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Onschen: Difference between revisions

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|bg=#9966CC
|bg=#9966CC
|name=Ossmalic
|name=Ossmalic
|native=Оссэма́л
|native=мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
|pronounce=[òs.ˈsmál]
|pronounce=[ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
|in=Ossmal
|in=Ossmal
|script=Sealbone Script
|script=Sealbone Script
Line 38: Line 38:
| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
! voiceless
| '''п''' /p/  
| '''п''' /p/  
Line 46: Line 46:
| '''к''' /k/  
| '''к''' /k/  
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
|-
! aspirated
| '''пх''' /pʰ/
| '''тх''' /t̪ʰ/
| '''тхь''' /t̪ʲʰ/
|
| '''кх''' /kʰ/
| '''кхь''' /kʲʰ/
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
Line 98: Line 90:
!Open
!Open
|colspan=3| '''а''' /a/
|colspan=3| '''а''' /a/
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diphthongs
|-
! style="width: 6em;" | Type
! style="width: 3em;" | Front
! style="width: 3em;" | Back
|-
!Mid Falling
| '''іе''' /i̯e/
| '''во''' /u̯o/
|-
!Open Falling
| '''іа''' /i̯a/
| '''ва''' /u̯a/
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Tones
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Origin
! style="width: 4em;" | High
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æ
! style="width: 4em;" | Low
| style="width: 1.5em;" | e
! style="width: 4em;" | High
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ø
! style="width: 4em;" | Low
| style="width: 1.5em;" | i
! style="width: 4em;" | High
| style="width: 1.5em;" | y
! style="width: 4em;" | Low
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | o
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | u
! rowspan="3" style="width: 1.5em;" |
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | eː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | øː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | iː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | yː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | oː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | uː
|-
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Stage 1
! style="width: 5em;" | unstressed
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| rowspan="2" | ʲe
| rowspan="2" | ʲo
| rowspan="2" | ʲĭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲŭ
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | o
| rowspan="2" | ĭ
| rowspan="2" | ŭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| ʲe
| ʲo
| ʲi
| ʲu
| rowspan="2" | a
| e
| o
| i
| u
|-
! stressed
| ʲi̯a
| ʲu̯a
| ʲi̯e
| ʲu̯o
| i̯a
| u̯a
| i̯e
| u̯o
|}
 
 
Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Tones Inferred by Consonants
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Consonant
! style="width: 5em;" | High
! style="width: 5em;" | Low
|-  
|-  
! Plain
! rowspan="6" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Plain
| '''па''' /pá/
| '''па''' /pá/
| '''ба''' /pà/
| '''ба''' /pà/
| '''та''' /tá/
|-
| '''да''' /tà/
| '''та''' /t̪á/
| '''да''' /t̪à/
|-
| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''га''' /kà/
| '''га''' /kà/
|-
|-
! Aspirated
! rowspan="3" | Voiced
| '''пха''' /pʰá/
| '''бха''' /pʰà/
| '''тха''' /tʰá/
| '''дха''' /tʰà/
| '''кха''' /kʰá/
| '''гха''' /kʰà/
|-
! Voiced
| '''мпа''' /bá/
| '''мпа''' /bá/
| '''мба''' /bà/
| '''мба''' /bà/
| '''нта''' /dá/
|-
| '''нда''' /dà/
| '''нта''' /d̪á/
| '''нда''' /d̪à/
|-
| '''ӈка''' /gá/
| '''ӈка''' /gá/
| '''ӈга''' /gà/
| '''ӈга''' /gà/
|-
|-
|}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Fricative
 
| '''са''' /sá/
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
| —
|+Diphthongs
|-
| '''ха''' /xá/
| —
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" | Sonorant
| —
| '''ма''' /mà/
|-
|-
! style="width: 6em;" | Type
| —
! style="width: 3em;" | Front
| '''на''' /n̪à/
! style="width: 3em;" | Back
|-
|-
!Mid Falling
| —
| '''іе''' /i̯e/
| '''ӈа''' /ŋà/
| '''во''' /u̯o/
|-
|-
!Open Falling
| —
| '''іа''' /i̯a/
| '''ла''' /là/
| '''ва''' /u̯a/
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:
:'''а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́'''
:'''а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀'''




Animate:
Animate:
:''ма́дсьаі'' "human" [sg], ''???'' "people" [pl]
:''ма̀дсьаі'' "human" [sg], ''???'' "people" [pl]
:''сьо́лаі'' "river" [sg], ''???'' "rivers" [pl]
:''сьо́лаі'' "river" [sg], ''???'' "rivers" [pl]
:''хва́лаі'' "horse" [sg], ''???'' "horses" [pl]
:''хва́лаі'' "horse" [sg], ''???'' "horses" [pl]
:''кхьва́наі'' "god" [sg], ''???'' "gods" [pl]  
:''кхьва́наі'' "god" [sg], ''???'' "gods" [pl]
:''дэ̀лхаі'' ??? [sg]


Inanimate:
Inanimate:
:''сэма́л'' "mountain" [sg], ''сэма́ль'' "mountains" [pl]
:''сэма́л'' "mountain" [sg], ''сэма̀ль'' "mountains" [pl]
:''сьол'' "lake" [sg], ''сьоль'' "lakes" [pl]
:''сьо́л'' "lake" [sg], ''сьо́ль'' "lakes" [pl]
:''дуд'' "house" [sg], ''дудь'' "houses" [pl]
:''ду̀д'' "house" [sg], ''ду̀дь'' "houses" [pl]
:''мэӈ'' "language" [sg], ''мэӈь'' "languages" [pl]
:''мэ́ӈ'' "language" [sg], ''мэ̀ӈь'' "languages" [pl]
 


===Adjective prefixes===
===Adjective prefixes===

Latest revision as of 16:03, 15 October 2024

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ŋʲ/
Stop voiceless п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /kʲ/
voiced мп /b/ нт /d̪/ нть /d̪ʲ/ ӈк /g/ ӈкь /gʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Central Back
Close и /i/ э /ə~ɨ/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Diphthongs
Type Front Back
Mid Falling іе /i̯e/ во /u̯o/
Open Falling іа /i̯a/ ва /u̯a/
Origin æ e ø i y ɑ ɤ o ɯ u æː eː øː iː yː ɑː ɤː oː ɯː uː
Stage 1 unstressed ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲĭ ʲŭ a e o ĭ ŭ ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲi ʲu a e o i u
stressed ʲi̯a ʲu̯a ʲi̯e ʲu̯o i̯a u̯a i̯e u̯o


Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Low
Stop Plain па /pá/ ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ да /t̪à/
ка /ká/ га /kà/
Voiced мпа /bá/ мба /bà/
нта /d̪á/ нда /d̪à/
ӈка /gá/ ӈга /gà/
Fricative са /sá/ —
ха /xá/ —
Sonorant — ма /mà/
— на /n̪à/
— ӈа /ŋà/
— ла /là/

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

ма̀дсьаі "human" [sg], ??? "people" [pl]
сьо́лаі "river" [sg], ??? "rivers" [pl]
хва́лаі "horse" [sg], ??? "horses" [pl]
кхьва́наі "god" [sg], ??? "gods" [pl]
дэ̀лхаі ??? [sg]

Inanimate:

сэма́л "mountain" [sg], сэма̀ль "mountains" [pl]
сьо́л "lake" [sg], сьо́ль "lakes" [pl]
ду̀д "house" [sg], ду̀дь "houses" [pl]
мэ́ӈ "language" [sg], мэ̀ӈь "languages" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"

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