Plant families: Difference between revisions
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This is a presentation of the '''living families of true plants''' (kingdom Plantae), with the famous members from each family. They are placed into their higher orders, subclasses, classes, and divisions, which are indicated by the way this list is formatted. | This is a presentation of the '''living families of true plants''' (kingdom Plantae), with the famous members from each family. They are placed into their higher orders, subclasses, classes, and divisions, which are indicated by the way this list is formatted. | ||
This list is intended for people who want to make sure they have all their bases covered when they have Earth-like flora in their conworld. If a word is '''bolded''', that indicates that that plant name occurs on the [[Landau Core Vocabulary]], but even many plants that are not "core" enough to be included in the LCV are listed here, in the hopes of giving conlangers a complete conlang lexicon. Most of these words will be the base-level words for plants (oak, maple, apple, apricot, banana, durian, cabbage, broccoli, potato, anise, ivy, almond, cactus, rice, orchid, lily, reed, pine, spruce, etc.), but commonly-used more specific terms are also included under a more inclusive term {in | This list is intended for people who want to make sure they have all their bases covered when they have Earth-like flora in their conworld. If a word is '''bolded''', that indicates that that plant name occurs on the [[Landau Core Vocabulary]], but even many plants that are not "core" enough to be included in the LCV are listed here, in the hopes of giving conlangers a complete conlang lexicon. Most of these words will be the base-level words for plants (oak, maple, apple, apricot, banana, durian, cabbage, broccoli, potato, anise, ivy, almond, cactus, rice, orchid, lily, reed, pine, spruce, etc.), but commonly-used more specific terms are also included under a more inclusive term {in braces}. | ||
If your conpeople have modern science, they will probably have words like "conifer", "monocot", and "pteridophyte" in their language. You might even want to try to create some adjectives for plant families (such as "liliaceous" and "rosaceous") in your conlang. Linnaean taxonomy simply names these plant families (and orders) after a prominent member, but if you are so imaginatively inclined, the taxonomy used by your conpeople may have a different method for coming up with plant family names. You can also come up with different nominate members for each family -- perhaps your conpeople's word for "rosaceous" derives from the name of the peach rather than the rose, or their word for "lythraceous" is taken from the word for pomegranate instead of the word for loosestrife. By no means do you have to come up with names for all 707 families listed here -- even [[Kankonian]] only has about | If your conpeople have modern science, they will probably have words like "conifer", "monocot", and "pteridophyte" in their language. You might even want to try to create some adjectives for plant families (such as "liliaceous" and "rosaceous") in your conlang. Linnaean taxonomy simply names these plant families (and orders) after a prominent member, but if you are so imaginatively inclined, the taxonomy used by your conpeople may have a different method for coming up with plant family names. You can also come up with different nominate members for each family -- perhaps your conpeople's word for "rosaceous" derives from the name of the peach rather than the rose, or their word for "lythraceous" is taken from the word for pomegranate instead of the word for loosestrife. By no means do you have to come up with names for all 707 families listed here -- even [[Kankonian]] only has about 200 of them, at last count. | ||
If your conworld has plant species (and/or cultivars) not found in Our World, they will not only of course need their own names, but at least a few will probably belong to families not found in Our World. [[Kankonia]], for instance, has such plants as the blue tree (family Cyanophyllaceae) and the surasmas (family Surasmataceae). You might want to consider how these plants are related, what plants fit in what families, and what orders the un-Earthlike families belong in. | If your conworld has plant species (and/or cultivars) not found in Our World, they will not only of course need their own names, but at least a few will probably belong to families not found in Our World. [[Kankonia]], for instance, has such plants as the blue tree (family Cyanophyllaceae) and the surasmas (family Surasmataceae). (Note that in that 200 figure, many of the Kankonian words are for families not known on Earth.) You might want to consider how these plants are related, what plants fit in what families, and what orders the un-Earthlike families belong in. | ||
And now, the list: | And now, the list: | ||
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====Marattiidae==== | ====Marattiidae==== | ||
Marattiales | Marattiales | ||
*Marattiaceae: para/king fern/potato fern, pala/ | *Marattiaceae: para/king fern/potato fern, pala/Hawaii potato fern | ||
====Ophioglossidae==== | ====Ophioglossidae==== | ||
Ophioglossales | Ophioglossales | ||
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*Schizaeaceae: ray fern, curlygrass fern | *Schizaeaceae: ray fern, curlygrass fern | ||
*Anemiaceae: flowering fern | *Anemiaceae: flowering fern | ||
*Lygodiaceae: climbing fern | *Lygodiaceae: climbing fern/nito | ||
Salviniales | Salviniales | ||
*Marsileaceae: ihi'ihi, pepperwort | *Marsileaceae: ihi'ihi, pepperwort | ||
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*Nephrolepidaceae: sword fern | *Nephrolepidaceae: sword fern | ||
*Oleandraceae | *Oleandraceae | ||
*Polypodiaceae: staghorn fern | *Polypodiaceae (polypody/rockcap fern) : staghorn fern, ae lau nui/dotted polypody | ||
*Tectariaceae: halberd fern, button fern, snail fern, oak leaf fern | *Tectariaceae: halberd fern, button fern, snail fern, oak leaf fern | ||
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==Pinophyta== | ==Pinophyta== | ||
===Pinopsida=== | ===Pinopsida=== | ||
Pinales | Pinales (the conifer order) | ||
*Araucariaceae: monkey-puzzle, bunya, Wollemi pine, kauri | *Araucariaceae: monkey-puzzle, bunya, Wollemi pine, kauri | ||
*Cupressaceae: '''juniper''', cypress, redwood, sequoia, arbor vitae/thuja, Japanese cedar/sugi, bald cypress | *Cupressaceae: '''juniper''', cypress, redwood, sequoia, arbor vitae/thuja, Japanese cedar/sugi, bald cypress, giant redwood | ||
*Pinaceae: '''pine''' {piñon, ponderosa pine, bristlecone pine}, '''fir''', '''spruce''' {blue spruce, Norway spruce}, '''cedar''', larch, Douglas fir, hemlock (''Tsuga'') | *Pinaceae: '''pine''' {piñon, ponderosa pine, bristlecone pine, Monterey pine/insignis pine/radiata pine}, '''fir''' {balsam fir}, '''spruce''' {blue spruce, Norway spruce, Sitka spruce}, '''cedar''', larch, Douglas fir, hemlock (''Tsuga'') | ||
*Podocarpaceae: kahikatea | *Podocarpaceae: kahikatea | ||
*Sciadopityaceae: umbrella pine | *Sciadopityaceae: umbrella pine | ||
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===Gnetopsida=== | ===Gnetopsida=== | ||
Gnetales | Gnetales | ||
*Gnetaceae: gnemon, African jointfir | *Gnetaceae (the gnetum family): gnemon/melinjo, African jointfir | ||
*Welwitschiaceae: welwitschia/tumboa | *Welwitschiaceae: welwitschia/tumboa | ||
*Ephedraceae: ephedra/mahuang | *Ephedraceae: ephedra/mahuang | ||
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*Hydatellaceae | *Hydatellaceae | ||
*Nymphaeaceae: water lily | *Nymphaeaceae: water lily | ||
=== | ===Austrobaileyopsida=== | ||
Austrobaileyales | Austrobaileyales | ||
*Austrobaileyaceae | *Austrobaileyaceae | ||
*Schisandraceae: star anise, schisandra/schizandra | *Schisandraceae: star anise, schisandra/schizandra | ||
*Trimeniaceae | *Trimeniaceae | ||
===Chloranthopsida=== | ===Chloranthopsida=== | ||
Chloranthales | Chloranthales | ||
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Magnoliales | Magnoliales | ||
*Myristicaceae: '''nutmeg'''/mace | *Myristicaceae: '''nutmeg'''/mace | ||
*Magnoliaceae: '''magnolia''', tulip tree | *Magnoliaceae: '''magnolia''', tulip tree, champak | ||
*Degeneriaceae | *Degeneriaceae | ||
*Himantandraceae: white | *Himantandraceae: white magnolia | ||
*Eupomatiaceae: bolwarra | *Eupomatiaceae: bolwarra | ||
*Annonaceae: '''cherimoya''', custard apple, soursop/guanábana, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, pawpaw (''Asimina triloba''), kepel fruit, atemoya, biribá, ilama | *Annonaceae: '''cherimoya''', custard apple, soursop/guanábana, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, pawpaw (''Asimina triloba''), kepel fruit, atemoya, biribá, ilama | ||
===Tricolpa (eudicots)=== | ===Tricolpa (eudicots)=== | ||
====Gunneridae==== | ====Gunneridae==== | ||
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*Nelumbonaceae: '''lotus''' (''Nelumbo'') | *Nelumbonaceae: '''lotus''' (''Nelumbo'') | ||
*Platanaceae: sycamore/plane tree (''Platanus'') | *Platanaceae: sycamore/plane tree (''Platanus'') | ||
*Proteaceae: '''macadamia''', protea/sugarbush, hakea, silverleaf tree (''Leucadendron'') | *Proteaceae: '''macadamia''', protea/sugarbush, hakea, silverleaf tree (''Leucadendron''), cone bush/drumstick | ||
*Sabiaceae: meliosma | *Sabiaceae: meliosma | ||
====Ranunculidae==== | ====Ranunculidae==== | ||
Ranunculales | Ranunculales | ||
*Eupteleaceae | *Eupteleaceae | ||
*Papaveraceae: '''poppy''', California poppy/eschscholzia, Matilija poppy, bleeding-heart, corydalis, Dutchman's breeches | *Papaveraceae: '''poppy''', California poppy/eschscholzia, Matilija poppy, bleeding-heart, corydalis, fumitory, Dutchman's breeches, celandine/nipplewort | ||
*Circaeasteraceae | *Circaeasteraceae | ||
*Lardizabalaceae: zabala fruit | *Lardizabalaceae: zabala fruit, dead man's fingers/blue sausage fruit | ||
*Menispermaceae: giloy | *Menispermaceae: giloy | ||
*Berberidaceae: barberry, twinleaf/rheumatism root, inside-out flower | *Berberidaceae: barberry, twinleaf/rheumatism root, inside-out flower | ||
*Ranunculaceae: buttercup, clematis, columbine, delphinium, anemone/windflower, hellebore, larkspur, pasqueflower, akeley, hepatica, aconite/monkshood, pheasant's-eye, bugbane, globeflower | *Ranunculaceae: buttercup, clematis, columbine, delphinium/larkspur (''Delphinium''), anemone/windflower, hellebore, larkspur (''Consolida''), pasqueflower, akeley, hepatica, aconite/monkshood, pheasant's-eye, bugbane, globeflower | ||
====Trochodendridae==== | ====Trochodendridae==== | ||
Trochodendrales | Trochodendrales | ||
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Caryophyllales | Caryophyllales | ||
*Aizoaceae (ice plant): aloinopsis | *Aizoaceae (ice plant): aloinopsis | ||
*Amaranthaceae: '''spinach''', '''quinoa''', '''beet''' | *Amaranthaceae: '''spinach''', '''quinoa''', '''beet''' {sugar beet}/'''chard''', '''amaranth''', epazote, goosefoot, Good King Henry, kañiwa, coxcomb, Jesuit's tea, ambrosia (''Dysphania botrys'') | ||
*Anacampserotaceae | *Anacampserotaceae: grahamia | ||
*Ancistrocladaceae | *Ancistrocladaceae | ||
*Asteropeiaceae | *Asteropeiaceae | ||
*Barbeuiaceae | *Barbeuiaceae | ||
*Basellaceae: ulluco, Malabar spinach | *Basellaceae: ulluco, Malabar spinach | ||
*Cactaceae ('''cactus'''): '''dragon fruit''', '''peyote''', prickly pear, saguaro, cholla {teddy bear cholla}, xoconostle, cereus, mammillaria, barrel cactus, Aaron's beard (''Opuntia leucotricha''), claret cup | *Cactaceae ('''cactus'''): '''dragon fruit''', '''peyote''', prickly pear, saguaro, cholla {teddy bear cholla}, xoconostle, cereus, mammillaria, barrel cactus {golden barrel, bisagre, cotton top cactus, dahlia cactus}, Aaron's beard (''Opuntia leucotricha''), claret cup, bird's-nest cactus | ||
*Caryophyllaceae: carnation, pink, sweet william, baby's breath, campion, soapwort, chickweed, nailwort | *Caryophyllaceae: carnation, pink, sweet william, baby's breath, campion, soapwort, chickweed, nailwort | ||
*Didiereaceae: octopus tree | *Didiereaceae: octopus tree | ||
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*Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed | *Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed | ||
*Plumbaginaceae: leadwort | *Plumbaginaceae: leadwort | ||
*Polygonaceae: buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape, sorrel, bistort {smokeweed}, knotweed (''Polygonum'') | *Polygonaceae: buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape, sorrel, dockleaf, bistort {smokeweed}, knotweed (''Polygonum''), knotweed/smartweed (''Persicaria'') | ||
*Portulacaceae: portulaca/purslane | *Portulacaceae: portulaca/purslane | ||
*Rhabdodendraceae | *Rhabdodendraceae | ||
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*Talinaceae | *Talinaceae | ||
*Tamaricaceae: tamarisk | *Tamaricaceae: tamarisk | ||
====Santalidae==== | ====Santalidae==== | ||
Santalales | Santalales | ||
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*Clethraceae: lily-of-the-valley tree | *Clethraceae: lily-of-the-valley tree | ||
*Cyrillaceae: titi | *Cyrillaceae: titi | ||
*Diapensiaceae: pincushion plant | *Diapensiaceae: pincushion plant, wandplant/wandflower | ||
*Ebenaceae: persimmon, ebony, date-plum | *Ebenaceae: persimmon, ebony, date-plum | ||
*Ericaceae: '''blueberry''', '''cranberry''', azalea, rhododendron, heather, huckleberry, madrone, trailing arbutus, manzanita, kinnikinnik, crowberry, bilberry, lingonberry, wintergreen (''Gaultheria''), wintergreen (''Pyrola'') | *Ericaceae: '''blueberry''', '''cranberry''', azalea, rhododendron, heather, huckleberry, madrone, trailing arbutus, manzanita, kinnikinnik, crowberry, bilberry, lingonberry, wintergreen (''Gaultheria''), wintergreen (''Pyrola''), salal/gaultheria, dingleberry (''Vaccinium erythrocarpum'') | ||
*Fouquieriaceae: ocotillo, boojum tree/cirio | *Fouquieriaceae: ocotillo, boojum tree/cirio | ||
*Lecythidaceae: Brazil nut | *Lecythidaceae: Brazil nut | ||
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*Primulaceae: primrose, cyclamen, pimpernel {scarlet pimpernel}, marlberry | *Primulaceae: primrose, cyclamen, pimpernel {scarlet pimpernel}, marlberry | ||
*Roridulaceae: fly bush/dewstick | *Roridulaceae: fly bush/dewstick | ||
*Sapotaceae: '''sapodilla''', mamey sapote, gutta-percha, abiu, canistel, tambalacoque/dodo tree/calvaria | *Sapotaceae: '''sapodilla''', mamey sapote, gutta-percha, shea, argan, abiu, canistel, tambalacoque/dodo tree/calvaria | ||
*Sarraceniaceae: North American pitcher plant (''Sarracenia''), cobra lily/California pitcher plant | *Sarraceniaceae: North American pitcher plant (''Sarracenia''), cobra lily/California pitcher plant | ||
*Sladeniaceae | *Sladeniaceae | ||
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*Symplocaceae: sapphireberry | *Symplocaceae: sapphireberry | ||
*Tetrameristaceae: tea mangrove | *Tetrameristaceae: tea mangrove | ||
*Theaceae: '''tea''', camellia | *Theaceae: '''tea''', camellia, stewartia, loblolly-bay/gordonia | ||
Aquifoliales | Aquifoliales | ||
*Aquifoliaceae: '''holly''', yerba maté | *Aquifoliaceae: '''holly''', yerba maté | ||
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*Alseuosmiaceae: toropapa | *Alseuosmiaceae: toropapa | ||
*Argophyllaceae: silver leaf (''Argophyllum nullumense'') | *Argophyllaceae: silver leaf (''Argophyllum nullumense'') | ||
*Asteraceae (also known as Compositae): '''sunflower''', '''artichoke''', '''lettuce''', '''wormwood''', '''dahlia''', '''daisy''', '''marigold''' (''Calendula officinalis''), chrysanthemum, dandelion, aster, zinnia, black-eyed Susan (''Rudbeckia''), echinacea, stevia, chamomile, radicchio, safflower, sagebrush, tarragon, mugwort, ragweed, achillea/yarrow {ptarmica/sneezewort}, edelweiss, elecampane, gazania, abrotanum/lad's love/southernwood, xeranthemum, endive, celtuce, chicory, salsify, black salsify/scorzonera, Jerusalem artichoke/sunchoke, cardoon, burdock, yacón, nyjer seed/inga seed/guizotia, incienso/brittlebush, ageratum, arnica, groundsel, calea/dream herb, ironweed, mule's ear, knapweed, costus root/kuth (''Saussurea costus''), coreopsis, cosmos, globe thistle, blanket flower, tansy, pellitory (''Anacyclus pyrethrum''), oxeye | *Asteraceae (also known as Compositae): '''sunflower''', '''artichoke''', '''lettuce''' {romaine}, '''wormwood''', '''dahlia''', '''daisy''', '''marigold''' (''Calendula officinalis''), chrysanthemum, dandelion, aster, zinnia, black-eyed Susan (''Rudbeckia''), echinacea, stevia, chamomile, radicchio, safflower, sagebrush, tarragon, mugwort, ragweed, achillea/yarrow {ptarmica/sneezewort, milfoil}, edelweiss, elecampane, gazania, goldenrod, abrotanum/lad's love/southernwood, xeranthemum, endive, celtuce, chicory, salsify, black salsify/scorzonera, Jerusalem artichoke/sunchoke, cardoon, burdock, yacón, nyjer seed/inga seed/guizotia, incienso/brittlebush, ageratum, arnica, groundsel, calea/dream herb, ironweed, bitterleaf, mule's ear, knapweed, costus root/kuth (''Saussurea costus''), coreopsis, cosmos, globe thistle, blanket flower, tansy {feverfew}, ragwort, pellitory (''Anacyclus pyrethrum''), tussilago/coltsfoot, oxeye, curry plant, fleabane (''Erigeron''), tridax daisy/coatbuttons, cornflower, mistflower | ||
*Calyceraceae: false-plantain | *Calyceraceae: false-plantain | ||
*Campanulaceae: campanula/bellflower, lobelia, solenopsis | *Campanulaceae: campanula/bellflower {rampion}, lobelia, solenopsis | ||
*Goodeniaceae: scaevola/fanflower | *Goodeniaceae: scaevola/fanflower | ||
*Menyanthaceae: floatingheart | *Menyanthaceae: floatingheart | ||
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*Escalloniaceae: mountain laurel | *Escalloniaceae: mountain laurel | ||
Bruniales | Bruniales | ||
*Bruniaceae: common | *Bruniaceae: common buttonbush (''Berzelia languinosa'') | ||
*Columelliaceae: Chilean holly | *Columelliaceae: Chilean holly | ||
Apiales | Apiales | ||
*Apiaceae: '''carrot'''/Queen Anne's lace, '''anise''', '''celery''', '''cilantro/coriander''', '''parsley''', parsnip, celeriac, fennel, poison hemlock (''Conium maculatum''), alexanders, angelica, asafoetida, caraway, chervil, culantro, cumin, dill, lovage, silphium, samphire, skirret, arracacha | *Apiaceae: '''carrot'''/Queen Anne's lace, '''anise''', '''celery''', '''cilantro/coriander''', '''parsley''', parsnip, celeriac, fennel, poison hemlock (''Conium maculatum''), alexanders, angelica, asafoetida, caraway, chervil, culantro, cumin, dill, lovage, silphium, samphire, skirret, llareta/yareta, arracacha, keck/cow parsley, giant fennel/galbanum, giant hogweed/hogsbane | ||
*Araliaceae: '''ginseng''', '''ivy''', schefflera | *Araliaceae: '''ginseng''', '''ivy''', schefflera | ||
*Griseliniaceae: kapuka | *Griseliniaceae: kapuka | ||
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Dipsacales | Dipsacales | ||
*Adoxaceae: elder/elderberry, viburnum/arrowwood, moschatel, cassioberry | *Adoxaceae: elder/elderberry, viburnum/arrowwood, moschatel, cassioberry | ||
*Caprifoliaceae: honeysuckle, valerian, linnaea/twinflower, | *Caprifoliaceae: honeysuckle, valerian, mache/cornsalad, linnaea/twinflower, zabelia, spikenard, widow flower | ||
*Dipsacaceae: teasel, scabious/pincushion flower | *Dipsacaceae: teasel, scabious/pincushion flower | ||
Paracryphiales | Paracryphiales | ||
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*Coldeniaceae | *Coldeniaceae | ||
Gentianales | Gentianales | ||
*Rubiaceae: '''coffee''', gardenia, cinchona (quinine), remijia (quinine), noni, ixora, ipecacuanha (ipecac), kratom, woodruff, madder, jagua, café marron | *Rubiaceae: '''coffee''', gardenia, cinchona (quinine), remijia (quinine), noni, ixora, ipecacuanha (ipecac), kratom, woodruff, madder, yohimbe, jagua, café marron, Mexican clover | ||
*Gentianaceae: gentian | *Gentianaceae: gentian, screwstem | ||
*Loganiaceae: strychnine tree | *Loganiaceae: strychnine tree, pinkroot | ||
*Apocynaceae: '''oleander''', '''milkweed''', plumeria/frangipani, periwinkle, rauwolfia, dogbane, Natal plum, stephanotis {Madagascar jasmine} | *Apocynaceae: '''oleander''', '''milkweed''', plumeria/frangipani, periwinkle, iboga, desert rose/impala lily, rauwolfia, dogbane, Natal plum, stephanotis {Madagascar jasmine}, dysentery bush/sea box, coral swirl/tellicherry bark | ||
*Gelsemiaceae: yellow jasmine/evening trumpetflower | *Gelsemiaceae: yellow jasmine/evening trumpetflower | ||
Vahliales | Vahliales | ||
*Vahliaceae | *Vahliaceae | ||
Lamiales | Lamiales | ||
*Acanthaceae: acanthus, zebra plant (''Aphelandra squarrosa''), thunbergia | *Acanthaceae: acanthus, zebra plant (''Aphelandra squarrosa''), shrimp plant, thunbergia | ||
*Bignoniaceae: jacaranda, catalpa | *Bignoniaceae: jacaranda, sausage tree, catalpa, china doll/emerald tree/serpent tree, ipe (''Tabebuia'') | ||
*Byblidaceae: rainbow plant | *Byblidaceae: rainbow plant | ||
*Calceolariaceae: lady's purse | *Calceolariaceae: lady's purse | ||
*Carlemanniaceae | *Carlemanniaceae | ||
*Gesneriaceae: cyrtandra, African violet, gloxinia | *Gesneriaceae: cyrtandra, African violet, gloxinia | ||
*Lamiaceae: '''basil''', '''rosemary''', '''sage''', '''thyme''', '''lavender''', '''mint''' {'''peppermint''', '''spearmint''', pennyroyal}, stachys, marjoram, oregano, catnip, chia, teak, patchouli, savory, hyssop (''Hyssopus officinalis''), hyssop/za'atar (''Origanum syriacum''), lemon balm, ajuga, horehound, shiso, skullcap | *Lamiaceae: '''basil''', '''rosemary''', '''sage'''/salvia, '''thyme''', '''lavender''', '''mint''' {'''peppermint''', '''spearmint''', pennyroyal}, stachys, marjoram, oregano, catnip, chia, teak, patchouli, savory, hyssop (''Hyssopus officinalis''), hyssop/za'atar (''Origanum syriacum''), lemon balm, ajuga, horehound, shiso, skullcap, beautyberry | ||
*Lentibulariaceae: bladderwort, butterwort | *Lentibulariaceae: bladderwort, butterwort | ||
*Linderniaceae: wishbone flower/bluewings | *Linderniaceae: wishbone flower/bluewings | ||
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*Mazaceae: mazus | *Mazaceae: mazus | ||
*Oleaceae: '''olive''', '''lilac/syringa''', '''ash''', privet, jasmine, forsythia, osmanthus | *Oleaceae: '''olive''', '''lilac/syringa''', '''ash''', privet, jasmine, forsythia, osmanthus | ||
*Orobanchaceae: Indian paintbrush, desert paintbrush, betony/lousewort (''Pedicularis'') | *Orobanchaceae: Indian paintbrush, desert paintbrush, betony/lousewort (''Pedicularis'') {Furbish's lousewort} | ||
*Paulowniaceae: paulownia | *Paulowniaceae: paulownia | ||
*Pedaliaceae: '''sesame''' | *Pedaliaceae: '''sesame''' | ||
*Phrymaceae: lopseed | *Phrymaceae: lopseed | ||
*Plantaginaceae: digitalis/foxglove, psyllium, penstemon/beardtongue, snapdragon, plantain (''Plantago''), hebe, brooklime, Culver's root, mare's tail, turtlehead, veronica/speedwell | *Plantaginaceae: digitalis/foxglove, psyllium, penstemon/beardtongue, snapdragon, plantain (''Plantago''), hebe, brooklime, stemodia/twintip, Culver's root, mare's tail, turtlehead, veronica/speedwell | ||
*Plocospermataceae | *Plocospermataceae | ||
*Schlegeliaceae | *Schlegeliaceae | ||
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*Verbenaceae: verbena/vervain | *Verbenaceae: verbena/vervain | ||
Solanales | Solanales | ||
*Solanaceae: '''pepper/chili pepper''' (''Capsicum annuum'') {bell pepper, sweet pepper, cayenne, habanero, jalapeño, chipotle, ghost pepper/bhut jolokia, paprika}, '''potato''', '''tomato''', '''tobacco''', '''eggplant/aubergine''', deadly nightshade/belladonna (''Atropa belladonna''), mandrake (''Mandragora''), goji, poha/goldenberry, tomatillo, tamarillo, pepino, dulcamara/bittersweet (''Solanum dulcamara''), datura/jimsonweed, ají pepper, henbane, ashwagandha | *Solanaceae: '''pepper/chili pepper''' (''Capsicum annuum'') {'''bell pepper''', sweet pepper, cayenne, habanero, jalapeño, chipotle, ghost pepper/bhut jolokia, paprika}, '''potato''', '''tomato''', '''tobacco''', '''eggplant/aubergine''', deadly nightshade/belladonna (''Atropa belladonna''), mandrake (''Mandragora''), goji, poha/goldenberry, tomatillo, tamarillo, pepino, dulcamara/bittersweet (''Solanum dulcamara''), datura/jimsonweed, ají pepper, henbane, ashwagandha, tomacco, topepo | ||
*Convolvulaceae: '''sweet potato''', '''morning glory''', ponysfoot/ponyfoot, wilsonia, woodrose, dodder | *Convolvulaceae: '''sweet potato''', '''morning glory''', ponysfoot/ponyfoot, wilsonia, woodrose, dodder | ||
*Montiniaceae | *Montiniaceae | ||
*Sphenocleaceae | *Sphenocleaceae | ||
*Hydroleaceae: false fiddleleaf | *Hydroleaceae: false fiddleleaf | ||
====Saxifragidae==== | ====Saxifragidae==== | ||
Saxifragales | Saxifragales | ||
| Line 671: | Line 678: | ||
*Cercidiphyllaceae: katsura | *Cercidiphyllaceae: katsura | ||
*Daphniphyllaceae | *Daphniphyllaceae | ||
*Crassulaceae: sedum/stonewort, kalanchoe, jade plant/friendship tree, pennywort, echeveria, aeonium {saucer plant}, cotyledon | *Crassulaceae: sedum/stonewort, kalanchoe, jade plant/friendship tree, pennywort, echeveria, aeonium {saucer plant}, cotyledon, orpine/livelong | ||
*Aphanopetalaceae: gum vine | *Aphanopetalaceae: gum vine | ||
*Tetracarpaeaceae | *Tetracarpaeaceae | ||
| Line 680: | Line 687: | ||
*Saxifragaceae: saxifrage, astilbe | *Saxifragaceae: saxifrage, astilbe | ||
*Cynomoriaceae: desert thumb | *Cynomoriaceae: desert thumb | ||
====Rosidae==== | ====Rosidae==== | ||
Vitales | Vitales | ||
*Vitaceae: '''grape''', Concord grape, muscadine, ayo | *Vitaceae: '''grape''', Concord grape, muscadine {scuppernong}, creeper, bushkiller, ayo | ||
Zygophyllales | Zygophyllales | ||
*Zygophyllaceae: creosote bush, caltrop | *Zygophyllaceae: creosote bush, guaiacum/lignum vitae, caltrop, bean-caper/twinleaf (''Zygophyllum'') | ||
*Krameriaceae: rhatany | *Krameriaceae: rhatany | ||
Celastrales | Celastrales | ||
| Line 693: | Line 701: | ||
*Balanopaceae | *Balanopaceae | ||
*Bonnetiaceae | *Bonnetiaceae | ||
*Calophyllaceae: mammee | *Calophyllaceae: mammee, poon tree | ||
*Caryocaraceae: souari tree | *Caryocaraceae: souari tree | ||
*Centroplacaceae | *Centroplacaceae | ||
| Line 702: | Line 710: | ||
*Elatinaceae: waterwort | *Elatinaceae: waterwort | ||
*Erythroxylaceae: coca ('''cocaine''') | *Erythroxylaceae: coca ('''cocaine''') | ||
*Euphorbiaceae: '''cassava''', '''rubber''', spurge/euphorbia, kukui/candlenut, castor bean, jatropha/physic nut, poinsettia, croton | *Euphorbiaceae: '''cassava''', '''rubber''', spurge/euphorbia {zigzag plant}, kukui/candlenut, castor bean, jatropha/physic nut, poinsettia, croton, sandbox tree/possumwood/jabillo (''Hura crepitans'') | ||
*Euphroniaceae | *Euphroniaceae | ||
*Goupiaceae: goupie | *Goupiaceae: goupie | ||
| Line 723: | Line 731: | ||
*Rafflesiaceae: rafflesia/stinking corpse lily | *Rafflesiaceae: rafflesia/stinking corpse lily | ||
*Rhizophoraceae: true mangrove | *Rhizophoraceae: true mangrove | ||
*Salicaceae: '''willow''', aspen, poplar, cottonwood, xylosma, ramontchi/governor's plum, kei-apple | *Salicaceae: '''willow''' {weeping willow, pussy willow, osier/basket willow}, aspen {quaking aspen/popple}, poplar {white poplar/silverleaf poplar}, cottonwood, xylosma, ramontchi/governor's plum, kei-apple | ||
*Trigoniaceae | *Trigoniaceae | ||
*Violaceae: '''violet''', pansy | *Violaceae: '''violet''' {Johnny jump-up}, pansy | ||
Oxalidales | Oxalidales | ||
*Huaceae | *Huaceae | ||
| Line 733: | Line 741: | ||
*Brunelliaceae: West Indian sumac | *Brunelliaceae: West Indian sumac | ||
*Cephalotaceae: Albany pitcher plant | *Cephalotaceae: Albany pitcher plant | ||
*Elaeocarpaceae: rudraksha tree, quandong (''Elaeocarpus'') | *Elaeocarpaceae: rudraksha tree, maqui/Chilean wineberry, quandong (''Elaeocarpus'') | ||
Fabales | Fabales | ||
*Fabaceae (legumes): '''bean''' {'''green bean/string bean''', '''kidney bean''', pinto bean, lima bean/butter bean, black bean, navy bean}, '''pea''' {snap pea, snow pea}, '''peanut''', '''garbanzo''', '''lentil''', '''tamarind''', '''soybean''', '''wisteria''', '''clover''', '''licorice/liquorice''', mung bean, alfalfa, carob, adzuki bean, blackeye pea, kudzu, true indigo, cowpea, fava bean, acacia, mimosa/sensitive plant, jicama, mesquite, fenugreek, lupin, gorse/furze, laburnum, broom, rooibos, guar, mopane, African locust bean, joaquiniquil, long bean/asparagus bean, rosewood (''Dalbergia''), tonka bean, poinciana, runner bean, shittimwood, padauk/mukwa/narra, scarlet flame bean, brazilwood/pernambuco, yellowwood (''Cladrastis''), purpleheart, vetch {tare}, astragalus/milkvetch, ceibo (''Erythrina crista-galli''), palo verde, zebrawood (''Microberlinia brazzavillensis''), pagoda tree | *Fabaceae (legumes): '''bean''' {'''green bean/string bean''', '''kidney bean''', '''pinto bean''', '''lima bean/butter bean''', black bean, navy bean}, '''pea''' {snap pea, snow pea}, '''peanut''', '''garbanzo''', '''lentil''', '''tamarind''', '''soybean''', '''wisteria''', '''clover''' {shamrock}, '''licorice/liquorice''', mung bean, alfalfa, carob, adzuki bean, blackeye pea, kudzu, true indigo, cowpea, fava bean, acacia, mimosa/sensitive plant, jicama, mesquite, fenugreek, lupin, gorse/furze, laburnum, broom, rooibos, guar, mopane, African locust bean, joaquiniquil, long bean/asparagus bean, rosewood (''Dalbergia''), tonka bean, sweet pea, poinciana, runner bean, shittimwood, padauk/mukwa/narra, scarlet flame bean, brazilwood/pernambuco, yellowwood (''Cladrastis''), purpleheart, vetch {tare}, astragalus/milkvetch, ceibo (''Erythrina crista-galli''), palo verde, zebrawood (''Microberlinia brazzavillensis''), pagoda tree, jequirity, bitter-pea, campeche logwood | ||
*Quillajaceae: soap-bark | *Quillajaceae: soap-bark | ||
*Polygalaceae: milkwort | *Polygalaceae: milkwort | ||
*Surianaceae: bay cedar, ooline | *Surianaceae: bay cedar, ooline | ||
Rosales | Rosales | ||
*Rosaceae: '''rose''', '''apple''', '''pear''', '''cherry''', '''peach''', '''strawberry''', '''almond''', '''apricot''', '''blackberry''', '''loquat''', '''plum''' {greengage, damson plum}, '''raspberry''', nectarine, pluot, quince, boysenberry, aronia, Asian pear, black cherry, chokecherry, hawthorn {tejocote}, Eastern mayhaw, medlar (''Mespilus germanica''), pyracantha, rowan, serviceberry, sloe, crab-apple, dewberry, loganberry, wineberry, olallieberry, tormentil, cinquefoil, (salad) burnet, spiraea, filipendula, cotoneaster, photinia | *Rosaceae: '''rose''' {eglantine}, '''apple''', '''pear''', '''cherry''' {sweet cherry/mazzard, morello, mahaleb cherry}, '''peach''', '''strawberry''', '''almond''' {sweet almond, bitter almond}, '''apricot''', '''blackberry''', '''loquat''', '''plum''' {greengage, damson plum}, '''raspberry''', '''nectarine''', pluot, aprium, apriplum/plumcot, quince, boysenberry, aronia, Asian pear, black cherry, chokecherry, hawthorn/May tree/mayflower {tejocote}, Eastern mayhaw, medlar (''Mespilus germanica''), pyracantha, rowan, serviceberry, sloe, ume/Japanese apricot/Japanese plum/Chinese plum, crab-apple, dewberry, loganberry, wineberry, olallieberry, tormentil, cinquefoil, (salad) burnet, spiraea, filipendula, cotoneaster, photinia, salmonberry/mayberry | ||
*Rhamnaceae: jujube, buckthorn, sea buckthorn, Christ's-thorn | *Rhamnaceae: jujube, buckthorn, sea buckthorn, Christ's-thorn | ||
*Elaeagnaceae: goumi, sea buckthorn, oleaster (''Elaeagnus angustifolia''), silverberry | *Elaeagnaceae: goumi, sea buckthorn, oleaster (''Elaeagnus angustifolia''), silverberry | ||
| Line 746: | Line 754: | ||
*Dirachmaceae | *Dirachmaceae | ||
*Ulmaceae: '''elm''' {Dutch elm, wych-elm}, zelkova | *Ulmaceae: '''elm''' {Dutch elm, wych-elm}, zelkova | ||
*Cannabaceae: '''hemp''', '''marijuana''', '''hops''', hackberry | *Cannabaceae: '''hemp''', '''marijuana''', '''hops''', hackberry {beaverwood/sugarberry (''Celtis occidentalis''), honeyberry (''Celtis australis'')} | ||
*Moraceae: '''breadfruit''', '''fig''' {desert fig, sycamore (''Ficus sycamorus''), strangler fig}, mulberry, jackfruit, banyan, bodhi tree/bo tree, Osage orange, cempedak, monkey fruit, breadnut (''Brosimum alicastrum''), breadnut (''Artocarpus camansi'') | *Moraceae: '''breadfruit''', '''fig''' {desert fig, sycamore (''Ficus sycamorus''), strangler fig, bearded fig}, mulberry, jackfruit, banyan, bodhi tree/bo tree, Osage orange, cempedak, monkey fruit, breadnut (''Brosimum alicastrum''), breadnut (''Artocarpus camansi''), iroko/oji | ||
*Urticaceae: nettle, cecropia | *Urticaceae: nettle, cecropia, ramie | ||
Fagales | Fagales | ||
*Nothofagaceae: southern beech | *Nothofagaceae: southern beech | ||
*Fagaceae: '''chestnut''', '''oak''' {cork, live oak, black oak, Caucasian oak}, beech, chinquapin | *Fagaceae: '''chestnut''', '''oak''' {cork, live oak, black oak, Caucasian oak}, beech, chinquapin | ||
*Myricaceae: yangmei, bayberry | *Myricaceae: yangmei, bayberry | ||
*Juglandaceae: '''walnut''' {black walnut, English walnut, butternut}, hickory {pecan, shagbark hickory}, wingnut | *Juglandaceae: '''walnut''' {black walnut, English walnut, butternut}, hickory {'''pecan''', shagbark hickory}, wingnut | ||
*Ticodendraceae | *Ticodendraceae | ||
*Betulaceae: '''birch''', hazel ('''hazelnut'''), filbert, alder, hornbeam | *Betulaceae: '''birch''', hazel ('''hazelnut'''), filbert, alder, hornbeam | ||
| Line 762: | Line 770: | ||
*Corynocarpaceae | *Corynocarpaceae | ||
*Coriariaceae: tutu, redoul | *Coriariaceae: tutu, redoul | ||
*Cucurbitaceae: '''melon''' (muskmelon) {cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba melon, Santa Claus melon}, '''watermelon''', '''cucumber''', '''squash (winter/summer)''' {'''pumpkin''', '''zucchini''', kabocha, acorn squash}, gourd, kiwano/horned melon, calabash, chayote, loofah, colocynth | *Cucurbitaceae: '''melon''' (muskmelon) {cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba melon, Santa Claus melon}, '''watermelon''', '''cucumber''', '''squash (winter/summer)''' {'''pumpkin''', '''zucchini''', kabocha, acorn squash}, gourd, kiwano/horned melon, calabash, chayote, loofah, bryony, colocynth, jiaogulan | ||
*Tetramelaceae | *Tetramelaceae | ||
*Datiscaceae: Durango root | *Datiscaceae: Durango root | ||
| Line 774: | Line 782: | ||
*Crypteroniaceae | *Crypteroniaceae | ||
*Lythraceae: '''pomegranate''', henna, loosestrife, water caltrop | *Lythraceae: '''pomegranate''', henna, loosestrife, water caltrop | ||
*Melastomataceae: miconia, blue tongue | *Melastomataceae: miconia, blue tongue, blakea | ||
*Myrtaceae: '''guava''', eucalyptus, clove, myrtle, strawberry guava, wax-apple, allspice, feijoa, guavaberry, camu camu, jaboticaba, lillypilly/satinash, Brazil cherry, pitanga/Suriname cherry, riberry, callistemon/bottlebrush, lehua, strawberry myrtle | *Myrtaceae: '''guava''', eucalyptus, clove, myrtle, strawberry guava, wax-apple, allspice, feijoa, guavaberry, camu camu, jaboticaba, lillypilly/satinash, Brazil cherry, pitanga/Suriname cherry, riberry, callistemon/bottlebrush, lehua, strawberry myrtle/ugniberry, manuka, Malabar plum/jamun | ||
*Onagraceae: fuchsia, oenothera/sundrop, enchanter's nightshade, clarkia, willowherb | *Onagraceae: fuchsia, oenothera/sundrop, enchanter's nightshade, clarkia, fireweed/willowherb | ||
*Penaeaceae: hard-pear | *Penaeaceae: hard-pear | ||
*Vochysiaceae: jacaré | *Vochysiaceae: jacaré | ||
| Line 790: | Line 798: | ||
*Picramniaceae: cedrinho | *Picramniaceae: cedrinho | ||
Sapindales | Sapindales | ||
*Anacardiaceae: '''mango''', '''cashew''', '''pistachio''', '''poison oak''', '''poison ivy''', '''poison sumac''', sumac, smoke tree, marula, green plum, mastic | *Anacardiaceae: '''mango''', '''cashew'''/acajou, '''pistachio''', '''poison oak''', '''poison ivy''', '''poison sumac''', sumac, smoke tree, marula, green plum, mastic | ||
*Biebersteiniaceae | *Biebersteiniaceae | ||
*Burseraceae: frankincense, myrrh, bdellium/guggul, pili, galip nut | *Burseraceae: frankincense, myrrh, copal, bdellium/guggul, pili, galip nut | ||
*Kirkiaceae | *Kirkiaceae | ||
*Meliaceae: mahogany, langsat, chinaberry, neem, emu apple, toon, some mangroves | *Meliaceae: mahogany, langsat, chinaberry, neem, emu apple, toon, some mangroves | ||
*Nitrariaceae: Syrian rue/harmal/harmel | *Nitrariaceae: Syrian rue/harmal/harmel | ||
*Rutaceae (including all the citrus species): '''lemon''', '''orange''' {blood orange}, '''grapefruit''', '''lime''', '''tangerine''', '''kumquat''', mandarin, key lime, clementine, tangelo, yuzu, Buddha's hand, pomelo/shaddock, ugli/uniq fruit, citron {etrog}, bergamot, finger lime, Kaffir lime, kiyomi, Meyer lemon, limequat, orangequat, Persian lime, satsuma/mikan/naartjie, rue, Szechuan pepper, casimiroa/white sapote, wampee, spurge olive, burning bush/dittany/fraxinella, toothache tree (''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'') | *Rutaceae (including all the citrus species): '''lemon''', '''orange''' {blood orange}, '''grapefruit''', '''lime''', '''tangerine''', '''kumquat''', mandarin, key lime, clementine, tangelo, yuzu, Buddha's hand, pomelo/shaddock, ugli/uniq fruit, citron {etrog}, bergamot, finger lime, Kaffir lime, bitter orange, kiyomi, Meyer lemon, limequat, orangequat, Persian lime, satsuma/mikan/naartjie, rue, Szechuan pepper, casimiroa/white sapote, wampee, spurge olive, burning bush/dittany/fraxinella, toothache tree (''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis''), curry tree | ||
*Sapindaceae: '''maple''' {Japanese maple}, '''longan''', '''lychee''', '''rambutan''', guarana, akee, genip, goldenrain tree, buckeye, soapberry, korlan, hopbush/akeake | *Sapindaceae: '''maple''' {sugar maple, Japanese maple}, '''longan''', '''lychee''', '''rambutan''', guarana, akee, genip, goldenrain tree, buckeye {Indian horse chestnut}, soapberry, korlan, hopbush/akeake | ||
*Simaroubaceae: quassia, ailanthus, corkwood (''Leitneria floridana'') | *Simaroubaceae: quassia, ailanthus {tree of heaven}, corkwood (''Leitneria floridana'') | ||
Huerteales | Huerteales | ||
*Dipentodontaceae | *Dipentodontaceae | ||
| Line 810: | Line 818: | ||
*Capparaceae: caper, temple plant | *Capparaceae: caper, temple plant | ||
*Caricaceae: '''papaya''', babaco, mountain papaya | *Caricaceae: '''papaya''', babaco, mountain papaya | ||
*Cleomaceae: spider plant | *Cleomaceae: spider plant (''Cleome'') | ||
*Emblingiaceae | *Emblingiaceae | ||
*Gyrostemonaceae: camel poison | *Gyrostemonaceae: camel poison | ||
| Line 828: | Line 836: | ||
*Cytinaceae: vampire cup | *Cytinaceae: vampire cup | ||
*Dipterocarpaceae: lauan | *Dipterocarpaceae: lauan | ||
*Malvaceae: '''cotton''', '''durian''', '''cacao''', '''hibiscus''' {rose of Sharon}, okra, kola, baobab, linden, hollyhock, marshmallow, jute mallow, abelmosk, kurrajong, money plant (''Pachira aquatica''), abutilon, kapok, mazapan, swampmallow | *Malvaceae: '''cotton''', '''durian''', '''cacao''', '''hibiscus''' {rose of Sharon}, okra, kola, baobab, linden, hollyhock, marshmallow, jute mallow, abelmosk, kurrajong, money plant (''Pachira aquatica''), abutilon, kapok, balsa, mazapan, swampmallow, seashore mallow/sweatweed, majagua/majaguillo | ||
*Muntingiaceae: calabur tree | *Muntingiaceae: calabur tree | ||
*Neuradaceae: sand button | *Neuradaceae: sand button | ||
*Sarcolaenaceae | *Sarcolaenaceae | ||
*Sphaerosepalaceae | *Sphaerosepalaceae | ||
*Thymelaeaceae: daphne, agarwood/agalloch | *Thymelaeaceae: daphne {mezereum/mezereon}, agarwood/agalloch, ‘ākia | ||
===Monocots=== | ===Monocots=== | ||
| Line 842: | Line 850: | ||
Alismatales | Alismatales | ||
*Tofieldiaceae: Harper's beauty | *Tofieldiaceae: Harper's beauty | ||
*Alismataceae: water-plantain | *Alismataceae: water-plantain, velvetleaf/sawah lettuce (''Limnocharis'') | ||
*Butomaceae: flowering rush | *Butomaceae: flowering rush | ||
*Hydrocharitaceae: elodea, freshwater eelgrass (''Vallisneria''), water nymph/naiad | *Hydrocharitaceae: elodea, freshwater eelgrass (''Vallisneria''), water nymph/naiad | ||
| Line 854: | Line 862: | ||
*Potamogetonaceae: pondweed | *Potamogetonaceae: pondweed | ||
*Zosteraceae: marine eelgrass (''Zostera'') | *Zosteraceae: marine eelgrass (''Zostera'') | ||
*Araceae (the arum family): '''taro/dasheen''', malanga/elephant ears/cocoyam/'ape, calla lily, philodendron, Jack-in-the-pulpit, dieffenbachia/dumb cane, ZZ plant, eddoe, skunk cabbage, Chinese evergreen, titan arum, duckweed | *Araceae (the arum family): '''taro/dasheen''', malanga/elephant ears/cocoyam/'ape, calla lily, philodendron, Jack-in-the-pulpit, dieffenbachia/dumb cane, ZZ plant, eddoe, skunk cabbage, Chinese evergreen, titan arum, duckweed, caladium | ||
====Petrosaviidae==== | ====Petrosaviidae==== | ||
Petrosaviales | Petrosaviales | ||
| Line 861: | Line 870: | ||
Dioscorales | Dioscorales | ||
*Burmanniaceae: bluethread | *Burmanniaceae: bluethread | ||
*Dioscoreaceae: '''yam''' {nagaimo, yampee}, pia | *Dioscoreaceae: '''yam''' {nagaimo, yampee}, pia, Jew's beard/black bat plant | ||
*Nartheciaceae: bog asphodel/yellow asphodel | *Nartheciaceae: bog asphodel/yellow asphodel | ||
Pandanales | Pandanales | ||
| Line 874: | Line 883: | ||
*Corsiaceae | *Corsiaceae | ||
*Campynemataceae: green mountain lily | *Campynemataceae: green mountain lily | ||
*Melanthiaceae: trillium | *Melanthiaceae: trillium, bunchflower | ||
*Petermanniaceae | *Petermanniaceae | ||
*Colchicaceae: naked lady, Chinese lantern lily | *Colchicaceae: naked lady, Chinese lantern lily, bellwort/merrybells | ||
*Alstroemeriaceae: Peruvian lily | *Alstroemeriaceae: Peruvian lily | ||
*Rhipogonaceae: supplejack/kareao | *Rhipogonaceae: supplejack/kareao | ||
*Philesiaceae: Chilean bellflower/copihue | *Philesiaceae: Chilean bellflower/copihue | ||
*Smilacaceae: smilax/catbrier, sarsaparilla | *Smilacaceae: smilax/catbrier, sarsaparilla | ||
*Liliaceae: '''lily''' {Easter lily}, '''tulip''', fritillary | *Liliaceae: '''lily''' {Easter lily, tiger lily}, '''tulip''', fritillary | ||
====Commelinidae==== | ====Commelinidae==== | ||
Arecales | Arecales | ||
*Dasypogonaceae: kingia/bullanock | *Dasypogonaceae: kingia/bullanock | ||
*Arecaceae ('''palm'''): '''coconut''', '''date''', '''rattan''', sago palm (''Metroxylon sagu''), açaí, attap/nipa, toddy, raffia, betel nut, palmetto, palmyra, washingtonia, salak, saw palm/Everglades palm, aiphanes, xate, wax palm, doum | *Arecaceae ('''palm'''): '''coconut''', '''date''', '''rattan''', sago palm (''Metroxylon sagu''), açaí, carnauba, attap/nipa, toddy, raffia, sugar palm/gomuti palm (''Arenga pinnata''), talipot palm, betel nut, palmetto, palmyra, washingtonia, salak, saw palm/Everglades palm, aiphanes, xate, wax palm, doum palm, coco de mer, thatch palm, zombie palm, araque/palma real, Sierran palm | ||
Bromeliales | Bromeliales | ||
*Bromeliaceae (bromeliad): '''pineapple''', Spanish moss, aechmea, vriesea, dyckia, pitcairnia | *Bromeliaceae (bromeliad): '''pineapple''', Spanish moss, aechmea/silver vase/urn plant, vriesea, dyckia, pitcairnia | ||
*Typhaceae: cattail | *Typhaceae: cattail | ||
Poales | Poales | ||
| Line 893: | Line 903: | ||
*Rapateaceae: Inírida flower | *Rapateaceae: Inírida flower | ||
*Thurniaceae: palmiet | *Thurniaceae: palmiet | ||
*Cyperaceae: sedge, water chestnut, bulrush, spikerush | *Cyperaceae: sedge, papyrus, water chestnut, bulrush, spikerush | ||
*Juncaceae: rush | *Juncaceae: rush | ||
*Eriocaulaceae: pipewort | *Eriocaulaceae: pipewort | ||
*Xyridaceae: yellow-eyed grass | *Xyridaceae: yellow-eyed grass | ||
*Flagellariaceae: whip vine/false rattan/bush cane | *Flagellariaceae: whip vine/false rattan/bush cane | ||
*Poaceae ('''grain''', '''grass'''): '''corn/maize''', '''rice''', '''wheat''', '''barley''', '''millet''' {fonio}, '''oats''', '''rye''', '''sorghum''', '''sugarcane''', '''bamboo''', '''reed''', wild rice, lemongrass, durum, spelt, teff, einkorn, triticale, finger millet, emmer, kernza, bluegrass, bluestem/andropogon, pampas grass, zoysia, timothy, crabgrass, Ozark grass, fescue, beach grass/marram, pennisetum/fountaingrass | *Poaceae ('''grain''', '''grass'''): '''corn/maize''', '''rice''', '''wheat''', '''barley''', '''millet''' {fonio}, '''oats''', '''rye''', '''sorghum''', '''sugarcane''', '''bamboo''' {terai}, '''reed''', wild rice, lemongrass, durum (semolina), spelt, teff, einkorn, triticale, finger millet, emmer, teosinte, kernza, bluegrass, bluestem/andropogon, pampas grass, zoysia, timothy, crabgrass, Ozark grass, fescue, spinifex, beach grass/marram, pennisetum/fountaingrass, quitch/couch grass, brome {foxtail brome}, goatgrass | ||
*Ecdeiocoleaceae | *Ecdeiocoleaceae | ||
*Joinvilleaceae | *Joinvilleaceae | ||
*Restionaceae: restion, hopkinsia | *Restionaceae: restion, hopkinsia | ||
Commelinales | Commelinales | ||
*Commelinaceae: spiderwort, zebrina/wandering Jew (''Tradescantia zebrina'') | *Commelinaceae: spiderwort, zebrina/wandering Jew (''Tradescantia zebrina''), dayflower/widow's tears | ||
*Haemodoraceae: bloodwort, kangaroo paw | *Haemodoraceae: bloodwort, kangaroo paw | ||
*Hanguanaceae | *Hanguanaceae | ||
| Line 916: | Line 926: | ||
*Strelitziaceae: bird-of-paradise | *Strelitziaceae: bird-of-paradise | ||
*Heliconiaceae: heliconia/false bird-of-paradise | *Heliconiaceae: heliconia/false bird-of-paradise | ||
*Musaceae: '''banana''', '''plantain''' (''Musa''), abacá | *Musaceae: '''banana''', '''plantain''' (''Musa''), abacá, fe'i | ||
====Asparagidae==== | ====Asparagidae==== | ||
Asparagales | Asparagales | ||
| Line 927: | Line 938: | ||
*Tecophilaeaceae: lady's-hand | *Tecophilaeaceae: lady's-hand | ||
*Doryanthaceae: gymea lily, giant spear lily | *Doryanthaceae: gymea lily, giant spear lily | ||
*Iridaceae: '''iris''' {Dutch iris, orrisroot | *Iridaceae: '''iris''' {Dutch iris, orrisroot, Persian iris}, crocus (saffron), gladiolus, Kaffir lily (''Hesperantha coccinea''), watsonia, freesia, flame freesia | ||
*Xeronemataceae: Poor Knights lily | *Xeronemataceae: Poor Knights lily | ||
*Asphodelaceae: aloe, asphodel | *Asphodelaceae: aloe, asphodel, pipe lily | ||
*Xanthorrhoeaceae: grass tree | *Xanthorrhoeaceae: grass tree | ||
*Hemerocallidaceae: day lily, phormium | *Hemerocallidaceae: day lily, phormium | ||
*Amaryllidaceae: '''garlic''', '''onion''', '''green onion''', '''leek''', '''daffodil''', shallot, chive, amaryllis, narcissus, jonquil, pearl onion, agapanthus/lily of the Nile, snowdrop (''Galanthus''), oxblood lily, Natal lily/bush lily, snowflake | *Amaryllidaceae: '''garlic''', '''onion''', '''green onion''', '''leek''', '''daffodil''', shallot, chive, amaryllis, narcissus, jonquil, pearl onion, agapanthus/lily of the Nile, snowdrop (''Galanthus''), oxblood lily, Natal lily/bush lily, snowflake | ||
*Asparagaceae: '''asparagus''', agave/century plant, yucca, ti/ki/good luck plant, lily-of-the-valley, bluebell (''Hyacinthoides''), hyacinth, ophiopogon, dracaena, hosta, dasylirion (sotol), soaproot/amole, ponytail palm, St. Bernard's lily, aphyllanthes, hesperaloe/false yucca, desert lily/ajo lily, butcher's broom, squill | *Asparagaceae: '''asparagus''', agave/century plant {sisal}, yucca, Joshua tree, ti/ki/good luck plant, lily-of-the-valley, bluebell (''Hyacinthoides''), hyacinth, ophiopogon, dracaena, hosta, dasylirion (sotol), soaproot/amole, ponytail palm, St. Bernard's lily, aphyllanthes, hesperaloe/false yucca, desert lily/ajo lily, butcher's broom, squill, spider plant (''Chlorophytum''), Canada mayflower, Solomon's seal | ||
*Orchidaceae ('''orchid'''): '''vanilla''', phalaenopsis/moth orchid, tiger orchid (''Grammatophyllum speciosum''), showy orchis, vanda, cattleya, cymbidium | *Orchidaceae ('''orchid'''): '''vanilla''', phalaenopsis/moth orchid, tiger orchid (''Grammatophyllum speciosum''), showy orchis, vanda, cattleya, cymbidium/boat orchid, dendrobium, disa, oncidium/dancing-lady orchid, golden shower orchid, bee orchid, Italian orchid, stanhopea, scorpion orchid, dragon's mouth orchid, Medusa orchid, eyelash orchid, comet orchid/angraecum {Darwin's orchid/Star of Bethlehem orchid} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:24, 11 December 2024
This is a presentation of the living families of true plants (kingdom Plantae), with the famous members from each family. They are placed into their higher orders, subclasses, classes, and divisions, which are indicated by the way this list is formatted.
This list is intended for people who want to make sure they have all their bases covered when they have Earth-like flora in their conworld. If a word is bolded, that indicates that that plant name occurs on the Landau Core Vocabulary, but even many plants that are not "core" enough to be included in the LCV are listed here, in the hopes of giving conlangers a complete conlang lexicon. Most of these words will be the base-level words for plants (oak, maple, apple, apricot, banana, durian, cabbage, broccoli, potato, anise, ivy, almond, cactus, rice, orchid, lily, reed, pine, spruce, etc.), but commonly-used more specific terms are also included under a more inclusive term {in braces}.
If your conpeople have modern science, they will probably have words like "conifer", "monocot", and "pteridophyte" in their language. You might even want to try to create some adjectives for plant families (such as "liliaceous" and "rosaceous") in your conlang. Linnaean taxonomy simply names these plant families (and orders) after a prominent member, but if you are so imaginatively inclined, the taxonomy used by your conpeople may have a different method for coming up with plant family names. You can also come up with different nominate members for each family -- perhaps your conpeople's word for "rosaceous" derives from the name of the peach rather than the rose, or their word for "lythraceous" is taken from the word for pomegranate instead of the word for loosestrife. By no means do you have to come up with names for all 707 families listed here -- even Kankonian only has about 200 of them, at last count.
If your conworld has plant species (and/or cultivars) not found in Our World, they will not only of course need their own names, but at least a few will probably belong to families not found in Our World. Kankonia, for instance, has such plants as the blue tree (family Cyanophyllaceae) and the surasmas (family Surasmataceae). (Note that in that 200 figure, many of the Kankonian words are for families not known on Earth.) You might want to consider how these plants are related, what plants fit in what families, and what orders the un-Earthlike families belong in.
And now, the list:
Marchantiophyta (liverwort)
Haplomitriopsida
Haplomitriales
- Haplomitriaceae
Treubiales
- Treubiaceae
Marchantiopsida
Blasiidae
Blasiales
- Blasiaceae
Marchantiidae
Neohodgsoniales
- Neohodgsoniaceae
Sphaerocarpales
- Monocarpaceae
- Riellaceae
- Sphaerocarpaceae
Lunulariales
- Lunulariaceae
Marchantiales
- Marchantiaceae: common liverwort
- Aytoniaceae
- Cleveaceae
- Monosoleniaceae
- Conocephalaceae
- Targioniaceae
- Wiesnerellaceae
- Dumortieraceae
- Monocleaceae
- Oxymitraceae
- Ricciaceae
- Corsiniaceae
- Cyathodiaceae
Jungermanniopsida
Pelliidae
Pelliales
- Noerocladaceae
- Pelliaceae
Pallaviciniales
- Phyllothalliaceae
- Sandeothallaceae
- Moerckiaceae
- Hymenophytaceae
- Pallaviciniaceae
Fossombroniales
- Calyculariaceae
- Makinoaceae
- Fossombroniaceae
- Allisoniaceae
- Petalophyllaceae
Metzgeriidae
Pleuroziales
- Pleuroziaceae
Metzgeriales
- Metzgeriaceae
- Aneuraceae
Jungermanniidae
Porellales
- Porellaceae
- Goebeliellaceae
- Lepidolaenaceae
- Radulaceae
- Frullaniaceae
- Jubulaceae
- Lejeuneaceae
Ptilidiales
- Herzogianthaceae
- Ptilidiaceae
- Neotrichocoleaceae
Jungermanniales
- Schistochilaceae
- Lophocoleaceae
- Plagiochilaceae
- Lepicoleaceae
- Lepidoziaceae
- Pseudolepicoleaceae
- Blepharostomataceae
- Trichocoleaceae
- Grolleaceae
- Mastigophoraceae
- Herbertaceae
- Adelanthaceae
- Anastrophyllaceae
- Cephaloziaceae
- Cephaloziellaceae
- Scapaniaceae
- Lophoziaceae
- Myliaceae
- Arnelliaceae
- Blepharidophyllaceae
- Endogemmataceae
- Harpanthaceae
- Hygrobiellaceae
- Jackiellaceae
- Notoscyphaceae
- Saccogynaceae
- Southbyaceae
- Trichotemnomataceae
- Balantiopsidaceae
- Chonecoleaceae
- Brevianthaceae
- Geocalycaceae
- Gyrothyraceae
- Solenostomataceae
- Stephaniellaceae
- Acrobolbaceae
- Calypogeiaceae
- Jungermanniaceae
- Antheliaceae
- Gymnomitriaceae
Anthocerotophyta (hornwort)
Leiosporocerotopsida
Leiosporocerotales
- Leiosporocerotaceae
Anthocerotopsida
Anthocerotales
- Anthocerotaceae: field hornwort
Notothyladales
- Notothyladaceae
Phymatocerotales
- Phymatocerotaceae
Dendrocerotales
- Dendrocerotaceae
Bryophyta (moss)
Takakiopsida
Takakiales
- Takakiaceae
Sphagnosida
Sphagnales
- Ambuchananiaceae
- Flatbergiaceae
- Sphagnaceae: peat moss
Andreaeopsida
Andreaeales
- Andreaeaceae: lantern moss
Andreaeobryopsida
Andreaeobryales
- Andreaeobryaceae
Oedipodiopsida
Oedipodiales
- Oedipodiaceae: gouty-moss
Polytrichopsida
Polytrichales
- Polytrichaceae: hair moss/haircap moss, dawsonia
Tetraphidopsida
Tetraphidales
- Tetraphidaceae: four-tooth moss
Bryopsida
Buxbaumiidae
Buxbaumiales
- Buxbaumiaceae: bug-on-a-stick
Diphysciidae
Diphysciales
- Diphysciaceae
Timmiidae
Timmiales
- Timmiaceae
Funariidae
Encalyptales
- Encalyptaceae: extinguisher moss
Funariales
- Funariaceae: bonfire moss
Disceliales
- Disceliaceae: flag-moss
Dicranidae
Timmiellales
- Timmiellaceae
Catoscopiales
- Catoscopiaceae
Distichiales
- Distichiaceae
Flexitrichales
- Flexitrichaceae
Pseudoditrichales
- Pseudoditrichaceae
- Chrysoblastellaceae
Scouleriales
- Drummondiaceae
- Scouleriaceae
Bryoxiphiales
- Bryoxiphiaceae
Grxmmiales
- Grxmmiaceae
- Ptychomitriaceae
- Seligeriaceae
- Saelaniaceae
Archidiales
- Archidiaceae
Dicranales
- Fissidentaceae: maidenhair pocketmoss
- Hypodontiaceae
- Eustichiaceae
- Ditrichaceae: Cornish path-moss
- Bruchiaceae: Bolander's candlemoss
- Rhachitheciaceae
- Erpodiaceae
- Schistostegaceae: goblin gold/luminous moss
- Viridivelleraceae
- Rhabdoweisiaceae
- Dicranaceae: fork-moss, heath star moss
- Micromitriaceae
- Leucobryaceae: pincushion moss
- Octoblepharaceae
- Calymperaceae
Pottiales
- Bryobartramiaceae
- Cinclidotaceae
- Ephemeraceae
- Pleurophascaceae
- Pottiaceae: tortula moss
- Serpotortellaceae
- Splachnobryaceae
Bryidae
Bartramiales
- Bartramiaceae
Bryales
- Bryaceae: thread moss
- Leptostomataceae
- Mniaceae: calcareous moss
- Phyllodrepaniaceae
- Pulchrinodaceae
Hedwigiales
- Hedwigiaceae
- Helicophyllaceae
- Rhacocarpaceae
Orthotrichales
- Orthotrichaceae: orthotrichum moss
Rhizogoniales
- Rhizogoniaceae
- Orthodontiaceae
- Aulacomniaceae: ribbed bog-moss
Splachnales
- Meesiaceae
- Splachnaceae: dung moss
Hypnodendrales
- Hypnodendraceae: palm moss
- Braithwaiteaceae
- Pterobryellaceae
- Racopilaceae
Ptychomniales
- Garovagliaceae
- Ptychomniaceae
Hookeriales
- Daltoniaceae
- Hookeriaceae
- Hypopterygiaceae
- Leucomiaceae
- Pilotrichaceae
- Saulomataceae
- Schimperobryaceae
Hypnales
- Fabroniaceae: knothole moss
- Amblystegiaceae: calliergon moss, hygrohypnum moss
- Anomodontaceae
- Brachytheciaceae: neat feather-moss
- Calliergonaceae
- Catagoniaceae
- Climaciaceae
- Cryphaeaceae: multi-fruited river moss
- Echinodiaceae
- Entodontaceae
- Fontinalaceae
- Helodiaceae
- Hylocomiaceae
- Hypnaceae: carpet moss, feather moss
- Lembophyllaceae
- Leptodontaceae
- Lepyrodontaceae
- Leskeaceae
- Leucodontaceae
- Meteoriaceae
- Microtheciellaceae
- Miyabeaceae
- Myriniaceae
- Myuriaceae
- Neckeraceae: Derbyshire heather moss
- Orthorrhynchiaceae
- Phyllogoniaceae
- Plagiotheciaceae
- Prionodontaceae
- Pterigynandraceae
- Pterobryaceae
- Pylaisiadelphaceae
- Regmatodontaceae
- Rhytidiaceae
- Rutenbergiaceae
- Sematophyllaceae: signal moss
- Sorapillaceae
- Stereophyllaceae
- Symphyodontaceae
- Theliaceae
- Thuidiaceae: thuidium moss
- Trachylomataceae
Lycopodiophyta (club moss)
Lycopodiopsida
Isoetales
- Isoetaceae: quillwort
Lycopodiales
- Lycopodiaceae: creeping cedar/ground pine
Selaginellales
- Selaginellaceae: spikemoss
Pteridophyta
Equisetopsida
Equisetales
- Equisetaceae: horsetail
Polypodiopsida (fern)
Marattiidae
Marattiales
- Marattiaceae: para/king fern/potato fern, pala/Hawaii potato fern
Ophioglossidae
Ophioglossales
- Ophioglossaceae: adder's-tongue
Psilotales
- Psilotaceae: whisk fern, fork fern
Polypodiidae
Osmundales
- Osmundaceae: royal fern, cinnamon fern, flowering fern
Hymenophyllales
- Hymenophyllaceae: filmy fern, bristle fern
Gleicheniales
- Dipteridaceae
- Gleicheniaceae (the forked fern family): umbrella fern/shield fern
- Matoniaceae
Schizaeales
- Schizaeaceae: ray fern, curlygrass fern
- Anemiaceae: flowering fern
- Lygodiaceae: climbing fern/nito
Salviniales
- Marsileaceae: ihi'ihi, pepperwort
- Salviniaceae: mosquito fern, water moss
Cyatheales (tree fern)
- Thyrsopteridaceae
- Loxsomataceae
- Culcitaceae
- Plagiogyriaceae
- Cibotiaceae: manfern
- Metaxyaceae
- Dicksoniaceae: woolly tree fern/whekī-ponga, diamondleaf fern
- Cyatheaceae: scaly tree fern
Polypodiales
- Cystodiaceae
- Dennstaedtiaceae: bracken
- Lindsaeaceae: necklace fern
- Lonchitidaceae
- Pteridaceae: brake, cliff brake, maidenhair fern
- Saccolomataceae: soralpouch fern
- Aspleniaceae: spleenwort
- Athyriaceae: lady fern, vegetable fern
- Blechnaceae: midin, chain fern
- Cystopteridaceae: bladder fern/fragile fern
- Desmophlebiaceae
- Diplaziopsidaceae: glade fern
- Hemidictyaceae: marginated half net fern
- Onocleaceae: ostrich fern, sensitive fern
- Rhachidosoraceae
- Thelypteridaceae: maiden fern, beech fern
- Woodsiaceae: cliff fern
- Davalliaceae: squirrel's foot fern, rabbit's foot fern
- Didymochlaenaceae: mahogany maidenhair
- Dryopteridaceae: Western sword fern
- Hypodematiaceae
- Lomariopsidaceae: Süsswassertang
- Nephrolepidaceae: sword fern
- Oleandraceae
- Polypodiaceae (polypody/rockcap fern) : staghorn fern, ae lau nui/dotted polypody
- Tectariaceae: halberd fern, button fern, snail fern, oak leaf fern
Cycadophyta
Cycadopsida
Cycadales (cycad)
- Cycadaceae: sago cycad (Cycas revoluta)
- Stangeriaceae: Byfield fern
- Zamiaceae: Kaffir bread, burrawang nut
Ginkgophyta
Ginkgoopsida
Ginkgoales
- Ginkgoaceae: ginkgo
Pinophyta
Pinopsida
Pinales (the conifer order)
- Araucariaceae: monkey-puzzle, bunya, Wollemi pine, kauri
- Cupressaceae: juniper, cypress, redwood, sequoia, arbor vitae/thuja, Japanese cedar/sugi, bald cypress, giant redwood
- Pinaceae: pine {piñon, ponderosa pine, bristlecone pine, Monterey pine/insignis pine/radiata pine}, fir {balsam fir}, spruce {blue spruce, Norway spruce, Sitka spruce}, cedar, larch, Douglas fir, hemlock (Tsuga)
- Podocarpaceae: kahikatea
- Sciadopityaceae: umbrella pine
- Taxaceae: yew, torreya/nutmeg yew
Gnetophyta
Gnetopsida
Gnetales
- Gnetaceae (the gnetum family): gnemon/melinjo, African jointfir
- Welwitschiaceae: welwitschia/tumboa
- Ephedraceae: ephedra/mahuang
Magnoliophyta
Amborellopsida
Amborellales
- Amborellaceae
Nymphaeopsida
Nymphaeales
- Cabombaceae: fanwort
- Hydatellaceae
- Nymphaeaceae: water lily
Austrobaileyopsida
Austrobaileyales
- Austrobaileyaceae
- Schisandraceae: star anise, schisandra/schizandra
- Trimeniaceae
Chloranthopsida
Chloranthales
- Chloranthaceae: sarcandra
Ceratophyllopsida
Ceratophyllales
- Ceratophyllaceae: coontail/hornwort (Ceratophyllum)
Magnoliopsida
Canellales
- Canellaceae: white cinnamon
- Winteraceae: winter's bark/canelo
Piperales
- Aristolochiaceae: Dutchman's pipe/birthwort
- Piperaceae: pepper (Piper), kava, betel leaf
- Saururaceae: lizard's tail
Laurales
- Calycanthaceae: spicebush
- Siparunaceae
- Atherospermataceae: southern sassafras
- Gomortegaceae
- Hernandiaceae: lantern tree
- Monimiaceae: lemonwood
- Lauraceae: avocado, cinnamon, bay laurel/bay leaf, camphor, cassia, sassafras
Magnoliales
- Myristicaceae: nutmeg/mace
- Magnoliaceae: magnolia, tulip tree, champak
- Degeneriaceae
- Himantandraceae: white magnolia
- Eupomatiaceae: bolwarra
- Annonaceae: cherimoya, custard apple, soursop/guanábana, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, pawpaw (Asimina triloba), kepel fruit, atemoya, biribá, ilama
Tricolpa (eudicots)
Gunneridae
Gunnerales
- Gunneraceae: dinosaur food
- Myrothamnaceae: resurrection plant
Buxidae
Buxales
- Buxaceae: box, pachysandra
- Didymelaceae
- Haptanthaceae
Proteidae
Proteales
- Nelumbonaceae: lotus (Nelumbo)
- Platanaceae: sycamore/plane tree (Platanus)
- Proteaceae: macadamia, protea/sugarbush, hakea, silverleaf tree (Leucadendron), cone bush/drumstick
- Sabiaceae: meliosma
Ranunculidae
Ranunculales
- Eupteleaceae
- Papaveraceae: poppy, California poppy/eschscholzia, Matilija poppy, bleeding-heart, corydalis, fumitory, Dutchman's breeches, celandine/nipplewort
- Circaeasteraceae
- Lardizabalaceae: zabala fruit, dead man's fingers/blue sausage fruit
- Menispermaceae: giloy
- Berberidaceae: barberry, twinleaf/rheumatism root, inside-out flower
- Ranunculaceae: buttercup, clematis, columbine, delphinium/larkspur (Delphinium), anemone/windflower, hellebore, larkspur (Consolida), pasqueflower, akeley, hepatica, aconite/monkshood, pheasant's-eye, bugbane, globeflower
Trochodendridae
Trochodendrales
- Trochodendraceae: wheel tree
Dilleniidae
Dilleniales
- Dilleniaceae: elephant apple
Berberidopsidae
Berberidopsidales
- Aextoxicaceae: olivillo
- Berberidopsidaceae: coral plant
Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllales
- Aizoaceae (ice plant): aloinopsis
- Amaranthaceae: spinach, quinoa, beet {sugar beet}/chard, amaranth, epazote, goosefoot, Good King Henry, kañiwa, coxcomb, Jesuit's tea, ambrosia (Dysphania botrys)
- Anacampserotaceae: grahamia
- Ancistrocladaceae
- Asteropeiaceae
- Barbeuiaceae
- Basellaceae: ulluco, Malabar spinach
- Cactaceae (cactus): dragon fruit, peyote, prickly pear, saguaro, cholla {teddy bear cholla}, xoconostle, cereus, mammillaria, barrel cactus {golden barrel, bisagre, cotton top cactus, dahlia cactus}, Aaron's beard (Opuntia leucotricha), claret cup, bird's-nest cactus
- Caryophyllaceae: carnation, pink, sweet william, baby's breath, campion, soapwort, chickweed, nailwort
- Didiereaceae: octopus tree
- Dioncophyllaceae
- Droseraceae: Venus' flytrap, sundew, waterwheel plant
- Drosophyllaceae: Portuguese sundew/flycatcher
- Frankeniaceae: sea heath
- Gisekiaceae
- Halophytaceae
- Kewaceae: salad plant
- Limeaceae
- Lophiocarpaceae
- Macarthuriaceae
- Microteaceae: jumpy pepper
- Molluginaceae: carpetweed
- Montiaceae: parakeelya, lewisia
- Nepenthaceae: tropical pitcher plant (Nepenthes)
- Nyctaginaceae: bougainvillea, four o'clock
- Petiveriaceae
- Physenaceae
- Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed
- Plumbaginaceae: leadwort
- Polygonaceae: buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape, sorrel, dockleaf, bistort {smokeweed}, knotweed (Polygonum), knotweed/smartweed (Persicaria)
- Portulacaceae: portulaca/purslane
- Rhabdodendraceae
- Sarcobataceae: greasewood/seepwood
- Simmondsiaceae: jojoba
- Stegnospermataceae: Cuban tangle
- Talinaceae
- Tamaricaceae: tamarisk
Santalidae
Santalales
- Balanophoraceae: ground pineapple
- Loranthaceae: some mistletoes
- Olacaceae: yellow plum
- Misodendraceae: feathery mistletoe
- Opiliaceae
- Santalaceae: some mistletoes, sandalwood, quandong (Santalum acuminatum)
- Schoepfiaceae: arana
Asteridae
Cornales
- Hydrangeaceae: hydrangea, deutzia
- Loasaceae: stingbush/velcro plant, blazingstar
- Hydrostachyaceae
- Nyssaceae: tupelo
- Grubbiaceae: sillyberry
- Curtisiaceae: Assegai tree/cape lancewood
- Cornaceae: dogwood
Ericales
- Actinidiaceae: kiwifruit
- Balsaminaceae: impatiens, balsam
- Clethraceae: lily-of-the-valley tree
- Cyrillaceae: titi
- Diapensiaceae: pincushion plant, wandplant/wandflower
- Ebenaceae: persimmon, ebony, date-plum
- Ericaceae: blueberry, cranberry, azalea, rhododendron, heather, huckleberry, madrone, trailing arbutus, manzanita, kinnikinnik, crowberry, bilberry, lingonberry, wintergreen (Gaultheria), wintergreen (Pyrola), salal/gaultheria, dingleberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum)
- Fouquieriaceae: ocotillo, boojum tree/cirio
- Lecythidaceae: Brazil nut
- Marcgraviaceae: monkey paws, schwartzia
- Mitrastemonaceae
- Pentaphylaceae
- Polemoniaceae: phlox, Jacob's ladder {abscess root}
- Primulaceae: primrose, cyclamen, pimpernel {scarlet pimpernel}, marlberry
- Roridulaceae: fly bush/dewstick
- Sapotaceae: sapodilla, mamey sapote, gutta-percha, shea, argan, abiu, canistel, tambalacoque/dodo tree/calvaria
- Sarraceniaceae: North American pitcher plant (Sarracenia), cobra lily/California pitcher plant
- Sladeniaceae
- Styracaceae: styrax
- Symplocaceae: sapphireberry
- Tetrameristaceae: tea mangrove
- Theaceae: tea, camellia, stewartia, loblolly-bay/gordonia
Aquifoliales
- Aquifoliaceae: holly, yerba maté
- Cardiopteridaceae: citronella tree
- Helwingiaceae
- Phyllonomaceae
- Stemonuraceae
Asterales
- Alseuosmiaceae: toropapa
- Argophyllaceae: silver leaf (Argophyllum nullumense)
- Asteraceae (also known as Compositae): sunflower, artichoke, lettuce {romaine}, wormwood, dahlia, daisy, marigold (Calendula officinalis), chrysanthemum, dandelion, aster, zinnia, black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia), echinacea, stevia, chamomile, radicchio, safflower, sagebrush, tarragon, mugwort, ragweed, achillea/yarrow {ptarmica/sneezewort, milfoil}, edelweiss, elecampane, gazania, goldenrod, abrotanum/lad's love/southernwood, xeranthemum, endive, celtuce, chicory, salsify, black salsify/scorzonera, Jerusalem artichoke/sunchoke, cardoon, burdock, yacón, nyjer seed/inga seed/guizotia, incienso/brittlebush, ageratum, arnica, groundsel, calea/dream herb, ironweed, bitterleaf, mule's ear, knapweed, costus root/kuth (Saussurea costus), coreopsis, cosmos, globe thistle, blanket flower, tansy {feverfew}, ragwort, pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum), tussilago/coltsfoot, oxeye, curry plant, fleabane (Erigeron), tridax daisy/coatbuttons, cornflower, mistflower
- Calyceraceae: false-plantain
- Campanulaceae: campanula/bellflower {rampion}, lobelia, solenopsis
- Goodeniaceae: scaevola/fanflower
- Menyanthaceae: floatingheart
- Pentaphragmataceae
- Phellinaceae
- Rousseaceae: marbleleaf
- Stylidiaceae: triggerplant
Escalloniales
- Escalloniaceae: mountain laurel
Bruniales
- Bruniaceae: common buttonbush (Berzelia languinosa)
- Columelliaceae: Chilean holly
Apiales
- Apiaceae: carrot/Queen Anne's lace, anise, celery, cilantro/coriander, parsley, parsnip, celeriac, fennel, poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), alexanders, angelica, asafoetida, caraway, chervil, culantro, cumin, dill, lovage, silphium, samphire, skirret, llareta/yareta, arracacha, keck/cow parsley, giant fennel/galbanum, giant hogweed/hogsbane
- Araliaceae: ginseng, ivy, schefflera
- Griseliniaceae: kapuka
- Myodocarpaceae
- Pennantiaceae: kaikomako
- Pittosporaceae: pittosporum
- Torricelliaceae
Dipsacales
- Adoxaceae: elder/elderberry, viburnum/arrowwood, moschatel, cassioberry
- Caprifoliaceae: honeysuckle, valerian, mache/cornsalad, linnaea/twinflower, zabelia, spikenard, widow flower
- Dipsacaceae: teasel, scabious/pincushion flower
Paracryphiales
- Paracryphiaceae: possumwood (Quintinia)
Icacinales
- Icacinaceae: ingudi
- Oncothecaceae
Metteniusales
- Metteniusaceae: white pear
Garryales
- Garryaceae: aucuba
- Eucommiaceae: hardy rubber tree
Boraginales
- Boraginaceae: borage, forget-me-not, comfrey, lungwort, navelwort
- Codonaceae
- Wellstediaceae
- Hydrophyllaceae: Aunt Lucy, baby blue eyes
- Namaceae
- Heliotropiaceae: heliotrope
- Ehretiaceae: ehretia/anacua/sandpaper tree
- Cordiaceae: manjack
- Lennoaceae
- Hoplestigmataceae
- Coldeniaceae
Gentianales
- Rubiaceae: coffee, gardenia, cinchona (quinine), remijia (quinine), noni, ixora, ipecacuanha (ipecac), kratom, woodruff, madder, yohimbe, jagua, café marron, Mexican clover
- Gentianaceae: gentian, screwstem
- Loganiaceae: strychnine tree, pinkroot
- Apocynaceae: oleander, milkweed, plumeria/frangipani, periwinkle, iboga, desert rose/impala lily, rauwolfia, dogbane, Natal plum, stephanotis {Madagascar jasmine}, dysentery bush/sea box, coral swirl/tellicherry bark
- Gelsemiaceae: yellow jasmine/evening trumpetflower
Vahliales
- Vahliaceae
Lamiales
- Acanthaceae: acanthus, zebra plant (Aphelandra squarrosa), shrimp plant, thunbergia
- Bignoniaceae: jacaranda, sausage tree, catalpa, china doll/emerald tree/serpent tree, ipe (Tabebuia)
- Byblidaceae: rainbow plant
- Calceolariaceae: lady's purse
- Carlemanniaceae
- Gesneriaceae: cyrtandra, African violet, gloxinia
- Lamiaceae: basil, rosemary, sage/salvia, thyme, lavender, mint {peppermint, spearmint, pennyroyal}, stachys, marjoram, oregano, catnip, chia, teak, patchouli, savory, hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), hyssop/za'atar (Origanum syriacum), lemon balm, ajuga, horehound, shiso, skullcap, beautyberry
- Lentibulariaceae: bladderwort, butterwort
- Linderniaceae: wishbone flower/bluewings
- Martyniaceae: tiger's claw
- Mazaceae: mazus
- Oleaceae: olive, lilac/syringa, ash, privet, jasmine, forsythia, osmanthus
- Orobanchaceae: Indian paintbrush, desert paintbrush, betony/lousewort (Pedicularis) {Furbish's lousewort}
- Paulowniaceae: paulownia
- Pedaliaceae: sesame
- Phrymaceae: lopseed
- Plantaginaceae: digitalis/foxglove, psyllium, penstemon/beardtongue, snapdragon, plantain (Plantago), hebe, brooklime, stemodia/twintip, Culver's root, mare's tail, turtlehead, veronica/speedwell
- Plocospermataceae
- Schlegeliaceae
- Scrophulariaceae: buddleia/butterfly bush, mullein, figwort
- Stilbaceae: notsung/tree fuchsia
- Tetrachondraceae: juniperleaf/rustweed
- Thomandersiaceae
- Verbenaceae: verbena/vervain
Solanales
- Solanaceae: pepper/chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) {bell pepper, sweet pepper, cayenne, habanero, jalapeño, chipotle, ghost pepper/bhut jolokia, paprika}, potato, tomato, tobacco, eggplant/aubergine, deadly nightshade/belladonna (Atropa belladonna), mandrake (Mandragora), goji, poha/goldenberry, tomatillo, tamarillo, pepino, dulcamara/bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), datura/jimsonweed, ají pepper, henbane, ashwagandha, tomacco, topepo
- Convolvulaceae: sweet potato, morning glory, ponysfoot/ponyfoot, wilsonia, woodrose, dodder
- Montiniaceae
- Sphenocleaceae
- Hydroleaceae: false fiddleleaf
Saxifragidae
Saxifragales
- Peridiscaceae
- Paeoniaceae: peony
- Altingiaceae: liquidambar
- Hamamelidaceae: witch-hazel
- Cercidiphyllaceae: katsura
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Crassulaceae: sedum/stonewort, kalanchoe, jade plant/friendship tree, pennywort, echeveria, aeonium {saucer plant}, cotyledon, orpine/livelong
- Aphanopetalaceae: gum vine
- Tetracarpaeaceae
- Penthoraceae: penthorum
- Haloragaceae: water milfoil, seaberry (Haloragis)
- Iteaceae: sweetspire
- Grossulariaceae: redcurrant, blackcurrant, gooseberry
- Saxifragaceae: saxifrage, astilbe
- Cynomoriaceae: desert thumb
Rosidae
Vitales
- Vitaceae: grape, Concord grape, muscadine {scuppernong}, creeper, bushkiller, ayo
Zygophyllales
- Zygophyllaceae: creosote bush, guaiacum/lignum vitae, caltrop, bean-caper/twinleaf (Zygophyllum)
- Krameriaceae: rhatany
Celastrales
- Celastraceae: khat/qat, bittersweet (Celastrus scandens)
- Lepidobotryaceae
Malphigiales
- Achariaceae: chaulmoogra
- Balanopaceae
- Bonnetiaceae
- Calophyllaceae: mammee, poon tree
- Caryocaraceae: souari tree
- Centroplacaceae
- Chrysobalanaceae: coco plum
- Clusiaceae: mangosteen, clusia
- Ctenolophonaceae
- Dichapetalaceae: gifblaar/poison leaf
- Elatinaceae: waterwort
- Erythroxylaceae: coca (cocaine)
- Euphorbiaceae: cassava, rubber, spurge/euphorbia {zigzag plant}, kukui/candlenut, castor bean, jatropha/physic nut, poinsettia, croton, sandbox tree/possumwood/jabillo (Hura crepitans)
- Euphroniaceae
- Goupiaceae: goupie
- Humiriaceae
- Hypericaceae: St. John's wort
- Irvingiaceae: African mango
- Ixonanthaceae
- Lacistemataceae
- Linaceae: flax
- Lophopyxidaceae
- Malpighiaceae: ayahuasca/caapi, acerola/Barbados cherry
- Ochnaceae: ochna
- Pandaceae
- Passifloraceae: passionfruit, maypop
- Peraceae: lightning bush
- Phyllanthaceae: sweet leaf/tropical asparagus (Sauropus androgynus), bignay
- Picrodendraceae: shrubby-spurge
- Podostemaceae: riverweed
- Putranjivaceae: ironplum
- Rafflesiaceae: rafflesia/stinking corpse lily
- Rhizophoraceae: true mangrove
- Salicaceae: willow {weeping willow, pussy willow, osier/basket willow}, aspen {quaking aspen/popple}, poplar {white poplar/silverleaf poplar}, cottonwood, xylosma, ramontchi/governor's plum, kei-apple
- Trigoniaceae
- Violaceae: violet {Johnny jump-up}, pansy
Oxalidales
- Huaceae
- Connaraceae: Indian zebrawood
- Oxalidaceae: starfruit, bilimbi
- Cunoniaceae: butterspoon tree, leatherwood (Eucryphia)
- Brunelliaceae: West Indian sumac
- Cephalotaceae: Albany pitcher plant
- Elaeocarpaceae: rudraksha tree, maqui/Chilean wineberry, quandong (Elaeocarpus)
Fabales
- Fabaceae (legumes): bean {green bean/string bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, lima bean/butter bean, black bean, navy bean}, pea {snap pea, snow pea}, peanut, garbanzo, lentil, tamarind, soybean, wisteria, clover {shamrock}, licorice/liquorice, mung bean, alfalfa, carob, adzuki bean, blackeye pea, kudzu, true indigo, cowpea, fava bean, acacia, mimosa/sensitive plant, jicama, mesquite, fenugreek, lupin, gorse/furze, laburnum, broom, rooibos, guar, mopane, African locust bean, joaquiniquil, long bean/asparagus bean, rosewood (Dalbergia), tonka bean, sweet pea, poinciana, runner bean, shittimwood, padauk/mukwa/narra, scarlet flame bean, brazilwood/pernambuco, yellowwood (Cladrastis), purpleheart, vetch {tare}, astragalus/milkvetch, ceibo (Erythrina crista-galli), palo verde, zebrawood (Microberlinia brazzavillensis), pagoda tree, jequirity, bitter-pea, campeche logwood
- Quillajaceae: soap-bark
- Polygalaceae: milkwort
- Surianaceae: bay cedar, ooline
Rosales
- Rosaceae: rose {eglantine}, apple, pear, cherry {sweet cherry/mazzard, morello, mahaleb cherry}, peach, strawberry, almond {sweet almond, bitter almond}, apricot, blackberry, loquat, plum {greengage, damson plum}, raspberry, nectarine, pluot, aprium, apriplum/plumcot, quince, boysenberry, aronia, Asian pear, black cherry, chokecherry, hawthorn/May tree/mayflower {tejocote}, Eastern mayhaw, medlar (Mespilus germanica), pyracantha, rowan, serviceberry, sloe, ume/Japanese apricot/Japanese plum/Chinese plum, crab-apple, dewberry, loganberry, wineberry, olallieberry, tormentil, cinquefoil, (salad) burnet, spiraea, filipendula, cotoneaster, photinia, salmonberry/mayberry
- Rhamnaceae: jujube, buckthorn, sea buckthorn, Christ's-thorn
- Elaeagnaceae: goumi, sea buckthorn, oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), silverberry
- Barbeyaceae
- Dirachmaceae
- Ulmaceae: elm {Dutch elm, wych-elm}, zelkova
- Cannabaceae: hemp, marijuana, hops, hackberry {beaverwood/sugarberry (Celtis occidentalis), honeyberry (Celtis australis)}
- Moraceae: breadfruit, fig {desert fig, sycamore (Ficus sycamorus), strangler fig, bearded fig}, mulberry, jackfruit, banyan, bodhi tree/bo tree, Osage orange, cempedak, monkey fruit, breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), breadnut (Artocarpus camansi), iroko/oji
- Urticaceae: nettle, cecropia, ramie
Fagales
- Nothofagaceae: southern beech
- Fagaceae: chestnut, oak {cork, live oak, black oak, Caucasian oak}, beech, chinquapin
- Myricaceae: yangmei, bayberry
- Juglandaceae: walnut {black walnut, English walnut, butternut}, hickory {pecan, shagbark hickory}, wingnut
- Ticodendraceae
- Betulaceae: birch, hazel (hazelnut), filbert, alder, hornbeam
- Casuarinaceae: she-oak/ironwood/cassowary tree
Cucurbitales
- Apodanthaceae: stemsucker
- Anisophylleaceae
- Corynocarpaceae
- Coriariaceae: tutu, redoul
- Cucurbitaceae: melon (muskmelon) {cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba melon, Santa Claus melon}, watermelon, cucumber, squash (winter/summer) {pumpkin, zucchini, kabocha, acorn squash}, gourd, kiwano/horned melon, calabash, chayote, loofah, bryony, colocynth, jiaogulan
- Tetramelaceae
- Datiscaceae: Durango root
- Begoniaceae: begonia
Geraniales
- Geraniaceae: geranium (Geranium and Pelargonium)
- Francoaceae: honey flower (Melianthus), bridalwreath
Myrtales
- Alzateaceae
- Combretaceae: white mangrove
- Crypteroniaceae
- Lythraceae: pomegranate, henna, loosestrife, water caltrop
- Melastomataceae: miconia, blue tongue, blakea
- Myrtaceae: guava, eucalyptus, clove, myrtle, strawberry guava, wax-apple, allspice, feijoa, guavaberry, camu camu, jaboticaba, lillypilly/satinash, Brazil cherry, pitanga/Suriname cherry, riberry, callistemon/bottlebrush, lehua, strawberry myrtle/ugniberry, manuka, Malabar plum/jamun
- Onagraceae: fuchsia, oenothera/sundrop, enchanter's nightshade, clarkia, fireweed/willowherb
- Penaeaceae: hard-pear
- Vochysiaceae: jacaré
Crossosomatales
- Strasburgeriaceae: ixerba/tawari
- Geissolomataceae
- Aphloiaceae
- Staphyleaceae
- Guamatelaceae
- Stachyuraceae: stachyurus
- Crossosomataceae: rockflower
Picramniales
- Picramniaceae: cedrinho
Sapindales
- Anacardiaceae: mango, cashew/acajou, pistachio, poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, sumac, smoke tree, marula, green plum, mastic
- Biebersteiniaceae
- Burseraceae: frankincense, myrrh, copal, bdellium/guggul, pili, galip nut
- Kirkiaceae
- Meliaceae: mahogany, langsat, chinaberry, neem, emu apple, toon, some mangroves
- Nitrariaceae: Syrian rue/harmal/harmel
- Rutaceae (including all the citrus species): lemon, orange {blood orange}, grapefruit, lime, tangerine, kumquat, mandarin, key lime, clementine, tangelo, yuzu, Buddha's hand, pomelo/shaddock, ugli/uniq fruit, citron {etrog}, bergamot, finger lime, Kaffir lime, bitter orange, kiyomi, Meyer lemon, limequat, orangequat, Persian lime, satsuma/mikan/naartjie, rue, Szechuan pepper, casimiroa/white sapote, wampee, spurge olive, burning bush/dittany/fraxinella, toothache tree (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis), curry tree
- Sapindaceae: maple {sugar maple, Japanese maple}, longan, lychee, rambutan, guarana, akee, genip, goldenrain tree, buckeye {Indian horse chestnut}, soapberry, korlan, hopbush/akeake
- Simaroubaceae: quassia, ailanthus {tree of heaven}, corkwood (Leitneria floridana)
Huerteales
- Dipentodontaceae
- Gerrardinaceae
- Petenaeaceae
- Tapisciaceae
Brassicales
- Akaniaceae: turnipwood
- Bataceae: saltwort/beachwort/pickleweed (Batis maritima)
- Brassicaceae: cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, radish, mustard, kohlrabi, collard greens, broccoflower, watercress, turnip, horseradish, wasabi, bok choy, arugula/rocket, tat soi, daikon, Chinese broccoli/kai-lan, mizuna, Napa cabbage, rapini, rutabaga/swede, sea kale, honesty, rapeseed, woad, maca, alyssum, wallflower
- Capparaceae: caper, temple plant
- Caricaceae: papaya, babaco, mountain papaya
- Cleomaceae: spider plant (Cleome)
- Emblingiaceae
- Gyrostemonaceae: camel poison
- Koeberliniaceae: crown of thorns/crucifixion thorn
- Limnanthaceae: meadowfoam
- Moringaceae: moringa
- Pentadiplandraceae
- Resedaceae: mignonette
- Salvadoraceae: toothbrush tree
- Setchellanthaceae
- Tiganophytaceae
- Tovariaceae
- Tropaeolaceae: nasturtium (Tropaeolum)
Malvales
- Bixaceae: achiote (source of annatto), silk-cotton tree
- Cistaceae (the rock-rose family): helianthemum, halimium/false sun-rose
- Cytinaceae: vampire cup
- Dipterocarpaceae: lauan
- Malvaceae: cotton, durian, cacao, hibiscus {rose of Sharon}, okra, kola, baobab, linden, hollyhock, marshmallow, jute mallow, abelmosk, kurrajong, money plant (Pachira aquatica), abutilon, kapok, balsa, mazapan, swampmallow, seashore mallow/sweatweed, majagua/majaguillo
- Muntingiaceae: calabur tree
- Neuradaceae: sand button
- Sarcolaenaceae
- Sphaerosepalaceae
- Thymelaeaceae: daphne {mezereum/mezereon}, agarwood/agalloch, ‘ākia
Monocots
Acoridae
Acorales
- Acoraceae: sweet flag
Alismatidae
Alismatales
- Tofieldiaceae: Harper's beauty
- Alismataceae: water-plantain, velvetleaf/sawah lettuce (Limnocharis)
- Butomaceae: flowering rush
- Hydrocharitaceae: elodea, freshwater eelgrass (Vallisneria), water nymph/naiad
- Aponogetonaceae: aponogeton/cape pondweed
- Scheuchzeriaceae
- Juncaginaceae: arrowgrass
- Maundiaceae
- Posidoniaceae: Neptune grass
- Ruppiaceae: widgeonweed/widgeon grass
- Cymodoceaceae: sea nymph
- Potamogetonaceae: pondweed
- Zosteraceae: marine eelgrass (Zostera)
- Araceae (the arum family): taro/dasheen, malanga/elephant ears/cocoyam/'ape, calla lily, philodendron, Jack-in-the-pulpit, dieffenbachia/dumb cane, ZZ plant, eddoe, skunk cabbage, Chinese evergreen, titan arum, duckweed, caladium
Petrosaviidae
Petrosaviales
- Petrosaviaceae
Dioscoreidae
Dioscorales
- Burmanniaceae: bluethread
- Dioscoreaceae: yam {nagaimo, yampee}, pia, Jew's beard/black bat plant
- Nartheciaceae: bog asphodel/yellow asphodel
Pandanales
- Cyclanthaceae: jipijapa/Panama hat plant
- Pandanaceae: pandanus/screwpine
- Stemonaceae
- Triuridaceae
- Velloziaceae
Liliidae
Liliales
- Corsiaceae
- Campynemataceae: green mountain lily
- Melanthiaceae: trillium, bunchflower
- Petermanniaceae
- Colchicaceae: naked lady, Chinese lantern lily, bellwort/merrybells
- Alstroemeriaceae: Peruvian lily
- Rhipogonaceae: supplejack/kareao
- Philesiaceae: Chilean bellflower/copihue
- Smilacaceae: smilax/catbrier, sarsaparilla
- Liliaceae: lily {Easter lily, tiger lily}, tulip, fritillary
Commelinidae
Arecales
- Dasypogonaceae: kingia/bullanock
- Arecaceae (palm): coconut, date, rattan, sago palm (Metroxylon sagu), açaí, carnauba, attap/nipa, toddy, raffia, sugar palm/gomuti palm (Arenga pinnata), talipot palm, betel nut, palmetto, palmyra, washingtonia, salak, saw palm/Everglades palm, aiphanes, xate, wax palm, doum palm, coco de mer, thatch palm, zombie palm, araque/palma real, Sierran palm
Bromeliales
- Bromeliaceae (bromeliad): pineapple, Spanish moss, aechmea/silver vase/urn plant, vriesea, dyckia, pitcairnia
- Typhaceae: cattail
Poales
- Mayacaceae
- Rapateaceae: Inírida flower
- Thurniaceae: palmiet
- Cyperaceae: sedge, papyrus, water chestnut, bulrush, spikerush
- Juncaceae: rush
- Eriocaulaceae: pipewort
- Xyridaceae: yellow-eyed grass
- Flagellariaceae: whip vine/false rattan/bush cane
- Poaceae (grain, grass): corn/maize, rice, wheat, barley, millet {fonio}, oats, rye, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo {terai}, reed, wild rice, lemongrass, durum (semolina), spelt, teff, einkorn, triticale, finger millet, emmer, teosinte, kernza, bluegrass, bluestem/andropogon, pampas grass, zoysia, timothy, crabgrass, Ozark grass, fescue, spinifex, beach grass/marram, pennisetum/fountaingrass, quitch/couch grass, brome {foxtail brome}, goatgrass
- Ecdeiocoleaceae
- Joinvilleaceae
- Restionaceae: restion, hopkinsia
Commelinales
- Commelinaceae: spiderwort, zebrina/wandering Jew (Tradescantia zebrina), dayflower/widow's tears
- Haemodoraceae: bloodwort, kangaroo paw
- Hanguanaceae
- Philydraceae: stream lily
- Pontederiaceae: water hyacinth, pickerelweed
Zingiberales
- Zingiberaceae: ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galangal, kra chai, zedoary
- Costaceae: costus {spiral ginger}
- Cannaceae: canna
- Marantaceae: arrowroot
- Lowiaceae
- Strelitziaceae: bird-of-paradise
- Heliconiaceae: heliconia/false bird-of-paradise
- Musaceae: banana, plantain (Musa), abacá, fe'i
Asparagidae
Asparagales
- Boryaceae: pincushion (Borya sphaerocephala)
- Blandfordiaceae: Christmas bells
- Lanariaceae: Cape edelweiss/lambtail
- Asteliaceae: astelia {pineapple grass}
- Hypoxidaceae: star lily/star grass
- Ixioliriaceae: Siberian lily
- Tecophilaeaceae: lady's-hand
- Doryanthaceae: gymea lily, giant spear lily
- Iridaceae: iris {Dutch iris, orrisroot, Persian iris}, crocus (saffron), gladiolus, Kaffir lily (Hesperantha coccinea), watsonia, freesia, flame freesia
- Xeronemataceae: Poor Knights lily
- Asphodelaceae: aloe, asphodel, pipe lily
- Xanthorrhoeaceae: grass tree
- Hemerocallidaceae: day lily, phormium
- Amaryllidaceae: garlic, onion, green onion, leek, daffodil, shallot, chive, amaryllis, narcissus, jonquil, pearl onion, agapanthus/lily of the Nile, snowdrop (Galanthus), oxblood lily, Natal lily/bush lily, snowflake
- Asparagaceae: asparagus, agave/century plant {sisal}, yucca, Joshua tree, ti/ki/good luck plant, lily-of-the-valley, bluebell (Hyacinthoides), hyacinth, ophiopogon, dracaena, hosta, dasylirion (sotol), soaproot/amole, ponytail palm, St. Bernard's lily, aphyllanthes, hesperaloe/false yucca, desert lily/ajo lily, butcher's broom, squill, spider plant (Chlorophytum), Canada mayflower, Solomon's seal
- Orchidaceae (orchid): vanilla, phalaenopsis/moth orchid, tiger orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), showy orchis, vanda, cattleya, cymbidium/boat orchid, dendrobium, disa, oncidium/dancing-lady orchid, golden shower orchid, bee orchid, Italian orchid, stanhopea, scorpion orchid, dragon's mouth orchid, Medusa orchid, eyelash orchid, comet orchid/angraecum {Darwin's orchid/Star of Bethlehem orchid}
