User:Ahzoh: Difference between revisions

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Line 35: Line 35:
| rowspan="2" | ''-āya''
| rowspan="2" | ''-āya''
| rowspan="3" | ''-as''
| rowspan="3" | ''-as''
| rowspan="3" | ''-āya''
| rowspan="3" | ''-āsa''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
Line 43: Line 43:
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ''-us''
| rowspan="2" | ''-us''
| ''-ūsa''
| ''-ūsa''
| ''-is''
| rowspan="2" | ''-is''
| ''-īsa''
| ''-īsa''
| ''-as''
| rowspan="2" | ''-as''
| ''-āsa''
| ''-āsa''
|-
! Ergative
| ''-un''
| ''-ūna''
| ''-in''
| ''-īna''
| ''-an''
| ''-āna''
| ''-an''
| ''-āna''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''-uḫ''
| ''-ūwa''
| ''-ūwa''
| ''-iḫ''
| ''-īya''
| ''-īya''
| ''-aḫ''
| ''-āya''
| ''-āya''
| ''-aḫ''
| ''-aḫ''
Line 98: Line 85:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ū''
| rowspan="4" | ''-ū''
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ī''
| rowspan="4" | ''-ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ā''
| rowspan="4" | ''-ā''
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-∅''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ā''
| rowspan="4" | ''-ā''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
Line 353: Line 342:
! style="width: 12em;" | Function
! style="width: 12em;" | Function
! style="width: 8em;" | Example
! style="width: 8em;" | Example
! style="width: 15em;" | Notes
|-
|-
| —
| —
Line 358: Line 348:
| <small>ACTIVE</small>
| <small>ACTIVE</small>
|  
|  
|
|-
| —
| ''-ā-''
| <small>PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
|-
| —
| —
| Reduplication
| Reduplication
| <small>PLURACTIONAL</small>
| <small>PLURACTIONAL, FACTITIVE</small>
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''sa-''
| rowspan="3" | ''sa-''
Line 368: Line 366:
| <small>CAUSATIVE</small>
| <small>CAUSATIVE</small>
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''-ā-''
| ''-ā-''
| <small>???</small>
| rowspan="2" | <small>CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
|  
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
|-
| Reduplication
| Reduplication
| <small>CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''ma-''
| rowspan="3" | ''ma-''
Line 381: Line 381:
| <small>APPLICATIVE</small>
| <small>APPLICATIVE</small>
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''-ā-''
| ''-ā-''
| <small>???</small>
| rowspan="2" | <small>APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|
|  
| Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
|-
|-
| Reduplication
| Reduplication
| <small>APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL</small>
|  
|  
|
|}
|}


Line 1,918: Line 1,920:
|+ Base
|+ Base
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 1,928: Line 1,930:
| ''PaRḪ-á-''
| ''PaRḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''WaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WaRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-ūRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-ūRv́Ḫ-''
Line 1,991: Line 1,993:
| ''PēR-é-''
| ''PēR-é-''
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Base
|+ Gemination
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 2,003: Line 2,007:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Strong
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''PāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-PāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PāRvḪ-á-''
| ''PaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''WāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-WāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-uRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WāRvḪ-á-''
| ''WaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! I-y
! I-y
| ''YāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''YaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-YāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''YāRvḪ-á-''
|-
! I-a
| ''ˀāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-ˀāRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀāRvḪ-á-''
|-
! I-e
| ''ˀēRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-ˀēRv́Ḫ-''
| ''ˀēRvḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Middle Weak
! II-w
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PâḪ-á-''
|-
! II-y
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PâḪ-á-''
|-
! II-a
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''-PấḪ-''
| ''PâḪ-á-''
|-
! II-e
| ''PếḪ-''
| ''-PếḪ-''
| ''PêḪ-é-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Final Weak
! III-w
| ''PāRū́-''
| ''-PāRū́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-y
| ''PāRī́-''
| ''-PāRī́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-a
| ''PāRā́-''
| ''-PāRā́-''
| ''PāR-á-''
|-
! III-e
| ''PēRḗ-''
| ''-PēRḗ-''
| ''PēR-é-''
|}
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Gemination
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Imperative
|-
! colspan="2" |Strong
| ''PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-PaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''PaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! I-w
| ''WaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-uRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''WaRRvḪ-á-''
|-
! I-y
| ''YaRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-iRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''-iRRv́Ḫ-''
| ''YaRRvḪ-á-''
| ''YaRRvḪ-á-''
Line 2,157: Line 2,082:
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 2,167: Line 2,092:
| ''saPRaḪ-á-''
| ''saPRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''sūRáḪ-''
| ''sūRáḪ-''
| ''-sūRáḪ-''
| ''-sūRáḪ-''
Line 2,238: Line 2,163:
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 2,248: Line 2,173:
| ''saPaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''saPaRRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''suRRáḪ-''
| ''suRRáḪ-''
| ''-suRRáḪ-''
| ''-suRRáḪ-''
Line 2,319: Line 2,244:
|+ ''ma-'' Prefix
|+ ''ma-'' Prefix
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 2,329: Line 2,254:
| ''maPRaḪ-á-''
| ''maPRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''mūRáḪ-''
| ''mūRáḪ-''
| ''-mūRáḪ-''
| ''-mūRáḪ-''
Line 2,400: Line 2,325:
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|+ ''sa-'' Prefix + Gemination
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Weakness
! colspan="2" | Weakness
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Realis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
! style="width: 6em;" | Irrealis
Line 2,410: Line 2,335:
| ''maPaRRaḪ-á-''
| ''maPaRRaḪ-á-''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Initial Weak
! rowspan="4" style="width: 6em;" | Initial Weak
! I-w
! style="width: 3em;" | I-w
| ''muRRáḪ-''
| ''muRRáḪ-''
| ''-muRRáḪ-''
| ''-muRRáḪ-''
Line 2,481: Line 2,406:
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
Line 2,488: Line 2,415:
! Strong
! Strong
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PaRáḪ-''
| ''PáRḪ-ā''
| ''PáRḪ-a-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! Initial Weak
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PáRḪ-as''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PáRaḪ''
| ''PaRáḪ-''
| ''PáRḪ-ā''
| ''PáRḪ-a-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! Middle Weak
| ''Pā́Ḫ-as''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-as''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PāḪ-ā́-''
| ''PāḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! Final Weak
| ''Pā́R-as''
| ''Pā́R-as''
| ''PāR-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́R''
| ''Pā́R''
| ''Pā́R-''
| ''Pā́R-ā''
| ''Pā́R-a-''
| ''PāR-ā́-''
| ''PāR-ā́-''
|}
|}
Line 2,515: Line 2,450:
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
|-
|-
! Strong
! Strong
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-''
| ''PáRā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Initial Weak
! Initial Weak
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-as''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PáRāḪ''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-''
| ''PáRā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PaRā́Ḫ-a-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRāḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Middle Weak
! Middle Weak
| ''PấḪ-as''
| ''PấḪ-as''
| ''PâḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PấḪ''
| ''PấḪ''
| ''PấḪ-''
| ''PấḪ-ā''
| ''PấḪ-a-''
| ''PâḪ-ā́-''
| ''PâḪ-ā́-''
|-
|-
! Final Weak
! Final Weak
| ''PaR-ấs''
| ''PaR-ấs''
| ''PaR-ấya''
| ''PáRā''
| ''PáRā''
| ''PáR-â''
| colspan="2" | ''PaR-ấ-''
| colspan="2" | ''PaR-ấ-''
|}
|}
Line 2,548: Line 2,494:
|-
|-
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 6.7em;" | Weakness
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons.
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Abs. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Cons. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Sg.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
! style="width: 5.7em;" | Poss. (Pl.)
|-
|-
|-
! Strong
! Strong
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ-ā''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
Line 2,561: Line 2,512:
! Initial Weak
! Initial Weak
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PáRRaḪ-as''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́ya''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ''
| ''PáRRaḪ-ā''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRáḪ-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaRRaḪ-ā́-''
Line 2,567: Line 2,520:
! Middle Weak
! Middle Weak
| ''PáḪḪ-as''
| ''PáḪḪ-as''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́ya''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ''
| ''Pā́Ḫ-ā''
| ''PáḪḪ-a''
| ''PáḪḪ-a''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́-''
| ''PaḪḪ-ā́-''
Line 2,573: Line 2,528:
! Final Weak
! Final Weak
| ''PaRR-ấs''
| ''PaRR-ấs''
| ''PaRR-ấya''
| ''PáRRa''
| ''PáRRa''
| ''PáRR-â''
| colspan="2" | ''PaRR-ấ-''
| colspan="2" | ''PaRR-ấ-''
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 23:24, 16 January 2025

Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite


𞤹𞤸𞤪


WIP Vrkhazhian Case System

Status Absolutus
Animate Inanimate
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative -um -ūwa -im -īya -am -āya -as -āsa
Vocative -u -i -a
Accusative -us -ūsa -is -īsa -as -āsa
Genitive -ūwa -īya -āya -aḫ -āya
Equative -ūli -īli -āli -āli
Status Constructus
Animate Inanimate
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative -∅ -ū -∅ -ī -∅ -ā -∅ -ā
Vocative
Accusative
Genitive -u -i -a -a
Equative -ūli -īli -āli -āli

WIP Verb System

Summary

Vrkhazhian Verb Derivation
Prefix(es) Internal Change Function Example Notes
— — ACTIVE
— -ā- PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
— Reduplication PLURACTIONAL, FACTITIVE
sa- — CAUSATIVE
-ā- CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
Reduplication
ma- — APPLICATIVE
-ā- APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
Reduplication

Active Voice

Pluractional

Applicative Voice

Benefactive

Other

Stem shapes based on stress

Verbs

Base
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong PaRv́Ḫ- -PRv́Ḫ- PaRḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w WaRv́Ḫ- -ūRv́Ḫ- WaRḪ-á-
I-y YaRv́Ḫ- -īRv́Ḫ- YaRḪ-á-
I-a ˀaRv́Ḫ- -āRv́Ḫ- ˀaRḪ-á-
I-e ˀeRv́Ḫ- -ēRv́Ḫ- ˀeRḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w Pū́Ḫ- -Pū́Ḫ- PūḪ-á-
II-y Pī́Ḫ- -Pī́Ḫ- PīḪ-á-
II-a Pā́Ḫ- -Pā́Ḫ- PāḪ-á-
II-e PḗḪ- -PḗḪ- PēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w PaRū́- -PRū́- PāR-á-
III-y PaRī́- -PRī́- PāR-á-
III-a PaRā́- -PRā́- PāR-á-
III-e PeRḗ- -PRḗ- PēR-é-
Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong PaRRv́Ḫ- -PaRRv́Ḫ- PaRRvḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w WaRRv́Ḫ- -uRRv́Ḫ- WaRRvḪ-á-
I-y YaRRv́Ḫ- -iRRv́Ḫ- YaRRvḪ-á-
I-a ˀaRRv́Ḫ- -aRRv́Ḫ- ˀaRRvḪ-á-
I-e ˀeRRv́Ḫ- -eRRv́Ḫ- ˀeRRvḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w PấḪ- -PấḪ- PuḪḪ-á-
II-y PấḪ- -PấḪ- PiḪḪ-á-
II-a PấḪ- -PấḪ- PaḪḪ-á-
II-e PếḪ- -PếḪ- PeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w PaRRū́- -PaRRū́- PaRR-á-
III-y PaRRī́- -PaRRī́- PaRR-á-
III-a PaRRā́- -PaRRā́- PaRR-á-
III-e PeRRḗ- -PeRRḗ- PeRR-é-
sa- Prefix
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong saPRáḪ- -saPRáḪ- saPRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w sūRáḪ- -sūRáḪ- sūRaḪ-á-
I-y sīRáḪ- -sīRáḪ- sīRaḪ-á-
I-a sāRáḪ- -sāRáḪ- sāRaḪ-á-
I-e sēRéḪ- -sēRéḪ- sēReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w saPū́Ḫ- -sPū́Ḫ- saPūḪ-á-
II-y saPī́Ḫ- -sPī́Ḫ- saPīḪ-á-
II-a saPā́Ḫ- -sPā́Ḫ- saPāḪ-á-
II-e sePḗḪ- -sPḗḪ- sePēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w saPRū́- -saPRū́- saPR-á-
III-y saPRī́- -saPRī́- saPR-á-
III-a saPaRā́- -saPRā́- saPR-á-
III-e sePRḗ- -sePRḗ- sePR-é-
sa- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong saPaRRáḪ- -sPaRRáḪ- saPaRRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w suRRáḪ- -suRRáḪ- suRRaḪ-á-
I-y siRRáḪ- -siRRáḪ- siRRaḪ-á-
I-a saRRáḪ- -saRRáḪ- saRRaḪ-á-
I-e seRRéḪ- -seRRéḪ- seRReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPuḪḪ-á-
II-y saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPiḪḪ-á-
II-a saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPaḪḪ-á-
II-e sePếḪ- -sPếḪ- sePeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w saPaRRū́- -sPaRRū́- saPaRR-á-
III-y saPaRRī́- -sPaRRī́- saPaRR-á-
III-a saPaRRā́- -sPaRRā́- saPaRR-á-
III-e sePeRRḗ- -sPeRRḗ- sePeRR-é-
ma- Prefix
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong maPRáḪ- -maPRáḪ- maPRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w mūRáḪ- -mūRáḪ- mūRaḪ-á-
I-y mīRáḪ- -mīRáḪ- mīRaḪ-á-
I-a māRáḪ- -māRáḪ- māRaḪ-á-
I-e mēRéḪ- -mēRéḪ- mēReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w maPū́Ḫ- -mPū́Ḫ- maPūḪ-á-
II-y maPī́Ḫ- -mPī́Ḫ- maPīḪ-á-
II-a maPā́Ḫ- -mPā́Ḫ- maPāḪ-á-
II-e mePḗḪ- -mPḗḪ- mePēḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w maPRū́- -maPRū́- maPR-á-
III-y maPRī́- -maPRī́- maPR-á-
III-a maPaRā́- -maPRā́- maPR-á-
III-e mePRḗ- -mePRḗ- mePR-é-
sa- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative
Strong maPaRRáḪ- -mPaRRáḪ- maPaRRaḪ-á-
Initial Weak I-w muRRáḪ- -muRRáḪ- muRRaḪ-á-
I-y miRRáḪ- -miRRáḪ- miRRaḪ-á-
I-a maRRáḪ- -maRRáḪ- maRRaḪ-á-
I-e meRRéḪ- -meRRéḪ- meRReḪ-é-
Middle Weak II-w maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPuḪḪ-á-
II-y maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPiḪḪ-á-
II-a maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPaḪḪ-á-
II-e mePếḪ- -mPếḪ- mePeḪḪ-é-
Final Weak III-w maPaRRū́- -mPaRRū́- maPaRR-á-
III-y maPaRRī́- -mPaRRī́- maPaRR-á-
III-a maPaRRā́- -mPaRRā́- maPaRR-á-
III-e mePeRRḗ- -mPeRRḗ- mePeRR-é-

Deverbatives

Base
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PáRḪ-as PaRḪ-ā́ya PáRaḪ PáRḪ-ā PáRḪ-a- PaRḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PáRḪ-as PaRḪ-ā́ya PáRaḪ PáRḪ-ā PáRḪ-a- PaRḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak Pā́Ḫ-as Pā́Ḫ-ā́ya Pā́Ḫ Pā́Ḫ-ā Pā́Ḫ-a- PāḪ-ā́-
Final Weak Pā́R-as PāR-ā́ya Pā́R Pā́R-ā Pā́R-a- PāR-ā́-
Lengthened
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PaRā́Ḫ-as PaRāḪ-ā́ya PáRāḪ PáRā́Ḫ-ā PaRā́Ḫ-a- PaRāḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PaRā́Ḫ-as PaRāḪ-ā́ya PáRāḪ PáRā́Ḫ-ā PaRā́Ḫ-a- PaRāḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak PấḪ-as PâḪ-ā́ya PấḪ PấḪ-ā PấḪ-a- PâḪ-ā́-
Final Weak PaR-ấs PaR-ấya PáRā PáR-â PaR-ấ-
Gemination
Weakness Abs. (Sg.) Abs. (Pl.) Cons. (Sg.) Cons. (Pl.) Poss. (Sg.) Poss. (Pl.)
Strong PáRRaḪ-as PaRRaḪ-ā́ya PáRRaḪ PáRRaḪ-ā PaRRáḪ- PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak PáRRaḪ-as PaRRaḪ-ā́ya PáRRaḪ PáRRaḪ-ā PaRRáḪ- PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak PáḪḪ-as PaḪḪ-ā́ya Pā́Ḫ Pā́Ḫ-ā PáḪḪ-a PaḪḪ-ā́-
Final Weak PaRR-ấs PaRR-ấya PáRRa PáRR-â PaRR-ấ-

Voice

Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
Voice Role/Marking
Nominative Accusative Instrumental
Active (Intransitive) Subject N/A N/A
Active (Monotransitive) Subject Object N/A
Active (Ditransitive) Subject Primary Object Secondary Object
Causative/Instrumental Causer Causee/Instrument Object

Morpheme Chain

Clausal Proclitics Relativizer Tense/Mood Stem Imperative Subject Negation Subject Plural
(2nd and 3rd)
Voice Root
various iC- na-, ta-, ḫa- s(i)-, m(i)- R₁(a)R₂aR₃
R₁(a)R₂uR₃
R₁(a)R₂iR₃ 		-aC- / -ā- various -si -n

Ablaut Classes

Realis Irrealis
Class 1 Transitive a a
Intransitive Dynamic u a
Stative i a
Class 2 Transitive a u
Intransitive Dynamic u u
Stative i i
Class 3 Transitive a a
Intransitive Dynamic u a
Stative i i

Ch'adic

Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
central lateral
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
Stop fortis p t t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩ k ʡ ʔ
emphatic pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩ tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩ t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩ kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
lenis b d d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩ g
Fricative f s ɬ ⟨ś⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h
Approximant w j ⟨y⟩
Liquid r l
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš nouns
Status Absolutus Status Constructus
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Feminine -u -un -u -ū
Masculine -i -in -i -ī
Neuter -ar -aran -a -ā
Inanimate -aš -ašan

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