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Onschen
<big>Ossmalic


{{infobox
{{infobox
|bg=#9966CC
|bg=#9966CC
|name=Onschen
|name=Ossmalic
|native=Ӯсце
|native=мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
|pronounce=/õːʃt͡ʃe/
|pronounce=[ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
|in=Onstsamidzo
|in=Ossmal
|script=Sealbone Script
|script=Sealbone Script
|tree=Language isolate
|tree=Language isolate
Line 14: Line 14:
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}


28 consonants:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Onschen Consonantal Phonemes
|+ Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
|-
! style="width: 7em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 3.5em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! style="width: 3.5em;" rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! style="width: 3.5em;" | hard
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
! style="width: 3.5em;" | soft
!colspan=2|Coronal
! style="width: 3.5em;" | hard
!rowspan=2|Palatal
! style="width: 3.5em;" | soft
!rowspan=2|Velar
|-
|-
!Central
! colspan="2" | Nasal
!Lateral
| '''м''' /m/
|-
| '''н''' /n̪/
!colspan=2|Nasal
| '''нь''' /n̪ʲ/
| '''м''' [m]
| '''н''' [n̪] '''ні''' [n̪ʲ] ||
|
|
|
| '''ӈ''' /ŋ/
| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
| '''п''' [p] '''б''' [b]
! voiceless
| '''т''' [t̪] '''ті''' [t̪ʲ] '''д''' [d̪] '''ді''' [d̪ʲ] ||
| '''п''' /p/
| '''т''' /t̪/
| '''ть''' /t̪ʲ/
|
|
| '''к''' [k] '''кі''' [kʲ] '''г''' [g] '''гі''' [gʲ]
| '''к''' /k/
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Affricate
! voiced
| '''мп''' /b/
| '''нт''' /d̪/
| '''нть''' /d̪ʲ/
|
|
| '''ц''' [t͡s] '''ѕ''' [d͡z] ||
| '''ӈк''' /g/
| '''ч''' [t͡ʃ] '''џ''' [d͡ʒ]
| '''ӈкь''' /gʲ/
|
|-
!colspan=2|Fricative
| '''ф''' [f]
| '''с''' [s] ||
| '''ш''' [ʃ]
| '''х''' [x] '''хі''' [xʲ]
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Liquid
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| rowspan="2" | '''в''' /ʋ/
| '''р''' [r] '''рі''' [rʲ] || '''л''' [l] '''лі''' [lʲ]
| '''с''' /s/
| '''і''' [j]
| '''сь''' /sʲ/
|
| rowspan="2" | '''і''' /j/
| '''х''' /x/
| '''хь''' /xʲ/
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Click
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| '''л''' /l/
| '''ль''' /lʲ/
|
|
| '''ҭ''' [ǀ] || '''ԯ''' [ǁ]
| '''қ''' [ǂ]
|
|
|-
|-
Line 65: Line 72:


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel Phonemes
|+Monophthongs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
! style="width: 3em;" | Type
! colspan=2| Front
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Front
! colspan=2| Back
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Central
|-
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Back
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
| '''и''' [i] ||
| '''и''' /i/
| '''у''' [u] ||
| rowspan="2" | '''э''' /ə~ɨ/
| '''у''' /u/
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
| '''е''' [e] || '''ӣ''' [ẽː]
| '''е''' /e/
| '''о''' [o] || '''ӯ''' [õː]
| '''о''' /o/
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|colspan=4| '''а''' [a]
|colspan=3| '''а''' /a/
|-
|}
|}


Line 91: Line 96:
|+Diphthongs
|+Diphthongs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
! style="width: 6em;" | Type
! colspan=2| Front
! style="width: 3em;" | Front
! colspan=2| Back
! style="width: 3em;" | Back
|-
!Mid Falling
| '''іе''' /i̯e/
| '''во''' /u̯o/
|-
!Open Falling
| '''іа''' /i̯a/
| '''ва''' /u̯a/
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!<small>Oral</small>
! colspan="2" | Origin
!<small>Nasal</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æ
!<small>Oral</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | e
!<small>Nasal</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ø
| style="width: 1.5em;" | i
| style="width: 1.5em;" | y
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | o
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | u
! rowspan="3" style="width: 1.5em;" |
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | eː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | øː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | iː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | yː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | oː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | uː
|-
|-
!Mid-Rising
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Stage 1
| '''еі''' [ei̯] || '''ӣі''' [ẽi̯]
! style="width: 5em;" | unstressed
| '''оі''' [oi̯] || '''ӯі''' [õi̯]
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| rowspan="2" | ʲe
| rowspan="2" | ʲo
| rowspan="2" | ʲĭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲŭ
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | o
| rowspan="2" | ĭ
| rowspan="2" | ŭ
| rowspan="2" | ʲa
| ʲe
| ʲo
| ʲi
| ʲu
| rowspan="2" | a
| e
| o
| i
| u
|-
|-
!Open-Rising
! stressed
|colspan=4| '''аі''' [ai̯]
| ʲi̯a
| ʲu̯a
| ʲi̯e
| ʲu̯o
| i̯a
| u̯a
| i̯e
| u̯o
|}
|}
Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Tones Inferred by Consonants
! colspan="2" style="width: 7em;" | Consonant
! style="width: 5em;" | High
! style="width: 5em;" | Low
|-
! rowspan="6" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Plain
| '''па''' /pá/
| '''ба''' /pà/
|-
| '''та''' /t̪á/
| '''да''' /t̪à/
|-
| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''га''' /kà/
|-
! rowspan="3" | Voiced
| '''мпа''' /bá/
| '''мба''' /bà/
|-
| '''нта''' /d̪á/
| '''нда''' /d̪à/
|-
| '''ӈка''' /gá/
| '''ӈга''' /gà/
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Fricative
| '''са''' /sá/
| —
|-
| '''ха''' /xá/
| —
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" | Sonorant
| —
| '''ма''' /mà/
|-
| —
| '''на''' /n̪à/
|-
| —
| '''ӈа''' /ŋà/
|-
| —
| '''ла''' /là/
|-
|}
Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:
:'''а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́'''
:'''а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀'''
Animate:
:''ма̀дсьаі'' "human" [sg], ''???'' "people" [pl]
:''сьо́лаі'' "river" [sg], ''???'' "rivers" [pl]
:''хва́лаі'' "horse" [sg], ''???'' "horses" [pl]
:''кхьва́наі'' "god" [sg], ''???'' "gods" [pl]
:''дэ̀лхаі'' ??? [sg]
Inanimate:
:''сэма́л'' "mountain" [sg], ''сэма̀ль'' "mountains" [pl]
:''сьо́л'' "lake" [sg], ''сьо́ль'' "lakes" [pl]
:''ду̀д'' "house" [sg], ''ду̀дь'' "houses" [pl]
:''мэ́ӈ'' "language" [sg], ''мэ̀ӈь'' "languages" [pl]
===Adjective prefixes===
====Colours====
:''маг-'' "black, dark"
:''ос-'' "white, light"
:''тьил-'' "immoral, wicked, evil"
</big>

Latest revision as of 15:03, 15 October 2024

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ŋʲ/
Stop voiceless п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /kʲ/
voiced мп /b/ нт /d̪/ нть /d̪ʲ/ ӈк /g/ ӈкь /gʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Central Back
Close и /i/ э /ə~ɨ/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Diphthongs
Type Front Back
Mid Falling іе /i̯e/ во /u̯o/
Open Falling іа /i̯a/ ва /u̯a/
Origin æ e ø i y ɑ ɤ o ɯ u æː eː øː iː yː ɑː ɤː oː ɯː uː
Stage 1 unstressed ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲĭ ʲŭ a e o ĭ ŭ ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲi ʲu a e o i u
stressed ʲi̯a ʲu̯a ʲi̯e ʲu̯o i̯a u̯a i̯e u̯o


Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Low
Stop Plain па /pá/ ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ да /t̪à/
ка /ká/ га /kà/
Voiced мпа /bá/ мба /bà/
нта /d̪á/ нда /d̪à/
ӈка /gá/ ӈга /gà/
Fricative са /sá/ —
ха /xá/ —
Sonorant — ма /mà/
— на /n̪à/
— ӈа /ŋà/
— ла /là/

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

ма̀дсьаі "human" [sg], ??? "people" [pl]
сьо́лаі "river" [sg], ??? "rivers" [pl]
хва́лаі "horse" [sg], ??? "horses" [pl]
кхьва́наі "god" [sg], ??? "gods" [pl]
дэ̀лхаі ??? [sg]

Inanimate:

сэма́л "mountain" [sg], сэма̀ль "mountains" [pl]
сьо́л "lake" [sg], сьо́ль "lakes" [pl]
ду̀д "house" [sg], ду̀дь "houses" [pl]
мэ́ӈ "language" [sg], мэ̀ӈь "languages" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"

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