Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 2 - Time: Difference between revisions

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==Written history - '''ȝa̋raþa  festɘsą̋ra'''==
<font size = 4>
*The Loquent Peoples have no written accounts of historical facts.  There is, however, a detailed mythology of their creation which is related in [[Sefdaanian Ethnograpy Chapter 8 – Faith]].


==Calendar - '''áhluxta̋ga'''==
==Pronunciation table==
*The Sefdaanian calendar system was devised by Ȝumɱa̋ku Ma̋nu, the mage of astronomy.  Both the solar cycle and the lunar cycle are used in the ancient original calendar, without an attempt to reconcile the two.  The solar cycle is used to number the months and mark the solar festivals and to establish dates, whereas the lunar cycle is used exclusively for marking the semimonthly lunar celebrations.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1150px;"
===The Eons and the Eras ('''ȝı̋kask̬e þ̇űdask̬e''')===
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
*Sefdaanian history/mythology is divided into seven eons ('''ȝı̋ka''') of 225,000,000 years each.
|
**The First Eon was that of Yumu ('''ȝumȝı̋ka'''), the Self-existent ('''miese̋ntu'''), the Ancient-One-Who-Is ('''sénese̋ntu''') and, in reality, stretches back eternally. At the end of that eon, he created light.
|
**The Second Eon was that of light ('''f̣oþȝı̋ka'''). At the end of the Second Eon, he created the cosmos.
! colspan="6" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
**The Third Eon was that of the cosmos ('''ṡafȝı̋ka'''). At the end of the Third Eon, he created the elements.
|
**The Fourth Eon was that of the elements ('''þę́xesȝı̋ka'''). At the end of the Fourth Eon, he created the sentient beings.
|
**The Fifth Eon was that of the sentient beings ('''úþmantëȝı̋ka'''). The Fifth Eon is divided into six eras of 26,000 years each. At the beginning of each era, he created one of the loquent beings.
! colspan="6" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
**The Sixth Eon was that of the loquent beings ('''sáɱantɘȝı̋ka'''). The Sixth Eon is divided into six eras of 26,000 years each. At the beginning of each era, he created one of the loquent beings.
|
***The First Era was that of the Ethrans ('''íðṙonþ̇űda'''), the Children of Air, 200,000 BP.
|
***The Second Era was that of the Pyrans ('''ą́þ̇onþ̇űda'''), the Children of Fire, 174,000 BP.
! colspan="6-" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
***The Third Era was that of the Hydorans ('''huṙonþ̇űda'''), the Children of Water, 148,000 BP.
|
***The Fourth Era was that of the Humans ('''táḷonþ̇űda'''), the Children of Earth, 122,000 BP.
|
***The Fifth Era was that of the Xylans ('''mą́ṭonþ̇űda'''), the Children of Wood, 96,000 BP.
! colspan="2" |
***The Sixth Era was that of the Lithans ('''táiṅonþ̇űda'''), the Children of Stone, 70,000 BP.  It was during this Era that the Great Sundering ('''mezpűla''') occurred, during which many fell out of harmony.
|
**After the Great Sundering the Seventh Eon began, the Final Eon ('''muᵹȝı̋ka'''), the one in which we live today. This Seventh Eon extends as far into the future as the First Eon extends back into the past.
|
! colspan="6" | '''ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(vowels with प)
|
|
! colspan="3" | '''nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(weak vowels)
|-
! <center>p</center>
! b
! f
! v
! m̃
! m
|
|
! t
! d
! þ
! ð
! ɫ
! l
|
|
! ṡ
! ż
! s
! z
! r
! n
|
|
! k
! g
! x
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
! h
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
! š
! s̨
|
|
! i
! e
! a
! [[Wikipedia:O|ɔ]]
! o
! u
|
|
! ı
! ɛ
! y
|-
! <center>प</center>
! ब
! फ
! भ
! म़
! म
|
|
! त
! द
! थ
! ध
! ल़
! ल
|
|
! च
! ज
! स
! स़
! र
! न
|
|
! क
! ग
! क़
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ग़]]
! ह
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|य]]
|
|
! स्व
! स्य
|
|
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! ए एै<br>ए पै
! अ आ<br>प पा
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
! ओ औ<br>पो पौ
! उ ऊ<br>पु पू
|
|
! पं
! पऺ
! पॅ
|-
| /p/
| /b/
| /ɸ/
| /β/
| /m̥/
| /m/
!
!
| /t/
| /d/
| /θ/
| /ð/
| /l̥/
| /l/
!
!
| /ʦ/
| /ʣ/
| /s/
| /z/
| /ɾ̥/
| /n/
!
!
| /k/
| /g/
| /ç/
| /ʝ/
| /j̊/
| /j/
!
!
| /sʷ/
| /sʲ/
!
!
| /i/
| /e/
| /ä/
| /ɒ/
| /o/
| /u/
!
!
| /ɪ/
| /ɛ/
| /ʊ/
|}


==The Solar Cycle – '''sųlmőda'''==
*The solar year begins at the winter solstice ('''hemsűka''') and must begin on '''ilma̋ha'''.
*Each of the twelve solar months ('''za̋lta''', 'twelfth') consists of five six-day weeks.  As this gives a total of only 360 days, an intercalary week ('''ɱǫ̋ga pena̋ha''') of five days is added after the twelfth month.  In a leap year ('''ite̋na''') this intercalary week has six days ('''ɱǫ̋ga ruþa̋ha''').
*The solar year is divided into six seasons ('''ȝę̋ra'''), each consisting of two periods of approximately 45 days.  These '''ȝę̋ras''' begin every 30° on the ecliptic ('''sųlf̣ǫ̋lo''').


===The Seasons - '''ȝę̋ra'''===
==Written history - '''ȝa̋raþa postɛsa̋a̋r̈a''' य॓रथ पोस्तऺसआ॓र ==
*There are six seasons in the Sefdaanian year.
*The Loquent Peoples have no written accounts of historical facts. There is, however, a detailed mythology of their creation which is related in [[Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 8 - Faith|Chapter 8 – Faith]].
 
 
==Calendar - '''áhluxta̋ga''' अ॑ह्लुक़्त॓ग==
*The Sefdaanian calendar system was devised by Ȝumm̃a̋ku Ma̋nu, the archimage of astronomy. Both the solar cycle and the lunar cycle are used in the ancient original calendar, without an attempt to reconcile the two. The solar cycle is used to number the months, to mark the solar festivals and to establish dates, whereas the lunar cycle is used exclusively for marking the semimonthly lunar celebrations.
 
 
==The Eons and the Eras - '''ȝı̋kask̬e þ̨űdask̬e''' यि॓कस्क्वे थ्यु॓दस्क्वे==
*Sefdaanian history/mythology is divided into three eons ('''ȝı̋ka''' यि॓क) and fourteen eras ('''þ̨űda''' थ्यु॓द). An era is 25,920 years long.
*The First Eon was that of Yumu ('''ȝumȝı̋ka''' युम्यि॓क), the Self-existent ('''mi-bűȝantu''' मि-बु॓यन्तु), the Ancient-One-Who-Is ('''sene̋santu''' सेने॓यन्तु) and, in reality, extends back eternally.
*The end of this eon is marked by the creation of air, the first element. This is reckoned to have taken place in the year 358,560 B.C.E.
**This is the Era of Air ('''gaalþ̨űda''' गआथ्यु॓द). The creation of air marks the beginning of the Second Eon, that of the Elements ('''þééxesȝı̋ka''' धैक़ेस्यि॓क).
**The Era of Fire ('''aaþ̨̈űda''' आथ्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the second element, fire, in the year 332,640.
**The Era of Water ('''hurþ̨űda''' हुर्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the third element, water, in the year 306,720.
**The Era of Earth ('''talþ̨űda''') begins with the creation of the fourth element, earth, in the year 280,800.
**The Era of Wood ('''maaþ̨̈űda''' मआथ्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the fifth element, wood, in the year 254,880.
**The Era of Stone ('''taainþ̨űda''' तआइन्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the sixth element, stone, in the year 228,960.
*The Eon of Life ('''ǧiiȝı̋ka''' ग्वीयि॓क) begins with the creation of the plants.
**The Era of Plants ('''muulþ̨űda''' मूल्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of plants in the year 203,040.
**The Era of Animals ('''tasþ̨űda''' तस्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the animals in the year 177,120.
**The Era of the Ethrans ('''gáál̨onþ̨űda''' गआ॔ल्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Air, begins with the creation of the Ethrans in the year 151,200.
**The Era of the Pyrans ('''ááþ̨onþ̨űda''' आ॓थ्योन्थ्यु॓द ), the Children of Fire, begins with the creation of the Pyrans in the year 125,280.
**The Era of the Hydorans ('''húr̨onþ̨űda''' हु॔र्योन्थयु॓द), the Children of Water, begins with the creation of the Hydorans in the year 99,360.
***It was half way through this Era, in the year 86,400, that the Great Sundering ('''me̋ża pűlra''' मे॓ज पु॓ल्र) occurred, when many fell out of harmony.
**The Era of the Humans ('''tál̨onþ̨űda''' त॓ल्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Earth, begins with the creation of the Humans in the year 73,440.
**The Era of the Xylans ('''máát̨onþ̨̈űda''' मआ॓त्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Wood, begins with the creation of the Xylans in the year 47,520.
**The Era of the Lithans ('''tááin̨onþ̨űda''' तआ॓इन्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Stone, begins with the creation of the Lithans in the year 21,600.
*In the year 11,500, the Ethrans revised the calendar and, regressing, started the era on the winter solstice of 21,600 in the Domain of the [[Wikipedia:East Caucasian tur|Tur]]. This became the first year of the renamed Present Era ('''nı̋ka þ̨űda''') which extends into the future as far as the First Eon extends back into the past.
 
==The Solar Cycle – '''suulmőda''' सूल्मो॓द==
*The solar year begins at the winter solstice ('''hemsűka''' हेम्सुक) and must begin on '''ilma̋ha'''.
*Each of the twelve solar months ('''f̨a̋ga''' फ्य॓ग) consists of five six-day weeks ('''saaða̋ha''' सआध॓ह). As this gives a total of only 360 days, an intercalary week ('''m̃óóƣpena̋ha''' मौ॔ग़्पेन॓ह) of five days is added after the twelfth month. In a leap year ('''iþdı̋la''' इथ्दि॓ल) this intercalary week has six days ('''m̃óóƣsaaða̋ha''' मौ॔ग़्सआध॓ह).
 
 
==The Seasons - '''ȝe̋e̋ra''' यै॓र==
*The solar year is divided into six seasons, each consisting of two periods of approximately 45 days. These '''ȝe̋e̋ras''' begin every 30° on the ecliptic ('''suulf̨őőlo''' सूल्फौ॓लो).
*The underlined names are those used when only four seasons are recognized.
*The underlined names are those used when only four seasons are recognized.
**'''<u>he̋ma</u>''' (winter) 11/23-1/20 – cold to freezing; heavy snow, sometimes sleet or rain; heavy cloud cover most of the time.
**'''<u>he̋ma</u>''' हे॓म (winter) 11/23-1/20 – cold to freezing; heavy snow, sometimes sleet or rain; heavy cloud cover most of the time.
**'''<u>kı̋ða</u>''' (spring) 1/21-3/20 – rising temperature with melting of ice and snow; frequent and heavy rain with heavy cloud cover; plants begin to flower, trees to leaf.
**'''kı̋ða''' कि॓ध (late-winter) 1/21-3/20 – rising temperature with melting of ice and snow; frequent and heavy rain with heavy cloud cover; plants begin to flower, trees to leaf.
**'''ke̋sa''' (early-summer) 3/21-5/21 – temperature continues to rise; ground begins to dry out; plants are in full bloom and leaf; increased sun and wind; warm days and cool nights.
**'''<u>ke̋sa</u>''' के॓स (spring) 3/21-5/21 – temperature continues to rise; ground begins to dry out; plants are in full bloom and leaf; increased sun and wind; warm days and cool nights.
**'''<u>lę̋ta</u>''' (summer) 5/22-7/22 – hot and dry; rains infrequently with little cloud cover; grass turns brown.
**'''<u>le̋e̋ta</u>''' लै॓त (summer) 5/22-7/22 – hot and dry; rains infrequently with little cloud cover; grass turns brown.
**'''<u>kų̋ra</u>''' (autumn) 7/23-9/23 – cooler; clouds in morning and evening often with light rain; leaves begin to change color; crops ready to harvest.
**'''kűűra''' कू॓र (late-summer) 7/23-9/23 – cooler; clouds in morning and evening often with light rain; leaves begin to change color; crops ready to harvest.
**'''ı̨̋fa''' (early-winter) 9/24-11/22 – temperature continues to fall; leaves begin to fall; increasing rainfall; crisp nights with frost in the morning.
**'''<u>ı̋pa</u>''' इ॓प (autumn) 9/24-11/22 – temperature continues to fall; leaves begin to fall; increasing rainfall; crisp nights with frost in the morning.
*Eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year:
*Eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year:
↘ = number of days until the next celebration.
::↓ = number of days until the next celebration.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | winter solstice
! align=center | winter solstice
| align=center | '''hemsűka'''
| align=center | '''hemsűka''' हेम्सु॓क
| align=center | 12/22  
| align=center | 12/22  
| align=center | 0°  
| align=center | 0°  
| align=center | 43 days ↘
| align=center | 42 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | spring festival
! align=center | late winter festival
| align=center | '''kiðsa̋rno'''
| align=center | '''kiðsa̋rno''' किध्स॓र्नो
| align=center | 2/2
| align=center | {{Color|red|2/2}}
| align=center | 45°  
| align=center | 45°  
| align=center | 45 days ↘
| align=center | 46 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | vernal equinox
! align=center | vernal equinox
| align=center | '''kiðpa̋ra'''
| align=center | '''kespa̋ra''' केस्प॓र
| align=center | 3/21
| align=center | 3/21
| align=center | 90°  
| align=center | 90°  
| align=center | 45 days ↘
| align=center | 44 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | early-summer festival
! align=center | spring festival
| align=center | '''kesa̋rno'''
| align=center | '''kes̈a̋ro''' केस्स॓रो
| align=center | 5/5  
| align=center | {{Color|red|5/5}}
| align=center | 135°  
| align=center | 135°  
| align=center | 47 days ↘
| align=center | 46 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | summer solstice
! align=center | summer solstice
| align=center | '''lęþsűka'''
| align=center | '''leeþsűka''' लैथ्सु॓क
| align=center | 6/21
| align=center | 6/21
| align=center | 180°  
| align=center | 180°  
| align=center | 45 days ↘
| align=center | 47 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | autumn festival
! align=center | late summer festival
| align=center | '''kųrsa̋rno'''
| align=center | '''kuursa̋rno''' कूर्स॓र्नो
| align=center | 8/6  
| align=center | {{Color|red|8/6}}
| align=center | 225°  
| align=center | 225°  
| align=center | 46 days ↘
| align=center | 48 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | early-winter equinox
! align=center | late summer equinox
| align=center | '''ifpa̋ra'''
| align=center | '''kuurpa̋ra''' कूर्प॓र
| align=center | 9/23
| align=center | 9/23
| align=center | 270°  
| align=center | 270°  
| align=center | 43 days ↘
| align=center | 44 days↓
|-
|-
| align=center | early-winter festival
! align=center | autumn festival
| align=center | '''ifsa̋rno'''
| align=center | '''ifsa̋rno''' इफ्स॓र्नो
| align=center | 11/5
| align=center | {{Color|red|11/5}}
| align=center | 315°
| align=center | 315°
| align=center | 46 days ↗
| align=center | 45 days↓
|}
|}
*The dates of these cross-quarter days do not coincide with those of the contemporary festivals.
*The dates of these [[WikipediaQuarter days|{{Color|red|cross-quarter}}]] days do not coincide with those of the contemporary festivals.
 
 
==The Solar Months - '''f̨a̋ga''' फ्येग==
*The agrarian Peoples ('''zɔ̋ðm̃us''' स़ॊ॓ध्म़ुस्), the three Peoples who grow crops and herd livestock, ''i.e.'', the Pyrans, Humans and Lithans, have a twelve-month calendar, the names of which months are taken from the natural world.


===The Solar Months - '''za̋lta'''===
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The twelve months of the year</div>
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The twelve months of the year</div>
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | # of month
! align=center | Name of month
| align=center | Name of month
! align=center | Translation
| align=center | Translation
! align=center | Dates
| align=center | Dates
! align=center | Season
| align=center | Season
|-
|-
| align=center | 1
| align=center | '''sigf̨a̋ga''' सिग्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''puvza̋lta'''
| align=center | snowstorm month
| align=center | frostbite month
| align=center | 12/22-1/20
| align=center | 12/22-1/20
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 2
| align=center | '''piiþf̨a̋ga''' पीथ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''fomza̋lta'''
| align=center | sap-tapping month
| align=center | struggling-through-snow month
| align=center | 1/21-2/19
| align=center | 1/20-2/18
| align=center | '''kiða'''
| align=center | '''kiða'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 3
| align=center | '''aivf̨a̋ga''' अइभ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''pįþza̋lta'''
| align=center | grass-sprouting month
| align=center | sap-tapping month
| align=center | 2/20-3/21
| align=center | 2/19-3/20
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 4
| align=center | '''ṡaarf̨a̋ga''' चआर्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''tivza̋lta'''
| align=center | antler-growing month
| align=center | grass-sprouting month
| align=center | 3/22-4/20
| align=center | 3/21-4/19
| align=center | '''ke̋sa'''
| align=center | '''ke̋sa'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 5
| align=center | '''nanf̨a̋ga''' नन्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''nanza̋lta'''
| align=center | flower-blooming month
| align=center | flower-blooming month
| align=center | 4/20-5/20
| align=center | 4/21-5/20
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 6
| align=center | '''tiiþf̨a̋ga''' तीथफ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''ovza̋lta'''
| align=center | heating month
| align=center | sun-heating month
| align=center | 5/21-6/19
| align=center | 5/21-6/20
| align=center | '''le̋e̋ta'''
| align=center | '''lę̋ta'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 7
| align=center | '''gaþf̨a̋ga''' गथ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''cąrza̋lta'''
| align=center | berry-picking month
| align=center | antler-growing month
| align=center | 6/20-7/19
| align=center | 6/21-7/22
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 8
| align=center | '''b̬aaþf̨a̋ga''' ब्वआथ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''nimza̋lta'''
| align=center | velvet-shedding month
| align=center | velvet-shedding month
| align=center | 7/23-8/23
| align=center | 7/20-8/18
| align=center | '''kų̋ra'''
| align=center | '''kűűra'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 9
| align=center | '''aaxf̨a̋ga''' आक़्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''tęrza̋lta'''
| align=center | colored-leaf month
| align=center | coloring month
| align=center | 8/19-9/17
| align=center | 8/24-9/22
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 10
| align=center | '''gusf̨a̋ga''' गुस्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''caðza̋lta'''
| align=center | leaf-falling month
| align=center | 9/18-10/17
| align=center | '''ı̋fa'''
|-
| align=center | '''ṡaðf̨a̋ga''' चध्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | rutting month
| align=center | rutting month
| align=center | 9/23-10/22
| align=center | 10/18-11/16
| align=center | '''ı̨̋fa'''
|-
| align=center | 11
| align=center | '''gusza̋lta'''
| align=center | leaf-falling month
| align=center | 10/23-11/20
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 12
| align=center | '''luunf̨a̋ga''' लून्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | '''lumza̋lta'''
| align=center | snow-falling month
| align=center | snow-falling month
| align=center | 11/22-12/16
| align=center | 11/17-12/16
| align=center | '''he̋ma'''
| align=center | '''he̋ma'''
|-
|-
| align=center | '''m̃óóƣpena̋ha''' म़ौ॔ग़्पेन॓ह
| align=center | intercalary week
| align=center | 12/17-12/21
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''ɱǫ̋ga pena̋ha'''
|}
| align=center | intercalary week
 
*The Xylans also have a twelve-month calendar, the months of which are named after trees.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! align=center | Name of month
! align=center | Translation
! align=center | Dates
! align=center | Season
|-
| align=center | '''ȝoinf̨a̋ga''' योइन्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Juniperus excelsa|juniper]]
| align=center | 12/22-1/20
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | '''oim̃f̨a̋ga'''  ओइम्फ्य॔ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Sorbus torminalis|wild service tree]]
| align=center | 1/21-2/19
| align=center | '''kiða'''
|-
| align=center | '''s̨ulf̨a̋ga''' स्युल्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Pinus cembra|Swiss pine]]
| align=center | 2/20-3/21
| align=center |
|-
| align=center |  '''tilf̨a̋ga''' तिल्फौयृग
| align=center |  [[Wikipedia:Tilia platyphyllos|linden]]
| align=center | 3/22-4/20
| align=center | '''ke̋sa'''
|-
| align=center | '''uƣf̨a̋ga''' उग़्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Betula pendula|silver birch]]
| align=center | 4/21-5/20
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | '''kɔnf̨a̋ga'''  कॊन्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Cornus mas|cornelian cherry]]
| align=center | 5/21-6/19
| align=center | '''le̋e̋ta'''
|-
| align=center | '''xivf̨a̋ga''' क़िभ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Fraxinus excelsior|ash]]
| align=center | 6/20-7/19
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | '''aizf̨a̋ga''' अइस़्फौय॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Quercus petraea|sessile oak]]
| align=center | 7/20-8/18
| align=center | '''kűűra'''
|-
| align=center | '''vaazf̨a̋ga''' भआस़्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Fagus sylvatica|beech]]
| align=center | 8/19-9/17
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | '''leezf̨a̋ga''' लैस़्फौयृग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Corylus avellana|hazelnut]]
| align=center | 9/18-10/17
| align=center | '''ı̋ı̋fa'''
|-
| align=center | '''iim̃f̨a̋ga''' ईम़्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Taxus baccata|yew]]
| align=center | 10/18-11/16
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | '''toof̨̈a̋ga''' तौफ्फ्य॓ग
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Ulmus glabra|elm]]
| align=center | 11/17-12/16
| align=center | '''he̋ma'''
|-
| align=center | '''m̃óóƣpena̋ha''' मौ॓ग़्मेन॓ह
| align=center | 12/17-12/21
| align=center | 12/17-12/21
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|}
|}
===System of Dating – '''ahluka̋m pą̋so'''===
 
*The days of the months are numbered using the cardinal number with the name of the month in the stative case. Thus, '''lumza̋lta''' 25th would be '''lumzalta̋s ẋűr pen'''.
 
*The years are numbered according to their order in the era or eon. The current era is called the present era and dates from the winter solstice of 42,000 B.C. Thus the present year dated from 22 December 2014 is N.T. (N.Þ.) 44,014. N.T. (N.Þ.) stands for '''nı̋ka þ̇űda̋s''', ‘of the present era’.
==System of Dating – '''ahluka̋m ta̋ga''' अह्लुक॓म् त॓ग==
===The Zodiac – '''þasmőda'''===
*The days of the months are numbered using the cardinal number with the name of the month in the genitive case. Thus, '''aaxf̨a̋ga''' 25th would be '''aaxf̨aga̋s d̬ófoos pe̋n'''.
*The zodiac is the annual cycle of the sun around the ecliptic. The Ethrans saw in the star arrangements fanciful pictures of the animals that were native to Sefdaania, arranged in a more or less equal distribution around the ecliptic. They divided the ecliptic into twelve domains ('''ą̋ra''') of 30° each.
*The years are numbered according to their order in the era. The current era, the Present Era, dates from the winter solstice of 21,600 B.C.E. Thus the year 2024-25, dated from 22 December 2024, is N.T. (N.Þ.) 23,625. N.T. (N.Þ.) stands for '''nı̋ka þ̨uda̋s''' नि॓क थ्यद॓स, of the present era.
 
 
==The Zodiac – '''þasmőda''' थस्मो॓द==
*The [[Wikipedia:Zodiac|zodiac]] is the annual cycle of the sun around the [[Wikipedia:Ecliptic|ecliptic]]. The Ethrans saw in the star arrangements fanciful pictures of the animals that were native to Sefdaania, arranged in a more or less equal distribution around the ecliptic. They divided the ecliptic into twelve domains ('''zila̋a̋ra''' स़िलआ॓र) of 30° each.
*By the Sefdaanian reckoning, the starting point of the ecliptic is at the winter solstice which is marked 0°, although the vernal equinox is at 0° by contemporary reckoning.
*By the Sefdaanian reckoning, the starting point of the ecliptic is at the winter solstice which is marked 0°, although the vernal equinox is at 0° by contemporary reckoning.
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
 
| align=center | degree
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | domain
! align=center | degree
| align=center | date
! align=center | domain
! align=center | binomial
! align=center | date
|-
|-
| align=center | 0°
! align=center | 0°
| align=center | tur/'''kı̋te'''
| align=center | unicorn<br>'''pı̋ṡe''' पि॓चे
| align=center | †''Alcephalus monoceros''
| align=center | 12/22
| align=center | 12/22
|-
|-
| align=center | 30°
! align=center | 30°
| align=center | bear/'''ve̋re'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Aurochs|aurochs]]<br>'''ta̋ure''' त॓उरष
| align=center | 1/20
| align=center | ''Bos primigenius''
| align=center | 1/21
|-
|-
| align=center | 60°
! align=center | 60°
| align=center | eagle/'''őre'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Hare|hare]]<br>'''ṡe̋ṡe''' चे॓चे
| align=center | ''Lepus timidus''
| align=center | 2/19
| align=center | 2/19
|-
|-
| align=center | 90°
! align=center | 90°
| align=center | horse/'''mőre'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Dragon|dragon]]<br>'''m̨űde''' म्यु॓दे
| align=center | †''Draco volans''
| align=center | 3/21
| align=center | 3/21
|-
|-
| align=center | 120°
! align=center | 120°
| align=center | hare/'''cą̋se'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Panthera spelaea|lion]]<br>'''bı̋ı̋re''' बी॓रे
| align=center | †''Panthera spelaea''
| align=center | 4/20
| align=center | 4/20
|-
|-
| align=center | 150°
! align=center | 150°
| align=center | turtle/'''kűe'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Przewalski's horse|horse]]<br>'''mőre''' मो॓रे
| align=center | ''Equus ferus przewalskii''
| align=center | 5/21
| align=center | 5/21
|-
|-
| align=center | 180°
! align=center | 180°
| align=center | aurochs/'''ta̋ure'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:West Caucasian tur|tur]]<br>'''kı̋te''' कि॓ते
| align=center | ''Capra caucasica''
| align=center | 6/21
| align=center | 6/21
|-
|-
| align=center | 210°
! align=center | 210°
| align=center | lion/'''sı̋nᵹe'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Golden eagle|eagle]]<br>'''műire''' मु॓इरे
| align=center | ''Aquila chrysaëtos''
| align=center | 7/23
| align=center | 7/23
|-
|-
| align=center | 240°
! align=center | 240°
| align=center | dragon/'''pą̋me'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Wild boar|boar]]<br>'''epe̋re''' एपे॓रे
| align=center | ''Sus scrofa''
| align=center | 8/24
| align=center | 8/24
|-
|-
| align=center | 270°
! align=center | 270°
| align=center | boar/'''epe̋re'''
| align=center |[[Wikipedia:Adder|serpent]]<br> '''ne̋e̋þre''' नै॓थरे
| align=center | ''Vipera berus''
| align=center | 9/23
| align=center | 9/23
|-
|-
| align=center | 300°
! align=center | 300°
| align=center | squirrel/ '''oɱe̋re'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Eurasian otter|otter]]<br>'''dage̋re''' दगे॓रे
| align=center | '''L. lutra'''
| align=center | 10/23
| align=center | 10/23
|-
|-
| align=center | 330°
! align=center | 330°
| align=center | fish/'''ḍa̋ge'''
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Black Sea salmon|salmon]]<br>'''la̋ṡe''' ल॓चे
| align=center | 11/22
| align=center | ''Salmo labrax''
| align=center | 11/23
|}
|}


===The Sexagenary Cycle – '''tı̨̋r ẋurᵹe̋va mőda'''===
 
*By combining the twelve zodiac signs ('''þásmoðne̋uo''') with the names of the five precious jewels ('''a̋ro ṅe̋mo'''): amethyst ('''łı̋fo'''), emerald ('''mı̋lo'''), ruby ('''ẋų̋ro'''), topaz ('''pų̋co''') and sapphire ('''d̬ı̋no'''), a sexagenary cycle was created which is also used extensively in dating events, so that events are recorded as taking place in the year of the amethyst lion, the sapphire dragon, ''etc''.
==The Week - '''saada̋ha''' सआद॓ह==
===The Week - '''ruþa̋ha'''===
*After the creation of all six of the Loquent Peoples, the days of the week (which formerly were simply numbered) were given the names of the six [[Wikipedia:Avatar|avatars]] of '''Ȝűmu''' worshipped by each people, in the order of the creation of each people.
*After the creation of all six of the Loquent Peoples, the days of the week (which were formerly simply numbered) were given the names of the six avatars of God worshipped by each people, in the order of the creation of each people.
*When a seventh day is needed for the contemporary calendar, it is named '''ilmɛȝı̋ta''' इल्मऺयित, Ilmus' eve. The week is then '''sefa̋ha''' सेफ॓ह.
*When a seventh day is needed for the contemporary calendar, it is named '''ílmɘȝı̋ta''', Ilmus’ eve. The week is then '''sefa̋ha'''.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | '''ilma̋ha'''
! align=center | '''ilma̋ha''' इल्म॓ह
| align=center | Ilmus’ day
| align=center | Ilmus' day
| align=center | Ethrans
| align=center | Ethrans
| align=center | Sunday
| align=center | Sunday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''pų́sana̋ha'''
! align=center | '''púúsena̋ha''' पू॔सेन॓ह
| align=center | Puusenus’ day
| align=center | Puusenus' day
| align=center | Pyrans
| align=center | Pyrans
| align=center | Monday
| align=center | Monday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''nęra̋ha'''
! align=center | '''neera̋ha''' नैर॓ह
| align=center | Neerus’ day
| align=center | Neerus' day
| align=center | Hydorans
| align=center | Hydorans
| align=center | Tuesday
| align=center | Tuesday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''tárona̋ha'''
! align=center | '''tárona̋ha''' त॔रोन॓ह
| align=center | Taronus’ day
| align=center | Taronus' day
| align=center | Humans
| align=center | Humans
| align=center | Wednesday
| align=center | Wednesday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''pérkuna̋ha'''
! align=center | '''pérkuna̋ha''' पे॔र्कुन॓ह
| align=center | Perkunus’ day
| align=center | Perkunus' day
| align=center | Xylans
| align=center | Xylans
| align=center | Thursday
| align=center | Thursday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''kábeira̋ha'''
! align=center | '''kábeira̋ha''' क॔बेउर॓ह
| align=center | Kabeirus’ day
| align=center | Kabeirus' day
| align=center | Lithans
| align=center | Lithans
| align=center | Friday
| align=center | Friday
|-
|-
| align=center | '''ílmɘȝı̋ta'''
! align=center | '''ilmɛȝı̋ta''' इल्मऺयित
| align=center | Ilmus’ eve
| align=center | Ilmus’ eve
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | Saturday
| align=center | Saturday
|}
|}
===The Day - '''a̋ha'''===
 
*All time and calendar references are based on a duodecimal system. The day is divided into 24 sections known as '''te̋nas'''. The day begins at sunrise ('''nę̋da'''). In modern times this is considered to be 6:00 a.m. Each of the hours is named for an animal, as follows:
 
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
==The Day - '''a̋ha''' अ॓ह==
| align=center | 1st hour (6:00 a.m.)
*All time and calendar references are based on a duodecimal system. The day is divided into 24 sections known as '''te̋nas'''. The day begins at sunrise ('''ne̋e̋da''' नै॓द). In modern times this is considered to be 6:00 a.m. Each of the hours is named for a flying animal, as follows:
| align=center | hoopoe
 
| align=center | '''ópofte̋na'''
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! align=center | 1st hour (6:00 a.m.)
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Eastern imperial eagle|eagle]]
| align=center | ''Aquila heliaca''
| align=center | '''muirte̋na'''
|-
! align=center | 2nd hour
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common quail|quail]]
| align=center | ''C. coturnix''
| align=center | '''réékinte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 2nd hour
! align=center | 3rd hour
| align=center | quail
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common crane|common crane]]
| align=center | '''rę́kinte̋na'''
| align=center | ''G. grus''
| align=center | '''gérante̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 3rd hour
! align=center | 4th hour
| align=center | grebe
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Whooper swan|whooper swan]]
| align=center | '''kuite̋na'''
| align=center | ''C. cygnus ''
| align=center | '''elm̃ıte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 4th hour
! align=center | 5th hour
| align=center | stork
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common chaffinch|chaffinch]]
| align=center | '''hoste̋na'''
| align=center | ''Fringilla coelebs''
| align=center | '''fingɛte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 5th hour
! align=center | 6th hour
| align=center | swan
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Honey bee|honey bee]]
| align=center | '''kųᵹte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Apis mellifera''
| align=center | '''viite̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 6th hour
! align=center | 7th hour (noon)
| align=center | honey bee
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Gyrfalcon|gyrfalcon]]
| align=center | '''vįte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Falco rusticolus''
| align=center | '''árgifte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 7th hour (noon)
! align=center | 8th hour
| align=center | eagle
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:grey partridge|grey partridge]]
| align=center | '''orte̋na'''
| align=center | ''P. perdix lucida''
| align=center | '''m̃órtoxte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 8th hour
! align=center | 9th hour
| align=center | swift
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:White stork|stork]]
| align=center | '''ᵹelte̋na'''
| align=center | ''C. ciconia''
| align=center | '''guzte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 9th hour
! align=center | 10th hour
| align=center | loon
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Taiga bean goose|goose]]
| align=center | '''axte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Anser fabalis''
| align=center | '''gaarte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 10th hour
! align=center | 11th hour
| align=center | heron
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Eurasian jay|jay]]
| align=center | '''rǫðte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Garrulus glandarius''
| align=center | '''ṡeihte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 11th hour
! align=center | 12th hour
| align=center | goose
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Papilio machaon|butterfly]]
| align=center | '''gąrte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Papilio machaon''
| align=center | '''páápilte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 12th hour
! align=center | 13th hour (6:00 p.m.)
| align=center | butterfly
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Osprey|osprey]]
| align=center | '''pą́pilte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Pandion haliaëtus''
| align=center | '''gaste̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 13th hour (6:00 p.m.)
! align=center | 14th hour
| align=center | woodpecker
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Black grouse|grouse]]
| align=center | '''pįxte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Lyrurus tetrix''
| align=center | '''gerkɛte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 14th hour
! align=center | 15th hour
| align=center | snipe
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Grey heron|heron]]
| align=center | '''tilte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Ardea cinerea''
| align=center | '''rooðte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 15th hour
! align=center | 16th hour
| align=center | gull
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common shelduck|shelduck]]
| align=center | '''meɱte̋na'''
| align=center | ''T. tadorna''
| align=center | '''ƣandɛte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 16th hour
! align=center | 17th hour
| align=center | osprey
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common nightingale|nightingale]]
| align=center | '''gaste̋na'''
| align=center | ''Luscinia megarhynchos''
| align=center | '''ám̃eeðte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 17th hour
! align=center | 18th hour
| align=center | grasshopper
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Chorthippus brunneus|grasshopper]]
| align=center | ''Chorthippus brunneus''
| align=center | '''fefte̋na'''
| align=center | '''fefte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 18th hour
! align=center | 19th hour (midnight)
| align=center | nightingale
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Eurasian eagle-owl|owl]]
| align=center | '''áɱęðte̋na'''
| align=center | ''B. bubo''
|-
| align=center | 19th hour (midnight)
| align=center | owl
| align=center | '''simte̋na'''
| align=center | '''simte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 20th hour
! align=center | 20th hour
| align=center | gyrfalcon
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Hoopoe|hoopoe]]
| align=center | '''árgifte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Upupa epops''
| align=center | '''ópofte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 21st hour
! align=center | 21st hour
| align=center | jay
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Common kingfisher|kingfisher]]
| align=center | '''ceihte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Alcedo atthis''
| align=center | '''ṡéérolte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 22nd hour
! align=center | 22nd hour
| align=center | dove
| align=center | [[Wikipedia: Mallard|mallard]]
| align=center | ''Columba l. livia''
| align=center | '''álunte̋na'''
| align=center | '''álunte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 23rd hour
! align=center | 23rd hour
| align=center | mallard
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Barn swallow|barn swallow]]
| align=center | '''naþte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Hirundo r. rustica''
| align=center | '''ƣelte̋na'''
|-
|-
| align=center | 24th hour
! align=center | 24th hour
| align=center | kingfisher
| align=center | [[Wikipedia:Aeshna juncea|dragonfly]]
| align=center | '''cę́rolte̋na'''
| align=center | ''Aeshna juncea''
| align=center | '''sarṡɛte̋na'''
|}
|}
*The daylight hours are comprised of eight unequal sections:
 
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*The day is comprised of six divisions:
| align=center | 1
 
| align=center | daybreak
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | '''ahtőda'''
! align=center | 1
| align=center |
|-
| align=center  | 2
| align=center | dawn
| align=center | dawn
| align=center | '''va̋iᵹa'''
| align=center | '''za̋ȝa''' स़॓य
| align=center | daybreak to sunrise
| align=center | first light to appearance of sun
|-
|-
| align=center | 3
! align=center | 2
| align=center | sunrise
| align=center | '''nę̋da'''
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | 4
| align=center | morning
| align=center | morning
| align=center | '''ą̋ȝa'''
| align=center | '''a̋a̋ȝa''' आ॓य
| align=center | sunrise to noon
| align=center | full sunrise to noon
|-
|-
| align=center | 5
! align=center | 3
| align=center | noon
| align=center | noon
| align=center | '''lőuna'''
| align=center | '''lőuna''' ल॓उन
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 6
! align=center | 4
| align=center | afternoon
| align=center | afternoon
| align=center | '''poslőuna'''
| align=center | '''sı̋xa''' सि॓क
| align=center | noon to sunset
| align=center | noon to sun touching horizon
|-
| align=center | 7
| align=center | sunset
| align=center | '''dų̋a'''
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 8
! align=center | 5
| align=center | evening
| align=center | dusk
| align=center | '''ȝı̋ta'''
| align=center | '''ðe̋uska''' धे॓उस्क
| align=center | sunset to nightfall
| align=center | disappearance of sun to darkness
|-
|-
| align=center |
! align=center | 6
| align=center | nightfall
| align=center | night
| align=center | '''ląþtőda'''
| align=center | '''la̋a̋ta''' लआ॓त
| align=center |
|-
| align=center |  
| align=center | midnight
| align=center | '''meðlą̋ta'''
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|}
|}
*Telling time is always done by addition, never by subtraction; thus, 2:45, not 15 minutes (a quarter) to 3.  The hour ('''te̋na''') is told by the ordinal number.  Thus 2:00 is '''d̬őta te̋na''', the second hour.  The minutes ('''te̋nka''') are told by the cardinal numbers.  Thus 2:45 is '''d̬őta te̋na d̬o ẋűr pen''', the second hour forty-five.  If there are seconds ('''sa̋mpa'''), they are added to the minutes using the co-ordinating conjunction.  Thus, 2:45:16 is '''d̬őta te̋na d̬o ẋűr penk̬e kűsk̬e'''.
*Keeping time is the task of one of the adepts in each citadel.  He is known as the '''tenpǫ̋þlu''', the time guardian.  He is also known as the '''ȝą̋xlu''', the chandler.  It is  solely his task to make candles from the bees’ wax, both for lighting and for keeping time.
===The Lunar Cycle – '''zęrmőda'''===
*The lunar cycle contains twelve or thirteen months ('''e̋ida''').  The first month begins at midnight of the day on which the first crescent of the first new moon after '''hemsűka''' is sighted. The other months begin at midnight on the day of the successive new moons.  These months are merely numbered.
*The lunar months are divided into halves.  The waxing moon ('''ɱǫge̋ida''') extends from the date of the new moon to the date of the full moon.  The waning moon ('''lųde̋ida''') extends from the date of the full moon to the date of the new moon.
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">The Lunar Calendar 2014 (Gregorian dates)</div>
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | month
| align=center | Date & Time of NM
| align=center | '''ɱǫge̋ida'''
| align=center | Date & Time of FM
| align=center | '''lųde̋ida'''
|-
| align=center | '''semte̋ida'''
| align=center | 01/01 0615
| align=center | 01/02
| align=center | 01/15 2353
| align=center | 01/16
|-
| align=center | '''d̬ite̋ida'''
| align=center | 01/30 1640
| align=center | 01/31
| align=center | 02/14 1854
| align=center | 02/15
|-
| align=center | '''tirte̋ida'''
| align=center | 03/01 0302
| align=center | 03/02
| align=center | 03/16 1310
| align=center | 03/17
|-
| align=center | '''nąlte̋ida'''
| align=center | 03/30 1448
| align=center | 03/31
| align=center | 04/15 0345
| align=center | 04/16
|-
| align=center | '''pente̋ida'''
| align=center | 04/29 0217
| align=center | 04/30
| align=center | 05/14 1518
| align=center | 05/15
|-
| align=center | '''ruþte̋ida'''
| align=center | 05/28 1443
| align=center | 05/29
| align=center | 06/13 0013
| align=center | 06/14
|-
| align=center | '''sefte̋ida'''
| align=center | 06/27 0410
| align=center | 06/28
| align=center | 07/12 0726
| align=center | 07/13
|-
| align=center | '''bunte̋ida'''
| align=center | 07/26 1842
| align=center | 07/27
| align=center | 08/10 1410
| align=center | 08/11
|-
| align=center | ''numte̋ida'''
| align=center | 08/25 1013
| align=center | 08/26
| align=center | 09/08 2138
| align=center | 09/09
|-
| align=center | '''fǫte̋ida'''
| align=center | 09/24 0213
| align=center | 09/25
| align=center | 10/08 0650
| align=center | 10/09
|-
| align=center | '''þute̋ida'''
| align=center | 10/23 1756
| align=center | 10/24
| align=center | 11/06 1722
| align=center | 11/07
|-
| align=center | '''zalte̋ida'''
| align=center | 11/22 0732
| align=center | 11/23
| align=center | 12/06 0727
| align=center | 12/07
|-
| align=center | '''šimte̋ida
| align=center | 12/21 2036
| align=center | 12/22
|}


===Calendar summary - '''ahlúxtaga̋s ı̋sra'''===
*Telling time is always done by addition, never by subtraction; thus, 2:45, not 15 minutes (a quarter) to 3. The hour ('''őrda''') is told by the ordinal number. Thus 2:00 is '''d̬őta őrda''', the second hour. The minutes ('''te̋nka''') are told by the cardinal numbers. Thus 2:45 is '''d̬őta őrda náálfoos pe̋n''', the second hour forty-five. If there are seconds ('''sa̋mpa'''), they are added to the minutes using the co-ordinating conjunction. Thus, 2:45:16 is '''d̬őta őrda náálfoos pe̋nk̬e főősaaðk̬e'''.
*Keeping time is the task of one of the adepts in each citadel. He is known as the '''tenpőőþlu''', the time guardian. He is also known as the '''ȝa̋a̋xlu''', the chandler. It is solely his task to make candles from the bees' wax, both for lighting and for keeping time.
 
 
==The Lunar Cycle – '''eiðmőda''' एइध्मे॓द==
*The lunar cycle contains twelve months ('''e̋ida'''). The first month begins at dawn of the day after the first sighting of the waxing crescent after '''hemsűka''', 12/22. The other months begin at the successive first sightings. These months are named after the zodiac sign:
**'''pise̋ida''' - Unicorn Moon
**'''tunte̋ida''' - Reindeer Moon
**'''kúrule̋ida''' - Ostrich Moon
**'''more̋ida''' - Horse Moon
**'''óm̃ere̋ida''' - Squirrel Moon
**'''kite̋ida''' - Tur Moon
**'''muire̋ida''' - Eagle Moon
**'''la̋ṡe̋ida''' - Salmon Moon
**'''dágere̋ida''' - Otter Moon
**'''m̨ude̋ida''' - Dragon Moon
**'''m̃ísonte̋ida''' - Wisent Moon
**'''k̨afe̋ida''' - Tortoise Moon
*The lunar months are divided into halves. The first half ('''f̨őþanto zı̋no''') extends from the waxing crescent to the waning crescent. The second half ('''re̋e̋manto zı̋no''') extends from the waning crescent to the waxing crescent.
 
 
==The Sexagenary Cycle – '''saaðfóósdila̋s mőda''' सआध्फौ॔स्दिल॓स् मो॓द==
*By combining the twelve zodiac signs ('''þásmoðne̋uo''') with the names of  five of the precious jewels ('''a̋ro n̨e̋mo'''): ruby ('''x̨űűro'''), orange topaz ('''pűűṡo'''), emerald ('''mı̋lo'''), sapphire ('''d̬ı̋no'''), and amethyst ('''ɫı̋fo'''), a sexagenary cycle was created which is also used extensively in dating events, so that events are recorded as taking place in the year of the amethyst lion, the sapphire dragon, ''etc''.
*The Gregorian year 2016-17 is the year of the Ruby Unicorn ('''x̨uurpı̋ṡa''').
*The Gregorian year 2017-18 is the year of the Topaz Reindeer ('''puustűnta''').
*The Gregorian year 2018-19 is the year of the Emerald Ostrich ('''mílkurűla ''').
*The Gregorian year 2019-20 is the year of the Sapphire Horse ('''d̬inmőra ''').
*The Gregorian year 2020-21 is the year of the Amethyst Squirrel ('''ɫífom̃e̋ra''').
*The Gregorian year 2021-22 is the year of the Ruby Tur ('''x̨uurkı̋ta''').
*The Gregorian year 2022-23 is the year of the Topaz Eagle ('''puusműira''').
*The Gregorian year 2023-24 is the year of the Emerald Salmon ('''mil̤a̋ṡa''').
*The Gregorian year 2024-25 is the year of the Sapphire Otter ('''d̬índage̋ra''').
*The Gregorian year 2025-26 is the year of the Amethyst Dragon ('''ɫifm̨űda ''').
*The Gregorian year 2026-27 is the year of the Ruby Wisent ('''x̨úúrm̃isőnta''').
*The Gregorian year 2027-28 is the year of the Topaz Tortoise ('''puusk̨a̋fa''').
*The Gregorian year 2028-29 is the year of the Emerald Unicorn ('''x̨uurpı̋ṡa''').
*''etc.''
 
 
==Calendar summary - '''ahlúxtaga̋s ı̋sra''' अह्लु॔क़्तग॓स् इ॓स्र ==
*s° = Sefdaanian degree; c° = contemporary degree.
*s° = Sefdaanian degree; c° = contemporary degree.


{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| align=center | '''ahlűka'''<br>date
! align=center | '''ahlűka'''<br>date
| align=center | '''za̋lta'''<br>month
! align=center | '''f̨a̋ga'''<br>month
| align=center | '''me̋a'''<br>degree s°/c°
! align=center | '''þasmődo'''<br>zodiac
| align=center | '''þasmődo'''<br>zodiac
! align=center | '''þeexe̋so'''<br>element
| align=center | '''þęxe̋so'''<br>element
! align=center | '''na̋no'''<br>flower
| align=center | '''na̋no'''<br>flower
! align=center | '''moðme̋a'''<br>degree s°/c°
| align=center |
! align=center | '''ȝe̋ra'''<br>season
| align=center | '''ȝe̋ra'''<br>season
! align=center | '''sa̋rno'''<br>festival
| align=center | '''sųle̋ba'''<br>solar term
|-
|-
| align=center | 12/22
! align=center | 12/22
| align=center | '''toƿę̋a'''
| align=center | '''sigf̨a̋ga'''<br>'''ȝőinf̨a̋ga'''
| align=center | tur '''kı̋te'''<br>Capricorn
| align=center | air '''ga̋a̋lo'''
| align=center | hollyhock '''eba̋ki'''<br>''Alcea rosea''
| align=center | 0°/270°
| align=center | 0°/270°
| align=center | '''kı̋te'''<br>tur
| align=center | '''gą̋lo'''<br>air
| align=center | '''ȝűri'''<br>honeysuckle
| align=center | Capricorn ♑
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''hemsűka'''<br>winter solstice
| align=center | '''hemsűka'''<br>winter solstice
|-
|-
| align=center | 1/21
!align=center | 1/21
| align=center | '''ce̋ra'''
| align=center | '''piiþf̨a̋ga'''<br>'''oim̃f̨a̋ga'''
| align=center | bear '''ve̋re'''<br>Aquarius
| align=center | air '''ga̋a̋lo'''
| align=center | crocus '''sı̋zi'''<br>''Crocus cartwrightianus''
| align=center | 30°/300°
| align=center | 30°/300°
| align=center | '''ve̋re'''<br>bear
| align=center | '''ą̋þe'''<br>fire
| align=center | '''mą̋ki'''<br>poppy
| align=center | Aquarius ♒
| align=center | '''kı̋ða'''<br>late winter
| align=center | '''kı̋ða'''<br>late winter
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 2/2
! align=center | 2/2
| align=center |
| align=center | 45°/315°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | 45°/315°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''kiðsa̋rno'''<br>late winter festival
| align=center | '''kiðsa̋rno'''<br>late winter festival
|-
|-
| align=center | 2/20
! align=center | 2/20
| align=center | '''pı̨̋ta'''
| align=center | '''ṡerf̨a̋ga'''<br>'''s̨ulf̨a̋ga'''
| align=center | eagle '''műire'''<br>Pisces
| align=center | fire '''a̋a̋þe'''
| align=center | primrose '''pűi'''<br>''Primula vulgaris''
| align=center | 60°/330°
| align=center | 60°/330°
| align=center | '''őre'''<br>eagle
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''hűro'''<br>water
| align=center | '''ha̋di'''<br>lavender
| align=center | Pisces ♓
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 3/21
! align=center | 3/22
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''tivf̨a̋ga'''<br>'''tı̋lf̨a̋ga'''
| align=center | 90°/0°
| align=center | horse '''mőre'''<br>Aries
| align=center |
| align=center | fire '''a̋a̋þe'''
| align=center |  
| align=center | sloe '''ṡőőfi'''<br>Prunus spinosa
| align=center | Aries ♈
| align=center | 90°/0°
| align=center |
| align=center | '''ke̋sa'''<br>spring
| align=center | '''ke̋sa'''<br>spring
| align=center | '''kespa̋ra'''<br>vernal equinox
| align=center | '''kespa̋ra'''<br>vernal equinox
|-
|-
| align=center | 3/22
! align=center | 4/21
| align=center | '''tı̋ba'''
| align=center | '''nanf̨a̋ga'''<br>'''uƣf̨a̋ga'''
| align=center |
| align=center | hare '''ṡe̋ṡe'''<br>Taurus
| align=center | '''mőre'''<br>horse
| align=center | water '''hűro'''
| align=center | '''ta̋lo'''<br>earth
| align=center | columbine '''ṡǫ̋ri'''<br>''Aquilegia vulgaris''
| align=center | '''ƿɔ̋di'''<br>rose
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | 4/21
| align=center | '''na̋na'''
| align=center | 120°/30°
| align=center | 120°/30°
| align=center | '''ca̋se'''<br>hare
| align=center | '''mą̋to'''<br>wood
| align=center | '''labűᵶi'''<br>clematis
| align=center | Taurus ♉
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 5/5
! align=center | 5/5
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center | 135°/45°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | 135°/45°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''kes̈a̋rno'''<br>spring festival
| align=center |'''kes̨a̋rno'''<br>spring festival
|-
|-
| align=center | 5/21
! align=center | 5/22
| align=center | '''tı̨̋þa'''
| align=center | '''tiiþf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center | turtle '''he̋le'''<br>Gemini
| align=center |  
| align=center | water '''hűro'''
| align=center | '''ta̋ino'''<br>stone
| align=center | white water lily '''la̋a̋ki'''<br>''Nymphaea alba''
| align=center | '''eba̋ki'''<br>hollyhock
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | 5/22
| align=center |
| align=center | 150°/60°
| align=center | 150°/60°
| align=center | '''he̋le'''<br>turtle
| align=center | '''le̋e̋ta'''<br>summer
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center | Gemini ♊
| align=center | '''lę̋ta'''<br>summer
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | 6/20
| align=center | '''ga̋þa'''
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''gą̋lo'''<br>air
| align=center | '''ṡűmi'''<br>violet
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''lęþsűka'''<br>summer solstice
|-
|-
| align=center | 6/22
! align=center | 6/21
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''gaþf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center | aurochs '''ta̋ure'''<br>Cancer
| align=center | earth '''ta̋le'''
| align=center | rose '''m̃ǫ̋di'''<br>''Rosa rubiginosa''
| align=center | 180°/90°
| align=center | 180°/90°
| align=center | '''ta̋ure'''<br>aurochs
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | Cancer ♋
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''leeþsűka'''<br>summer solstice
|-
|-
| align=center | 7/20
! align=center | 7/20
| align=center | '''kőȝa'''
| align=center | '''b̬aaþf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center | lion '''bı̋ı̋re'''<br>Leo
| align=center |  
| align=center | earth '''ta̋le'''
| align=center | '''ą̋þe'''<br>fire
| align=center | poppy '''ma̋a̋ki'''<br>''Papaver rhoeas''
| align=center | '''pűi'''<br>primrose
| align=center | 210°/120°
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''kuűra'''<br>late summer
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 7/23
! align=center | 8/6
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 210°/120°
| align=center | '''bı̨̋re'''<br>lion
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | Leo ♌
| align=center | 225°/135°
| align=center | '''kų̋ra'''<br>late summer
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''kuursa̋rno'''<br>late summer festival
|-
|-
| align=center | 8/6
! align=center | 8/19
| align=center | '''aaxf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 225°/135°
| align=center | wood '''ma̋a̋to'''
| align=center | anemone '''m̃eezı̋di'''<br>''Anemone nemorosa''
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''kųrsa̋rno'''<br>late summer festival
|-
|-
| align=center | 8/19
! align=center | 8/23
| align=center | '''ą̋ka'''
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''hűro'''<br>water
| align=center | '''lą̋ki'''<br>water lily
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''m̨űde''' dragon<br>Virgo
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
|-
| align=center | 8/23
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 240°/150°
| align=center | 240°/150°
| align=center | '''pą̋me'''<br>dragon
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center | Virgo ♍
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 9/18
! align=center | 9/18
| align=center | '''cada'''
| align=center | '''ṡaðf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | wood '''ma̋a̋to'''
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''ta̋lo'''<br>earth
| align=center | '''ace̋nti'''<br>lady slipper
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 9/22
! align=center | 9/23
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''ifpa̋ra'''<br>autumn equinox
| align=center | boar '''epe̋re'''<br>Libra
|-
| align=center | 9/24
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | lady slipper '''aṡe̋nti'''<br>''Cypripedium calceolus''
| align=center | 270°/180°
| align=center | 270°/180°
| align=center | '''epe̋re'''<br>boar
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center | Libra ♎
| align=center | '''ı̋fa'''<br>autumn
| align=center | '''ı̋fa'''<br>autumn
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''ifpa̋ra'''<br>autumn equinox
|-
|-
| align=center | 10/18
! align=center | 10/18
| align=center | '''gűsa'''
| align=center | '''gűsf̨a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | stone '''ta̋a̋ino'''
| align=center | sweet violet '''s̨űmi'''<br>''Viola odorata
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | '''mą̋to'''<br>wood
| align=center | '''ðerge̋ni'''<br>dogwood
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 10/24
! align=center | 10/23
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | squirrel '''om̃e̋re'''<br>Scorpius
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | 300°/210°
| align=center | 300°/210°
| align=center | '''epe̋re'''<br>squirrel
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center | Scorpius ♏
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 11/5
! align=center | 11/5
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 315°/225°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | 315°/225°
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''ifsa̋rno'''<br>autumn festival
| align=center |'''ifsa̋rno'''<br>autumn festival
 
|-
|-
| align=center | 11/17
! align=center | 11/17
| align=center | '''lų̋fa'''
| align=center | '''luuf̨̈a̋ga'''<br>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | stone '''ta̋a̋ino'''
| align=center | '''ta̋ino'''<br>stone
| align=center | apple '''abe̋li'''<br>''Malus sylvestris
| align=center |'''sı̋zi'''<br>crocus
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | 11/23
! align=center | 11/22
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | 330°/240°
| align=center | salmon '''la̋ṡe'''<br>Sagittarius
| align=center | '''la̋ce'''<br>salmon
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | Sagittarius ♐
| align=center | 330°/240°
| align=center |'''he̋ma'''<br>winter
| align=center | '''he̋ma'''<br>winter
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
| align=center | 12/17
! align=center | 12/17
| align=center | '''ƿǫ́ᵹpena̋ha'''<br>intercalary
| align=center |  
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center | '''m̃óóƣpena̋ha'''<br>intercalary
| align=center |
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[[Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 3 - Race and Ethnicity]]
[[Category:Concultures]]
[[Category:Calendars]]

Latest revision as of 16:37, 10 November 2024

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
riisűko
(dental)
muitűko
(alveolar)
vainűko
(palatal)
ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प)
nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
b f v m t d þ ð ɫ l ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
म़ ल़ स़ क़ ग़ स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी
ए एै
ए पै
अ आ
प पा
ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ
ओ औ
पो पौ
उ ऊ
पु पू
पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Written history - ȝa̋raþa postɛsa̋a̋r̈a य॓रथ पोस्तऺसआ॓र

  • The Loquent Peoples have no written accounts of historical facts. There is, however, a detailed mythology of their creation which is related in Chapter 8 – Faith.


Calendar - áhluxta̋ga अ॑ह्लुक़्त॓ग

  • The Sefdaanian calendar system was devised by Ȝumm̃a̋ku Ma̋nu, the archimage of astronomy. Both the solar cycle and the lunar cycle are used in the ancient original calendar, without an attempt to reconcile the two. The solar cycle is used to number the months, to mark the solar festivals and to establish dates, whereas the lunar cycle is used exclusively for marking the semimonthly lunar celebrations.


The Eons and the Eras - ȝı̋kask̬e þ̨űdask̬e यि॓कस्क्वे थ्यु॓दस्क्वे

  • Sefdaanian history/mythology is divided into three eons (ȝı̋ka यि॓क) and fourteen eras (þ̨űda थ्यु॓द). An era is 25,920 years long.
  • The First Eon was that of Yumu (ȝumȝı̋ka युम्यि॓क), the Self-existent (mi-bűȝantu मि-बु॓यन्तु), the Ancient-One-Who-Is (sene̋santu सेने॓यन्तु) and, in reality, extends back eternally.
  • The end of this eon is marked by the creation of air, the first element. This is reckoned to have taken place in the year 358,560 B.C.E.
    • This is the Era of Air (gaalþ̨űda गआथ्यु॓द). The creation of air marks the beginning of the Second Eon, that of the Elements (þééxesȝı̋ka धैक़ेस्यि॓क).
    • The Era of Fire (aaþ̨̈űda आथ्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the second element, fire, in the year 332,640.
    • The Era of Water (hurþ̨űda हुर्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the third element, water, in the year 306,720.
    • The Era of Earth (talþ̨űda) begins with the creation of the fourth element, earth, in the year 280,800.
    • The Era of Wood (maaþ̨̈űda मआथ्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the fifth element, wood, in the year 254,880.
    • The Era of Stone (taainþ̨űda तआइन्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the sixth element, stone, in the year 228,960.
  • The Eon of Life (ǧiiȝı̋ka ग्वीयि॓क) begins with the creation of the plants.
    • The Era of Plants (muulþ̨űda मूल्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of plants in the year 203,040.
    • The Era of Animals (tasþ̨űda तस्थ्यु॓द) begins with the creation of the animals in the year 177,120.
    • The Era of the Ethrans (gáál̨onþ̨űda गआ॔ल्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Air, begins with the creation of the Ethrans in the year 151,200.
    • The Era of the Pyrans (ááþ̨onþ̨űda आ॓थ्योन्थ्यु॓द ), the Children of Fire, begins with the creation of the Pyrans in the year 125,280.
    • The Era of the Hydorans (húr̨onþ̨űda हु॔र्योन्थयु॓द), the Children of Water, begins with the creation of the Hydorans in the year 99,360.
      • It was half way through this Era, in the year 86,400, that the Great Sundering (me̋ża pűlra मे॓ज पु॓ल्र) occurred, when many fell out of harmony.
    • The Era of the Humans (tál̨onþ̨űda त॓ल्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Earth, begins with the creation of the Humans in the year 73,440.
    • The Era of the Xylans (máát̨onþ̨̈űda मआ॓त्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Wood, begins with the creation of the Xylans in the year 47,520.
    • The Era of the Lithans (tááin̨onþ̨űda तआ॓इन्योन्थ्यु॓द), the Children of Stone, begins with the creation of the Lithans in the year 21,600.
  • In the year 11,500, the Ethrans revised the calendar and, regressing, started the era on the winter solstice of 21,600 in the Domain of the Tur. This became the first year of the renamed Present Era (nı̋ka þ̨űda) which extends into the future as far as the First Eon extends back into the past.


The Solar Cycle – suulmőda सूल्मो॓द

  • The solar year begins at the winter solstice (hemsűka हेम्सुक) and must begin on ilma̋ha.
  • Each of the twelve solar months (f̨a̋ga फ्य॓ग) consists of five six-day weeks (saaða̋ha सआध॓ह). As this gives a total of only 360 days, an intercalary week (m̃óóƣpena̋ha मौ॔ग़्पेन॓ह) of five days is added after the twelfth month. In a leap year (iþdı̋la इथ्दि॓ल) this intercalary week has six days (m̃óóƣsaaða̋ha मौ॔ग़्सआध॓ह).


The Seasons - ȝe̋e̋ra यै॓र

  • The solar year is divided into six seasons, each consisting of two periods of approximately 45 days. These ȝe̋e̋ras begin every 30° on the ecliptic (suulf̨őőlo सूल्फौ॓लो).
  • The underlined names are those used when only four seasons are recognized.
    • he̋ma हे॓म (winter) 11/23-1/20 – cold to freezing; heavy snow, sometimes sleet or rain; heavy cloud cover most of the time.
    • kı̋ða कि॓ध (late-winter) 1/21-3/20 – rising temperature with melting of ice and snow; frequent and heavy rain with heavy cloud cover; plants begin to flower, trees to leaf.
    • ke̋sa के॓स (spring) 3/21-5/21 – temperature continues to rise; ground begins to dry out; plants are in full bloom and leaf; increased sun and wind; warm days and cool nights.
    • le̋e̋ta लै॓त (summer) 5/22-7/22 – hot and dry; rains infrequently with little cloud cover; grass turns brown.
    • kűűra कू॓र (late-summer) 7/23-9/23 – cooler; clouds in morning and evening often with light rain; leaves begin to change color; crops ready to harvest.
    • ı̋pa इ॓प (autumn) 9/24-11/22 – temperature continues to fall; leaves begin to fall; increasing rainfall; crisp nights with frost in the morning.
  • Eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year:
↓ = number of days until the next celebration.
winter solstice hemsűka हेम्सु॓क 12/22 42 days↓
late winter festival kiðsa̋rno किध्स॓र्नो 2/2 45° 46 days↓
vernal equinox kespa̋ra केस्प॓र 3/21 90° 44 days↓
spring festival kes̈a̋ro केस्स॓रो 5/5 135° 46 days↓
summer solstice leeþsűka लैथ्सु॓क 6/21 180° 47 days↓
late summer festival kuursa̋rno कूर्स॓र्नो 8/6 225° 48 days↓
late summer equinox kuurpa̋ra कूर्प॓र 9/23 270° 44 days↓
autumn festival ifsa̋rno इफ्स॓र्नो 11/5 315° 45 days↓
  • The dates of these cross-quarter days do not coincide with those of the contemporary festivals.


The Solar Months - f̨a̋ga फ्येग

  • The agrarian Peoples (zɔ̋ðm̃us स़ॊ॓ध्म़ुस्), the three Peoples who grow crops and herd livestock, i.e., the Pyrans, Humans and Lithans, have a twelve-month calendar, the names of which months are taken from the natural world.
The twelve months of the year
Name of month Translation Dates Season
sigf̨a̋ga सिग्फ्य॓ग snowstorm month 12/22-1/20
piiþf̨a̋ga पीथ्फ्य॓ग sap-tapping month 1/21-2/19 kiða
aivf̨a̋ga अइभ्फ्य॓ग grass-sprouting month 2/20-3/21
ṡaarf̨a̋ga चआर्फ्य॓ग antler-growing month 3/22-4/20 ke̋sa
nanf̨a̋ga नन्फ्य॓ग flower-blooming month 4/21-5/20
tiiþf̨a̋ga तीथफ्य॓ग heating month 5/21-6/19 le̋e̋ta
gaþf̨a̋ga गथ्फ्य॓ग berry-picking month 6/20-7/19
b̬aaþf̨a̋ga ब्वआथ्फ्य॓ग velvet-shedding month 7/20-8/18 kűűra
aaxf̨a̋ga आक़्फ्य॓ग colored-leaf month 8/19-9/17
gusf̨a̋ga गुस्फ्य॓ग leaf-falling month 9/18-10/17 ı̋fa
ṡaðf̨a̋ga चध्फ्य॓ग rutting month 10/18-11/16
luunf̨a̋ga लून्फ्य॓ग snow-falling month 11/17-12/16 he̋ma
m̃óóƣpena̋ha म़ौ॔ग़्पेन॓ह intercalary week 12/17-12/21
  • The Xylans also have a twelve-month calendar, the months of which are named after trees.
Name of month Translation Dates Season
ȝoinf̨a̋ga योइन्फ्य॓ग juniper 12/22-1/20
oim̃f̨a̋ga ओइम्फ्य॔ग wild service tree 1/21-2/19 kiða
s̨ulf̨a̋ga स्युल्फ्य॓ग Swiss pine 2/20-3/21
tilf̨a̋ga तिल्फौयृग linden 3/22-4/20 ke̋sa
uƣf̨a̋ga उग़्फ्य॓ग silver birch 4/21-5/20
kɔnf̨a̋ga कॊन्फ्य॓ग cornelian cherry 5/21-6/19 le̋e̋ta
xivf̨a̋ga क़िभ्फ्य॓ग ash 6/20-7/19
aizf̨a̋ga अइस़्फौय॓ग sessile oak 7/20-8/18 kűűra
vaazf̨a̋ga भआस़्फ्य॓ग beech 8/19-9/17
leezf̨a̋ga लैस़्फौयृग hazelnut 9/18-10/17 ı̋ı̋fa
iim̃f̨a̋ga ईम़्फ्य॓ग yew 10/18-11/16
toof̨̈a̋ga तौफ्फ्य॓ग elm 11/17-12/16 he̋ma
m̃óóƣpena̋ha मौ॓ग़्मेन॓ह 12/17-12/21


System of Dating – ahluka̋m ta̋ga अह्लुक॓म् त॓ग

  • The days of the months are numbered using the cardinal number with the name of the month in the genitive case. Thus, aaxf̨a̋ga 25th would be aaxf̨aga̋s d̬ófoos pe̋n.
  • The years are numbered according to their order in the era. The current era, the Present Era, dates from the winter solstice of 21,600 B.C.E. Thus the year 2024-25, dated from 22 December 2024, is N.T. (N.Þ.) 23,625. N.T. (N.Þ.) stands for nı̋ka þ̨uda̋s नि॓क थ्यद॓स, of the present era.


The Zodiac – þasmőda थस्मो॓द

  • The zodiac is the annual cycle of the sun around the ecliptic. The Ethrans saw in the star arrangements fanciful pictures of the animals that were native to Sefdaania, arranged in a more or less equal distribution around the ecliptic. They divided the ecliptic into twelve domains (zila̋a̋ra स़िलआ॓र) of 30° each.
  • By the Sefdaanian reckoning, the starting point of the ecliptic is at the winter solstice which is marked 0°, although the vernal equinox is at 0° by contemporary reckoning.
degree domain binomial date
unicorn
pı̋ṡe पि॓चे
Alcephalus monoceros 12/22
30° aurochs
ta̋ure त॓उरष
Bos primigenius 1/21
60° hare
ṡe̋ṡe चे॓चे
Lepus timidus 2/19
90° dragon
m̨űde म्यु॓दे
Draco volans 3/21
120° lion
bı̋ı̋re बी॓रे
Panthera spelaea 4/20
150° horse
mőre मो॓रे
Equus ferus przewalskii 5/21
180° tur
kı̋te कि॓ते
Capra caucasica 6/21
210° eagle
műire मु॓इरे
Aquila chrysaëtos 7/23
240° boar
epe̋re एपे॓रे
Sus scrofa 8/24
270° serpent
ne̋e̋þre नै॓थरे
Vipera berus 9/23
300° otter
dage̋re दगे॓रे
L. lutra 10/23
330° salmon
la̋ṡe ल॓चे
Salmo labrax 11/23


The Week - saada̋ha सआद॓ह

  • After the creation of all six of the Loquent Peoples, the days of the week (which formerly were simply numbered) were given the names of the six avatars of Ȝűmu worshipped by each people, in the order of the creation of each people.
  • When a seventh day is needed for the contemporary calendar, it is named ilmɛȝı̋ta इल्मऺयित, Ilmus' eve. The week is then sefa̋ha सेफ॓ह.
ilma̋ha इल्म॓ह Ilmus' day Ethrans Sunday
púúsena̋ha पू॔सेन॓ह Puusenus' day Pyrans Monday
neera̋ha नैर॓ह Neerus' day Hydorans Tuesday
tárona̋ha त॔रोन॓ह Taronus' day Humans Wednesday
pérkuna̋ha पे॔र्कुन॓ह Perkunus' day Xylans Thursday
kábeira̋ha क॔बेउर॓ह Kabeirus' day Lithans Friday
ilmɛȝı̋ta इल्मऺयित Ilmus’ eve Saturday


The Day - a̋ha अ॓ह

  • All time and calendar references are based on a duodecimal system. The day is divided into 24 sections known as te̋nas. The day begins at sunrise (ne̋e̋da नै॓द). In modern times this is considered to be 6:00 a.m. Each of the hours is named for a flying animal, as follows:
1st hour (6:00 a.m.) eagle Aquila heliaca muirte̋na
2nd hour quail C. coturnix réékinte̋na
3rd hour common crane G. grus gérante̋na
4th hour whooper swan C. cygnus elm̃ıte̋na
5th hour chaffinch Fringilla coelebs fingɛte̋na
6th hour honey bee Apis mellifera viite̋na
7th hour (noon) gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus árgifte̋na
8th hour grey partridge P. perdix lucida m̃órtoxte̋na
9th hour stork C. ciconia guzte̋na
10th hour goose Anser fabalis gaarte̋na
11th hour jay Garrulus glandarius ṡeihte̋na
12th hour butterfly Papilio machaon páápilte̋na
13th hour (6:00 p.m.) osprey Pandion haliaëtus gaste̋na
14th hour grouse Lyrurus tetrix gerkɛte̋na
15th hour heron Ardea cinerea rooðte̋na
16th hour shelduck T. tadorna ƣandɛte̋na
17th hour nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos ám̃eeðte̋na
18th hour grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus fefte̋na
19th hour (midnight) owl B. bubo simte̋na
20th hour hoopoe Upupa epops ópofte̋na
21st hour kingfisher Alcedo atthis ṡéérolte̋na
22nd hour mallard Columba l. livia álunte̋na
23rd hour barn swallow Hirundo r. rustica ƣelte̋na
24th hour dragonfly Aeshna juncea sarṡɛte̋na
  • The day is comprised of six divisions:
1 dawn za̋ȝa स़॓य first light to appearance of sun
2 morning a̋a̋ȝa आ॓य full sunrise to noon
3 noon lőuna ल॓उन
4 afternoon sı̋xa सि॓क noon to sun touching horizon
5 dusk ðe̋uska धे॓उस्क disappearance of sun to darkness
6 night la̋a̋ta लआ॓त
  • Telling time is always done by addition, never by subtraction; thus, 2:45, not 15 minutes (a quarter) to 3. The hour (őrda) is told by the ordinal number. Thus 2:00 is d̬őta őrda, the second hour. The minutes (te̋nka) are told by the cardinal numbers. Thus 2:45 is d̬őta őrda náálfoos pe̋n, the second hour forty-five. If there are seconds (sa̋mpa), they are added to the minutes using the co-ordinating conjunction. Thus, 2:45:16 is d̬őta őrda náálfoos pe̋nk̬e főősaaðk̬e.
  • Keeping time is the task of one of the adepts in each citadel. He is known as the tenpőőþlu, the time guardian. He is also known as the ȝa̋a̋xlu, the chandler. It is solely his task to make candles from the bees' wax, both for lighting and for keeping time.


The Lunar Cycle – eiðmőda एइध्मे॓द

  • The lunar cycle contains twelve months (e̋ida). The first month begins at dawn of the day after the first sighting of the waxing crescent after hemsűka, 12/22. The other months begin at the successive first sightings. These months are named after the zodiac sign:
    • pise̋ida - Unicorn Moon
    • tunte̋ida - Reindeer Moon
    • kúrule̋ida - Ostrich Moon
    • more̋ida - Horse Moon
    • óm̃ere̋ida - Squirrel Moon
    • kite̋ida - Tur Moon
    • muire̋ida - Eagle Moon
    • la̋ṡe̋ida - Salmon Moon
    • dágere̋ida - Otter Moon
    • m̨ude̋ida - Dragon Moon
    • m̃ísonte̋ida - Wisent Moon
    • k̨afe̋ida - Tortoise Moon
  • The lunar months are divided into halves. The first half (f̨őþanto zı̋no) extends from the waxing crescent to the waning crescent. The second half (re̋e̋manto zı̋no) extends from the waning crescent to the waxing crescent.


The Sexagenary Cycle – saaðfóósdila̋s mőda सआध्फौ॔स्दिल॓स् मो॓द

  • By combining the twelve zodiac signs (þásmoðne̋uo) with the names of five of the precious jewels (a̋ro n̨e̋mo): ruby (x̨űűro), orange topaz (pűűṡo), emerald (mı̋lo), sapphire (d̬ı̋no), and amethyst (ɫı̋fo), a sexagenary cycle was created which is also used extensively in dating events, so that events are recorded as taking place in the year of the amethyst lion, the sapphire dragon, etc.
  • The Gregorian year 2016-17 is the year of the Ruby Unicorn (x̨uurpı̋ṡa).
  • The Gregorian year 2017-18 is the year of the Topaz Reindeer (puustűnta).
  • The Gregorian year 2018-19 is the year of the Emerald Ostrich (mílkurűla ).
  • The Gregorian year 2019-20 is the year of the Sapphire Horse (d̬inmőra ).
  • The Gregorian year 2020-21 is the year of the Amethyst Squirrel (ɫífom̃e̋ra).
  • The Gregorian year 2021-22 is the year of the Ruby Tur (x̨uurkı̋ta).
  • The Gregorian year 2022-23 is the year of the Topaz Eagle (puusműira).
  • The Gregorian year 2023-24 is the year of the Emerald Salmon (mil̤a̋ṡa).
  • The Gregorian year 2024-25 is the year of the Sapphire Otter (d̬índage̋ra).
  • The Gregorian year 2025-26 is the year of the Amethyst Dragon (ɫifm̨űda ).
  • The Gregorian year 2026-27 is the year of the Ruby Wisent (x̨úúrm̃isőnta).
  • The Gregorian year 2027-28 is the year of the Topaz Tortoise (puusk̨a̋fa).
  • The Gregorian year 2028-29 is the year of the Emerald Unicorn (x̨uurpı̋ṡa).
  • etc.


Calendar summary - ahlúxtaga̋s ı̋sra अह्लु॔क़्तग॓स् इ॓स्र

  • s° = Sefdaanian degree; c° = contemporary degree.
ahlűka
date
f̨a̋ga
month
þasmődo
zodiac
þeexe̋so
element
na̋no
flower
moðme̋a
degree s°/c°
ȝe̋ra
season
sa̋rno
festival
12/22 sigf̨a̋ga
ȝőinf̨a̋ga
tur kı̋te
Capricorn
air ga̋a̋lo hollyhock eba̋ki
Alcea rosea
0°/270° hemsűka
winter solstice
1/21 piiþf̨a̋ga
oim̃f̨a̋ga
bear ve̋re
Aquarius
air ga̋a̋lo crocus sı̋zi
Crocus cartwrightianus
30°/300° kı̋ða
late winter
2/2 45°/315° kiðsa̋rno
late winter festival
2/20 ṡerf̨a̋ga
s̨ulf̨a̋ga
eagle műire
Pisces
fire a̋a̋þe primrose pűi
Primula vulgaris
60°/330°
3/22 tivf̨a̋ga
tı̋lf̨a̋ga
horse mőre
Aries
fire a̋a̋þe sloe ṡőőfi
Prunus spinosa
90°/0° ke̋sa
spring
kespa̋ra
vernal equinox
4/21 nanf̨a̋ga
uƣf̨a̋ga
hare ṡe̋ṡe
Taurus
water hűro columbine ṡǫ̋ri
Aquilegia vulgaris
120°/30°
5/5 135°/45° kes̈a̋rno
spring festival
5/22 tiiþf̨a̋ga
turtle he̋le
Gemini
water hűro white water lily la̋a̋ki
Nymphaea alba
150°/60° le̋e̋ta
summer
6/21 gaþf̨a̋ga
aurochs ta̋ure
Cancer
earth ta̋le rose m̃ǫ̋di
Rosa rubiginosa
180°/90° leeþsűka
summer solstice
7/20 b̬aaþf̨a̋ga
lion bı̋ı̋re
Leo
earth ta̋le poppy ma̋a̋ki
Papaver rhoeas
210°/120° kuűra
late summer
8/6 225°/135° kuursa̋rno
late summer festival
8/19 aaxf̨a̋ga
wood ma̋a̋to anemone m̃eezı̋di
Anemone nemorosa
8/23 m̨űde dragon
Virgo
240°/150°
9/18 ṡaðf̨a̋ga
wood ma̋a̋to
9/23 boar epe̋re
Libra
lady slipper aṡe̋nti
Cypripedium calceolus
270°/180° ı̋fa
autumn
ifpa̋ra
autumn equinox
10/18 gűsf̨a̋ga
stone ta̋a̋ino sweet violet s̨űmi
Viola odorata
10/23 squirrel om̃e̋re
Scorpius
300°/210°
11/5 315°/225° ifsa̋rno
autumn festival
11/17 luuf̨̈a̋ga
stone ta̋a̋ino apple abe̋li
Malus sylvestris
11/22 salmon la̋ṡe
Sagittarius
330°/240° he̋ma
winter
12/17 m̃óóƣpena̋ha
intercalary


Sefdaanian Ethnography Chapter 3 - Race and Ethnicity