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| '''ва''' /u̯a/
| '''ва''' /u̯a/
|-
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Origin
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ä
| style="width: 1.5em;" | e
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ö
| style="width: 1.5em;" | i
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ü
| style="width: 1.5em;" | a
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ë
| style="width: 1.5em;" | o
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ï
| style="width: 1.5em;" | u
! rowspan="3" style="width: 1.5em;" |
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ää
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ee
| style="width: 1.5em;" | öö
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ii
| style="width: 1.5em;" | üü
| style="width: 1.5em;" | aa
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ëë
| style="width: 1.5em;" | oo
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ïï
| style="width: 1.5em;" | uu
|-
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Stage 1
! style="width: 5em;" | unstressed
| rowspan="2" | ǎ
| rowspan="2" | ě
| rowspan="2" | ǒ
| ь₁
| ь₂
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | o
| ъ₁
| ъ₂
| rowspan="2" | ǎ
| ě
| ǒ
| ǐ
| ǔ
| rowspan="2" | a
| e
| o
| i
| u
|-
! stressed
| ǐ
| ǔ
| i
| u
| ǐa
| ǔa
| ǐe
| ǔo
| ia
| ua
| ie
| uo
|}
|}


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| rowspan="2" | ʲe
| rowspan="2" | ʲe
| rowspan="2" | ʲo
| rowspan="2" | ʲo
| ʲĭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲĭ
| ʲŭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲŭ
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | o
| rowspan="2" | o
| ĭ
| rowspan="2" | ĭ
| ŭ
| rowspan="2" | ŭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| ʲe
| ʲe
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|-
|-
! stressed
! stressed
| ʲi
| ʲu
| i
| u
| ʲi̯a
| ʲi̯a
| ʲu̯a
| ʲu̯a

Latest revision as of 16:03, 15 October 2024

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ŋʲ/
Stop voiceless п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /kʲ/
voiced мп /b/ нт /d̪/ нть /d̪ʲ/ ӈк /g/ ӈкь /gʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Central Back
Close и /i/ э /ə~ɨ/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Diphthongs
Type Front Back
Mid Falling іе /i̯e/ во /u̯o/
Open Falling іа /i̯a/ ва /u̯a/
Origin æ e ø i y ɑ ɤ o ɯ u æː øː ɑː ɤː ɯː
Stage 1 unstressed ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲĭ ʲŭ a e o ĭ ŭ ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲi ʲu a e o i u
stressed ʲi̯a ʲu̯a ʲi̯e ʲu̯o i̯a u̯a i̯e u̯o


Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Low
Stop Plain па /pá/ ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ да /t̪à/
ка /ká/ га /kà/
Voiced мпа /bá/ мба /bà/
нта /d̪á/ нда /d̪à/
ӈка /gá/ ӈга /gà/
Fricative са /sá/
ха /xá/
Sonorant ма /mà/
на /n̪à/
ӈа /ŋà/
ла /là/

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

ма̀дсьаі "human" [sg], ??? "people" [pl]
сьо́лаі "river" [sg], ??? "rivers" [pl]
хва́лаі "horse" [sg], ??? "horses" [pl]
кхьва́наі "god" [sg], ??? "gods" [pl]
дэ̀лхаі ??? [sg]

Inanimate:

сэма́л "mountain" [sg], сэма̀ль "mountains" [pl]
сьо́л "lake" [sg], сьо́ль "lakes" [pl]
ду̀д "house" [sg], ду̀дь "houses" [pl]
мэ́ӈ "language" [sg], мэ̀ӈь "languages" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"