
* Superlatives in '''-ístar'''.
===Strong Adjective Pattern===
The following are the declension endings for adjectives declining strong.
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || -ar || -æ || -o || -or || -a || -o
|-
| Gen || -er || -æro || -ero || -æro || -er || -æro
|-
| Dat || -esma || -æmir || -æ || -æmir || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc || -ano || -an || -o || -or || -a || -o
|-
| Ins || -o || -æmir || -æ || -æmir || -esma || -æmir
|}
Sample adjective: góðar, góðo, góða (good)
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || góð-ar || góð-æ || góð-o || góð-or || góð-a || góð-o
|-
| Gen || góð-er || góð-æro || góð-ero || góð-æro || góð-er || góð-æro
|-
| Dat || góð-esma || góð-æmir || góð-æ || góð-æmir || góð-esma || góð-æmir
|-
| Acc || góð-ano || góð-an || góð-o || góð-or || góð-a || góð-o
|-
| Ins || góð-o || góð-æmir || góð-æ || góð-æmir || góð-esma || góð-æmir
|}
===Weak Adjective Pattern===
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || -on || -an || -on || -on || -o || -onu
|-
| Gen || *-in || -anam || -on || -onam || *-in || -onom
|-
| Dat || *-in || -num || -on || -um || *-in || -um
|-
| Acc || -anu || -anun || -onu || -onu || -o || -onu
|-
| Ins || *-in || -num || -on || -um || *-in || -um
|}
Forms marked with asterixes cause i-umlaut. Sample adjective: góðar, góðo, góða (good)
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || góð-on || góð-an || góð-on || góð-on || góð-o || góð-onu
|-
| Gen || gǿð-in || góð-anam || góð-on || góð-onam || gǿð-in || góð-onom
|-
| Dat || gǿð-in || góð-num || góð-on || góð-um || gǿð-in || góð-um
|-
| Acc || góð-anu || góð-anun || góð-onu || góð-onu || góð-o || góð-onu
|-
| Ins || gǿð-in || góð-num || góð-on || góð-um || gǿð-in || góð-um
|}
==Derivation==
Some of the most common derivational suffixes in Svannískar:
* '''-dómar''': -dom, denotes state or area ('''kyningdómar'''--kingdom)
* '''-árir''': -er, denotes agent ('''havárir'''--possessor)
* '''-íron''': -er, comparative of adjectives ('''brehtíron'''--brighter)
* '''-ístar''': -est, superlative of adjectives ('''brehtístar'''--brightest)
* '''-fálðar''': -fold, denotes multiplicity; forms collective nouns ('''kyningfálðar'''--kings (on the whole))
* '''-hǽdu''': -hood, denotes state ('''kyninghǽdu'''--kingship)
* '''-ískar''': -ish, -ic, denotes a language ('''Islandískar'''--Icelandic)
* '''-lǿsar''': -less, denotes a lack ('''kyninglǿsar'''--kingless)
* '''-líkar''': -like, denotes similarity ('''kyninglíkar'''--kingly, regal)
* '''-skápar''': -ship, denotes state ('''kyningskápar'''--kingship)
* '''-súmar''': -some, vague intensive (of adjectives)
* '''-tíġon''': -ty, denotes state; vague intensive
* '''-áġar''': -y, denotes similarity
* '''-le''': -ly, denotes manner (of verb, applied to an adjective)

Latest revision as of 12:14, 16 December 2006

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