Senjecas - Derived Postpositions

Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	Q = interrogative particle	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	QUOT = direct quotation	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Postpositions

• 1. altéua [< al-, privative prefix; te̋ua, t.v. pay attention to] denotes paying no attention to.
  • Possible translation: regardless of
• I am going regardless of the consequences.
• mu dagőm altéua a̋ta:

m-u	dag-őm	altéua	a̋t-a
1s-N	consequences-G.p	regardless.of	go-IND

• 2. dása [< da̋sa, t.v. govern] denotes by the authority of
  • Possible translations: by/on the authority
• The coast guard seized the cargo by the authority of the governor.
• k̨uðdı̋slu daslűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:

k̨uð.dı̋s-l-u	das-l-űs	dása	őn-om	e=e̋m-a
coast.guard-AG-N.s	governor-AG-G.s	by.the.authority.of	cargo-A.s	PST=seize-IND

• 3. déla [< de̋la, t.v. refer to] denotes reference
  • Possible translations: with reference to, as to
• As to your question, I don’t know the answer.
• mu tu-meta̋s déla kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:

m-u	tu=met-a̋s	déla	kı̋r-om	sa̋a̋r-a	ne
1s-N	your=question-G.s	as.to	answer-A.s	know-IND	not

• 4. déxa [< de̋xa, t.v. obtain, acquire] denotes in order to obtain or acquire
  • Possible translation: for
• Can you go to the store for some eggs?
• tu sade̋mom do toolőm déxa a̋tu ma̋ƣa me:

t-u	sa.de̋m-om	do	tool-őm	déxa	a̋t-u	ma̋ƣ-a	me
2s-N	buy.building-A.s	to	egg-G.p	for	go-SUP	be.able-IND	Q

• 5. ðééa [< ðe̋e̋a, t.v. put, place] denotes in place of, replacement or preference
  • Possible translations: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than
• The rowers had to use boards for oars.
• e̋rlus erőm ðééa fa̋lonɛ ne̋udu e-ke̋la:

e̋r-l-us	er-őm	ðééa	fa̋l-on=ɛ	ne̋ud-u	e=ke̋l-a
row-AG-N.p	oar-G.p	for	board-A.p=EPEN	use-SUP	PST=had.to-IND

• Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
• m̃us ǧom̃ős ðééa dorős kíma þe̋som e-e̋da:

m̃-us	ǧom̃-ős	ðééa	dor-ős	kíma	þe̋s-om	e=e̋d-a
1p-N	beef-G.s	instead.of	supper-G.s	for	lamb-A.s	PST=eat-IND

• The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.
• vőőƣlu i-voogős éna k̨ortemős ðéé' abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:

vőőƣ-l-u	i=voog-ős	éna	k̨ortem-őm	ðéé-'	abe̋l-on	e=ne̋ud-a
bake-AG-N.s	this=cake-G.s	in	pear-G.p	rather.than-ELIS	apple-A.p	PST=use-IND

• 6. éba [< e̋ba, t.v. befall, bechance] denotes eventuality
  • Possible translations: in case of, against
• m̃u' suum̃ős éba beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:
• In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.

m̃-u'	suum̃-ős	éba	beƣ-ős	éna	u=sa̋r-a
1p-N-ELIS	rain-G.s	in.case.of	barn-G.s	in	FUT=feast-IND

• They are saving money against a rainy day.
• nu' sűűm̃' aha̋s éba pı̋ı̋nom a̋uka:

n-u-'	sűűm̃-'	ah-a̋s	éba	pı̋ı̋n-om	a̋uk-a
3-N.p-ELIS	rainy-ELIS	day-G.s	against	money-A.s	save-IND

• 7. éȝa [< e̋ȝa, t.v. entrust] denotes in the charge of
  • Possible translations: in charge of, with
• She is in charge of planting the vegetables.
• ii-éȝu le̋e̋mon műűlu éȝa vűűa:

ii=éȝ-u	le̋e̋m-on	műűl-u	éȝa	vűű-a
F=3-N.s	vegetable-A.p	plant-SUP	in.charge.of	be-IND

• I left the guard with the money.
• mu piinős éȝa dı̋slum e-te̋m̃a:

m-u	piin-ős	éȝa	dı̋s-l-um	e=te̋m̃-a
1s-N	money-G.s	with	guard-AG-A.s	PST=leave-IND

• 8. éra [< e̋ra, t.v. take advantage of, benefit] denotes on behalf of
  • Possible translations: for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone; for
• We are here for the people.
• m̃us leudős éra íðu vűűa:

m̃-us	leud-ős	éra	íðu	vűű-a
1p-N	people-G.s	for	here	be-IND

• 9. éta [< étu, adv. also, too, as well, likewise] denotes addition
  • Possible translations: as well as, besides, in addition to, with
• Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.
• sausoorős éta šemőutom toƣe̋ȝa:

saus.oor-ős	éta	šem.őut-om	toƣ-e̋ȝa
dry.cloth-G.s	as.well.as	swim.clothing-A.s	bring-SBJ

• Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.
• da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s éta eȝús o mɔ̋ɔ̋ru e̋sa:

da̋m-u	e̋f-u	maam-a̋s	éta	eȝ-ús	o	mɔ̋ɔ̋r-u	e̋s-a
sick-Ø	older.sister-N.s	mother-G.s	besides	3-G.s	to	support-SUP	be-IND

• He bought the horse with the saddle.
• éȝu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:

éȝ-u	xir-ős	éta	mőr-em	e=sa̋-a
3-N.s	saddle-G.s	with	horse-A.s	PST=buy-IND

• 10. fára [< fa̋ri, adj. ready] denotes in preparation for
  • Possible translation: for
• I must pack for my trip.
• mu-taƣős fára bűtu ke̋la:

mu=taƣ-ős	fára	bűt-u	ke̋l-a
my-trip-G.s	for	pack-SUP	must-IND

• 11. fésa [< fe̋si, adj. earlier, prior] denotes before in time
  • Possible translations: before, previous to
• The bus leaves before noon.
• leuðm̃e̋ƣo naaża̋s fésa vı̋da:

leuð.m̃e̋ƣ-o	naaż-a̋s	fésa	vı̋d-a
people.wagon-N.s	noon-G.s	before	leave-IND

• 12. f̨óþa [< f̨őþo, light] denotes ability to see by some light
  • Possible translations: by, in
• By the light of the moon the road became more visible.
• pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s f̨óþa nɪna̋k̨o e-ı̋la:

pa̋a̋v-o	zeer-e̋s	f̨óþa	nɪ~na̋k̨-o	e=ı̋l-a
road-N.s	full.moon-G.s	by.light.of	ELT~visible-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 13. góþa [< gőþa, t.v. make similar, resemble] denotes similarity or likeness
  • Possible translations: like, similar to
• Your recipe is like/similar to mine.
• tu-duƣdőko mu-duƣdokős góþa e̋sa:

tu=duƣ.dők-o	mu=duƣ.dok-ős	góþa	e̋s-a
your=cook.instruction-N.s	my=cook.instructon-G.s	like	be-IND

• You spread out the heavens like a tent.
• tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:

t-u	vout-ős	góþa	nűm-on	e=ża̋a̋d-a
2s-N	tent-G.s	like	heaven-A.p	PST=spread.out-IND

• 14. íla [< ı̋la, i.v. become] denotes change from one form into another
  • Possible translation: into
• He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:
• ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: m̃enantűm íla éȝem e-űűra:

ga̋a̋l-em	e=le̋ż-a	m̃en-a-nt-űm	íla	éȝ-em	e=űűr-a
air-A.s	PST=gather-IND	love-IND-AP-G.p	into	3-A.s	PST=craft-IND

• 15. ı́za [< ı̋za, t.v. descend, go down] denotes descent from
  • Possible translation: down from
• The workman fell climbing down from the roof.
• da̋rlu kőrom ı́za re̋nantu e-főőla:

da̋r-l-u	kőr-om	ı́za	re̋n-a-nt-u	e=főől-a
work-AG-N.s	roof-A.s	down.from	climb-IND-AP-N.s	PST=fall-IND

• 16. ȝéta [< ȝe̋ta, t.v. have to do with, relate to] denotes relating to someone or something
  • Possible translations: toward, in relation to
• What are your feelings toward him?
• tu-űtos eȝús ȝéta xos vűűa:

tu=űt-os	eȝ-ús	ȝéta	x-os	vűű-a
your=feeling-N.p	3-G.s	toward	what-N.p	be-IND

• 17. ȝóba [< ȝőba, t.v. approach, draw near] denotes proximity
  • Possible translations: by, on, close to, against
• The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.
• miine̋stɛlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-m̃e̋e̋sa:

miin-e̋st-ɛ-l-u	leð-ős	éna	eher-ős	ȝóba	nom-ős	éna	e=m̃e̋e̋s-a
fish-OCC-EPEN-AG-N.s	valley-G.s	in	lake-G.s	by	home-G.s	in	PST=live-IND

• The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.
• be̋ƣo m̃eesős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:

be̋ƣ-o	m̃ees-ős	ȝóba	e̋s-a	t-u	ta̋s-en	ve̋n-u	ma̋ƣ-a
barn-N.s	house-G.s	close.to	be-IND	2s-N	animal-A.p	hear-SUP	be.able-IND

• The shaman parked the wagon against the house.
• sa̋mu m̃eesős ȝóba m̃e̋ƣom e-ṡűra:

sa̋m-u	m̃ees-ős	ȝóba	m̃e̋ƣ-om	e=ṡűr-a
shaman-N.s	house-G.s	against	wagon-A.s	PST=park-IND

• 18. ȝúa [< ȝűi, adj. inside; interior] denotes interiority
  • Possible translations: inside, within
• Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
• kűno níígo vőm̃aþo abelős ȝúa e-vűűa:

kűn-o	níígo-Ø	vőm̃-a-þo-Ø	abel-ős	ȝúa	e=vűű-a
walnut-N.s	each-ABS	bake-IND-PP-ABS	apple-G.s	inside	PST=be-IND

• Horses are not permitted within the holy city.
• mőre' sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes e̋sa ne:

mőr-e-'	sa̋ko-Ø	riȝ-ős	ȝúa	dőr-a-þ-es	e̋s-a	ne
horse-N.p-ELIS	holy-ABS	city-G.s	within	permit-IND-PP-N.p	be-IND	not

• 19. kéésa [< ke̋e̋sa, t.v. while (away)] denotes from a past time
  • Possible translation: since
• I have known her since last year.
• mu hesdila̋s kéésa éȝum żɪże̋e̋na:

m-u	hes.dil-a̋s	kéésa	éȝ-um	żɪ~że̋e̋n-a
1s-N	yester.year-G.s	since	3-A.s	PRF~know-IND

• 20. kía [< kı̋a, t.v. work, do] denotes agency
  • Possible translation: by
• He was killed by his father.
• éȝu taata̋s kía ka̋a̋daþu e-ı̋la:

éȝ-u	taat-a̋s	kía	ka̋a̋d-a-þ-u	e=ı̋l-a
3-N.s	father-G.s	by	kill-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• 21. kíma [< kı̋ma, t.v. intend] denotes intention
  • Possible translation: for
• I will buy the wine for the dinner.
• mu dorős kíma m̃e̋inom u-sa̋a:

m-u	dor-ős	kíma	m̃e̋in-om	u=sa̋-a
1s-N	dinner-G.s	for	wine-A.s	FUT=buy-IND

• 22. kúȝa [< kűȝa, t.v. thank] denotes gratitude
  • Possible translation: thanks to
• Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.
• eȝu-dooős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋ƣa:

eȝu=doo-ős	kúȝa	mu=e̋d-om	sa̋-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
his=donation-G.s	thanks.to	my=food-A.s	buy-SUP	PST=be.able.IND

• 23. láába [< la̋a̋ba, i.v. hang down loosely] denotes hanging down from
  • Possible translation: on
• Apples grow on trees.
• abe̋los haiṡı̋m láába a̋la:

abe̋l-os	haiṡ-ı̋m	láába	a̋l-a
apple-N.p	tree-G.p	on	grow-IND

• 24. með- [< me̋ði, adj. middle] denotes the middle
  • Possible translation: the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed
• The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.
• ne̋sku terős meðéna e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:

ne̋sk-u	ter-ős	með.éna	e=ṡűr-a=k̬-'	e=ɫı̋ı̋g-a=k̬e
girl-N.s	room-G.s	mid.in	PST=stand-IND=and-ELIS	PST=cry-IND=and

• Then she ran to the middle of the field.
• éȝu pósu lőukomɛ méðdo e-re̋e̋sa:

éȝ-u	pósu	lőuk-om=ɛ	méð.do	e=re̋e̋s-a
3-N.s	then	field-A.s=EPEN	mid.to	PST=run-IND

• 25. méṡa [< me̋ṡa, t.v. lie alongside] denotes in a parallel direction
  • Possible translations: along, alongside of
• The hunters walked along the road through the forest.
• ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa pa̋a̋vom méṡa e-ne̋da:

ve̋e̋ð-l-us	fűr-om	þáfa	pa̋a̋v-om	méṡa	e=ne̋d-a
hunt-AG-N.p	forest-A.s	through	road-A.S	along	PST=walk-IND

• The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.
• na̋a̋ȝe mumɛ méṡa saxmı̋ƣom do őra a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:

na̋a̋ȝ-e	m-um=ɛ	méṡa	sax.mı̋ƣ-om	do	őra-Ø	a̋t-am	e=re̋e̋s-a
dog-N.s	1s-A=EPEN	alongside	beer.shop-A.s	to	all-ABS	way-A.s	PST-run-IND

• 26. méta [< métu, adv. at the same time] denotes at the same time
  • Possible translation: at the same time as, over
• She saw the lightning at the same time as me.
• éȝu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:

éȝ-u	m-ús	méta	he̋l-em	e=na̋k-a
3-N.s	1s-G	at.same.time.as	lightning-A.s	PST=see-IND

• We enjoyed a conversation over a fine cup of lavender tea.
• m̃us gindős nűno haðdepős méta va̋a̋om e-żűsa:

m̃-us	gind-ős	nűno-Ø	hað.dep-ős	méta	va̋a̋-om	e=żűs-a
1p-N	cup-G.s	fine-ABS	lavender.tisane-G.s	over	conversation-A.s	PST=enjoy-IND

• 27. méþa [< me̋þa, t.v. center, focus] denotes center
  • Possible translation: in the center of
• Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.
• m̃ú' se̋romɛ méþa na̋nan ðeee̋ȝa:

m̃-ú-'	se̋r-om=ɛ	méþa	na̋n-an	ðee-e̋ȝa
1p-V-ELIS	table-A.s=EPEN	in.the.center.of	flower-A.p	put-SBJ

• 27. móóda [< mőőda, means, method] denotes manner, method, way by which something is done
  • Possible translations: with, through, in, by means of
• Serve God with gladness.
• raaðta̋s móóda ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:

raaðt-a̋s	móóda	ȝűm-um	nı̋ı̋x-e
gladness-G.s	with	God-A.s	serve-IMP

• You will succeed at this task through courage and determination.
• tu żurta̋sk̬e rexra̋sk̬e móóda i-da̋a̋rom u-he̋e̋na:

t-u	żurt-a̋s=k̬e	rexr-a̋s=k̬e	móóda	i=da̋a̋r-om	u=he̋e̋n-a
2s-N	courage-G.s=and	determination-G.s=and	through	this=task-A.s	FUT=succeed.at-IND

• I repaid my debt in gold.
• mu gilős móóda mu-vűűmram e-te̋da:

m-u	gil-ős	móóda	mu=vűűmr-am	e=te̋d-a
1s-N	gold-G.s	in	my=debt-A.s	PST=repay-IND

• 28. m̃ása [< m̃a̋si, adj. left] denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun
  • Possible translations: on-, to-, -the left of
• The young man stood to the left of his father.
• ur-be̋ku eȝu-taata̋s m̃ása e-ṡűra:

ur=be̋k-u	eȝu=taat-a̋s	m̃ása	e=ṡűr-a
M=young-N.s	his=father-G.s	on.left.of	PST=stand-IND

• The soldier ran to the left of the tree.
• sőþlu ha̋iṡim m̃ása e-re̋e̋sa:

sőþ-l-u	ha̋iṡ-im	m̃ása	e=re̋e̋s-a
wage.war-AB-N.s	tree-A.s	to.left.of	PST=run-IND

• 29. néra [< ne̋ri, adj. under] denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively
  • Possible translations: behind, below, beneath, under(neath)
• The runner broke his leg below the knee.
• re̋e̋slu þ̨axős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:

re̋e̋s-l-u	þ̨ax-ős	néra	la̋k-om	e=ȝa̋f-a
run-AG-N.s	knee-G.s	below	leg-A.s	PST=break-IND

• Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
• fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l' o-niivrős néra bűþa:

fa̋ṡo-Ø	sűð-o	ka̋l-'	o=niivr-ős	néra	bűþ-a
kindly-ABS	heart-N.s	stern-ELIS	that=visage-G.s	beneath	beat-IND

• The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.
• zɔ̋ðlu m̃eesős n̨erős néra eȝu-arı̋ȝom e-ðőőva:

zɔ̋ð-l-u	m̃ees-ős	n̨er-ős	néra	eȝu=arı̋ȝ-om	e=ðőőv-a
farm-AG-N.s	house-G.s	floor-G.s	under	his=treasure-A.s	PST=bury-IND

• 30. nóóla [< nőőla, size] denotes to the extent of
  • Possible translation: by
• The picture measures 5 by 8.
• n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n nóóla me̋a:

n̨a̋r-o	pe̋n	bı̋n	nóóla	me̋-a
picture-N.s	five	eight	by	measure-IND

• He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.
• éȝu þűn ṡidős nóóla tɪt̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:

éȝ-u	þűn	ṡid-ős	nóóla	tɪ~t̨a̋a̋r-u	ef-ű-'	sóma	vűű-a
3-N.s	one	inch-G.s	by	ELT~-short-N.s	older.sister-G.s-ELIS	than	be-IND

• 31. nóma [< nőmo, home] denotes to or at the home of someone
  • Possible translations: to-, at-, -the home of
• We will meet you at the home of the mayor.
• m̃us rííineeilűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:

m̃-us	rííi.neei-l-űs	nóma	t-um	u=pa̋n-a
1p-N	city.lead-AG-G.s	at.home.of	2s-A	FUT=meet-IND

• The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.
• ȝyȝűűnus rííine̋e̋ilum nóma e-re̋e̋sa:

ȝy~ȝűűn-us	rííi.ne̋e̋i-l-um	nóma	e=re̋e̋s-a
ELT~young-N.p	city.lead.-AG-A.s	to.home.of	PST=run-IND

• 32. n̨áxa [< n̨a̋xa, t.v. defy] denotes disregard for
  • Possible translations: despite, for, in face of, notwithstanding, in spite of
• The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.
• be̋ku gaudős eȝu-egős n̨áxa e-ve̋e̋da:

be̋k-u	gaud-ős	eȝu=eg-ős	n̨áxa	e=ve̋e̋d-a
young-N.s	experience-G.s	his=lack-G.s	despite	PST=hunt-IND

• That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.
• a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu n̨áxa dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:

a=sőþ-l-u	sóól=vi	þűn	be̋s-om	űð-u	n̨áxa	dűb-u	da̋a̋r-l-u	vűű-a
that=wage.war-AG-N.s	only=ADV	one	arm-A.s	have-SUP	for	good-Ø	work-AG-N.s	be-IND

• 33. n̨óópa [< n̨őőpo, front] denotes in a position forward of
  • Possible translation: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of
• The priest stood in front of the church.
• nőitu tozdemős n̨óópa e-ṡűra:

nőit-u	toz.dem-ős	n̨óópa	e=ṡűr-a
priest-N.s	worship.building-G.s	in.front.of	PST=stand-IND

• The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.
• ṡiṡűs nı̋zo éȝum n̨óópa e-me̋m̃a. da éȝum e-tűga:

ṡiṡ-űs	nı̋z-o	éȝ-um	n̨óópa	e=me̋m̃-a	da	éȝ-um	e=tűg-a
child-G.s	shadow-N.s	3-A.s	before	PST=advance-IND	and	3-A.s	PST=frighten-IND

• We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.
• m̃us żı̋mo posnákaþős n̨óóp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:

m̃-us	żı̋mo-Ø	pos.nák-a-þ-ős	n̨óóp-'	al=kén=vi	na̋n-on	e=na̋k-a
1p-N	dark-ABS	behind.see-IND-AP-G.s	agains-ELIS	PRV=easy=ADV	flower-A.p	PST=see-IND

• 34. óita [< őito, oath] denotes taking of an oath
  • Possible translation: by, in the name of
• By God, I can do it.
• mu ȝuműs óita éȝom kı̋u ma̋ƣa:

m-u	ȝum-űs	óita	éȝ-om	kı̋-u	ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N	God-G.s	by	3-A.s	do-SUP	be.able-IND

• 35. péga [< pe̋go, side] denotes position at or movement towards the side of
  • Possible translation: at-, to-, -the side of
• The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.
• me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:

me̋v-l-us	mev.sár.ter-ős	péga	e=se̋d-a
dance-AG-N.p	dance.party.room-G.s	at.the.side.of	PST=sit-IND

• The children ran to the side of the playground.
• ṡı̋ṡus leida̋a̋rom péga e-re̋e̋sa:

ṡı̋ṡ-us	leid.a̋a̋r-om	péga	e=re̋e̋s-a
child-N.p	play.area-A.s	to.the.side.of	PST=run-IND

• 36. réiða [< re̋iða, t.v. drive, ride] denotes by a means of conveyance
  • Possible translation: by
• The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.
• soorta̋ƣlus m̃eƣős réiða noivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:

soor.ta̋ƣ-l-us	m̃eƣ-ős	réiða	noiv.da̋r-om	do	e=a̋t-a
beseech.travel-AG-N.p	wagon-G.s	by	sacred.place.suffix-A.s	to	PST=go-IND

• 37. ríza [< rı̋za, t.v. prop, support] denotes support
  • Possible translation: in-, -support-, -favor-, -of
• The people are in favor of the king’s decree.
• le̋udu reeƣűs tolős ríza vűűa:

le̋ud-u	reeƣ-űs	tol-ős	ríza	vűű-a
people-N.s	king-G.s	decree-G.s	in.favor.of	be-IND

• 38. sépa [< se̋pa, t.v. treat [of], concern] denotes reference or interest
  • Possible translation: concerning, about
• The ferryman knew nothing concerning/about the money stolen from the treasury.
• pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo piinős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:

pe̋r-l-u	saark-ős	áfa	vőőur-a-þo-Ø	piin-ős	sépa	néx-om	e=sa̋a̋r-a
ferry-AG-N.s	treasury-G.s	from	steall-IND-PP-ABS	money-G.s	about	nothing-A.s	PST=know-IND

• 39. sóma [< sőma, t.v. liken, compare] denotes comparison
  • Possible translation: compared to, than
• Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
• sa hesdila̋' sóma tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:

s-a	hes.dil-a̋-'	sóma	tı̋ı̋þa-Ø	le̋e̋t-a	e=e̋s-a	ne
this-N.s	yester.year-G.s-ELIS	compared.to	hot-ABS	summer-N.s	PST=be-IND	not

• A horse is bigger than a donkey.
• mőre eɫże̋' sóma mɪme̋że e̋sa:

mőr-e	eɫż-e̋-'	sóma	mɪ~me̋ż-e	e̋s-a
horse-N.s	donkey-G.s-ELIS	than	ELAT~big-N.s	be-IND

• 40. súna [< sűna, t.v. accompany] denotes accompaniment in time or space
  • Possible translation: with, in company with, along with
• Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.
• m̃u-pőikus őra sı̋xam eȝu-orpűm súna e-le̋ida:

m̃u=pőik-us	őra-Ø	sı̋x-am	eȝu=orp-űm	súna	e=le̋id-a
our=son-N.p	all-ABS	afternoon-A.s	their=cousin-G.p	with	PST=play-IND

• The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.
• ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:

ṡ̨őƣ-l-u	tı̋r	eep-űm	súna	sa.de̋m-om	e=ka̋d-a
trade-AG-N.s	three	associate-G.p	with	buy.building-A.s	PST=rob-IND

• The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.
• ii-asűru ɫiirűm súna e-gaaȝa̋sa:

ii=asűr-u	ɫiir-űm	súna	e=gaaȝ-a̋s-a
F=prince-N.s	minstrel-G.p	along.with	PST=sing-INC-IND

• 41. šéða [< še̋ða, t.v. characterize] denotes possessing a special characteristic
  • Possible translation: characteristic of, with
• My father is the man with the moustache.
• mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡő' šéða m̃ı̋ru e̋sa:

mu=ta̋a̋t-a	miiṡ-ő='	šéða	m̃ı̋ı̋r-u	e̋s-a
my=father-N.s	moustache-G.s=ELIS	with	man-N.s	be-IND

• 42. šóóða [< šőőða, t.v. pass-, go-, -through] denotes from one side of an opening to another
  • Possible translation: through
• He threw the hammer through the window.
• éȝu tűngom šóóða þűṡom e-ȝe̋e̋a:

éȝ-u	tűng-om	šóóða	þűṡ-om	e=ȝe̋e̋-a
3-N.s	window-A.s	through	hammer-A.s	PST=throw-IND

• 43. ṡóta [< ṡőta, t.v. straddle, bestraddle, bestride] denotes position on both sides of
  • Possible translation: astraddle, astride
• The boy perched astraddle the fence.
• hűsu turős ṡóta e-se̋da:

hűs-u	tur-ős	ṡóta	e=se̋d-a
boy-N.s	fence-G.s	astraddle	PST=sit-IND

• The wizard rode astride his dragon.
• lűmlu eȝu-paame̋s ṡóta e-n̨a̋mna:

lűm-l-u	eȝu=paam-e̋s	ṡóta	e=n̨a̋mn-a
conjure-AG-N.s	his=dragon-G.s	astride	PST=ride-IND

• 44. ṡ̨óga [< ṡ̨őga, t.v. exchange] denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively
  • Possible translation: (in-, -exchange-, -return-,) -for
• Run for your life!
• tu-ǧiira̋s ṡ̨óga re̋e̋se:

tu=ǧiir-a̋s	ṡ̨óga	re̋e̋s-e
your=life-G.s	for	run-IMP

• I will give you three apples for your bow.
• mu tu-l̨omős ṡ̨óga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:

m-u	tu=l̨om-ős	ṡ̨óga	t-ús	o	tı̋r	abe̋l-on	u=dőő-a
1s-N	your=bow-G.s	for	2s-G	to	three	apple-A.p	FUT=give-IND

• 45. tááda [< ta̋a̋da, t.v. do on purpose] denotes purpose
  • Possible translation: for, in order to
• We tried to break down the problem for further study.
• m̃us m̃ite̋ra siiga̋s tááda ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:

m̃-us	m̃ite̋ra-Ø	siig-a̋s	tááda	ka̋lt-am	le̋m-u	e=pe̋r-a
1p-N	further-ABS	study-G.s	for	problem-A.s	break-SUP	PST=try-IND

• 46. táɫa [< ta̋ɫi, adj. right[-hand]] denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun
  • Possible translation: on-, to-, -the right of
• The princess sat to the right of her father the king.
• ii-asűru eȝu-taata̋s reeƣűs táɫa e-se̋da:

ii=asűr-u	eȝu=taat-a̋s	reeƣ-űs	táɫa	e=se̋d-a
F=prince-N.s	her=father-G.s	king-G.s	to.the.right.of	PST=sit-IND

• 47. tára [< ta̋ra, t.v. cross] denotes motion from one side to the other
  • Possible translation: across, on the other side of, over
• The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
• ii-ba̋nlus vőgom tára ṡyṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-m̃a̋a̋ða:

ii=ba̋n-l-us	vőg-om	tára	ṡy~ṡ̬őko-Ø	ðee-ős	éna	e=m̃a̋a̋ð-a
F=wash-AG-N.p	stream-A.s	across	ELAT~shallow-ABS	place-G.s	an	PST=wade-IND

• Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
• [tú] te̋rom tára se̋dom ðeee̋ȝa:

t-ú	te̋r-om	tára	se̋d-om	ðee-e̋ȝa
2s-V	room-G.s	other.side.of	chair-A.s	place-SBJ

• The defeated troops fled over the bridge.
• se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þőlom tára e-vűga:

se̋h-a-þu-Ø	ṡa̋þm-us	þől-om	tára	e=vűg-a
defeat-IND-PP-ABS	troop-N.s	bridge-A.s	over	PSG=flee-IND

• 48. túȝa [< tűȝa, t.v. consider] denotes with respect or regard to
  • Possible translation: in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in
• In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
• mu tu-miþős túȝa ṡúm̃vi u-kı̋ı̋ra:

m-u	tu=miþ-ős	túȝa	ṡúm̃=vi	u=kı̋ı̋r-a
1s-N	your=letter-G.s	in.regard.to	tomorrow=ADV	FUT=answer-IND

• mu tu-m̃ida̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:
• With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
• mu tu-saar̈a̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:

m-u	tu=saar̈-a̋s	túȝa	ṡa̋a̋m-a
1s-N	your=knowledge	G.s	with.respect.to	disagree-IND

• I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.
• mu—ȝa tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős túȝa u-se̋ba—ne̋sa:

m-u	ȝa	tu=kőz-u	tanɠőno-Ø	doo-ős	túȝa	u=se̋b-a	ne̋s-a
1s-N	that	your=wife-N.s	mother.of.pearl-ABS	gift-G.s	with	FUT=be.pleased-IND	be.sure-IND

• The Committee on Orthography
• ruunȝar̈a̋s túȝa dááraulı̋ȝu

ruun.ȝar̈-a̋s	túȝa	dáár.aul-ı̋ȝ-u
letter.writing-G.s	on	work.advise-COL-N.s

• For this stitch, use a heavier thread.
• [tú] i-sim̃ős túȝa bybőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:

t-ú	i=sim̃-ős	túȝa	by~bőőko-Ø	ne̋e̋t-om	ne̋ud-e
2s-V	this=stitch-G.s	for	ELAT~heavy-ABS	threat-A.s	use-IMP

• My teacher helped me with my homework.
• mu-dőxlu nomvagős túȝa mum e-þőna:

mu=dőx-l-u	nom.vag-ős	túȝa	m-um	e=þőn-a
my=teach-AG-N.s	home.assignment-G.s	with	1s-A	PST=help-IND

• The pirate was blind in one eye.
• marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős túȝa re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:

mar.vőőur-l-u	þűn	t̬al-ős	túȝa	re̋e̋m-u	e=e̋s-a
sea.steal-AG-N.s	one	eye-G.s	in	blind-N.s	PST-be-IND

• 49. þála [< þa̋la, t.v. honor, award] denotes honor
  • Possible translation: in honor of
• They named the bridge in honor of the murdered policeman.
• tévu ka̋a̋daþu þornam̃lűs þála þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:

tév-u	ka̋a̋d-a-þu-Ø	þor.nam̃-l-űs	þála	þől-om	e=fe̋e̋t-a
they-N.s	murder-IND-PP-ABS	law.enforce-AG-G.s	in.honor.of	bridge-A.s	PST-name-IND

• 50. þééxa [< þe̋e̋xa, t.v. rest-, be based-, -on] denotes foundation or dependence
  • Possible translation: based-, depending-, -on
• Depending on his response, we will continue the work.
• m̃us eȝu-kirős þééxa da̋a̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:

m̃-us	eȝu=kir-ős	þééxa	da̋a̋r-om	u=se̋e̋r-a
1p-N	his=response-G.s	depending.on	work-A.s	FUT=continue-IND

• 51. þifápa [< þı̋fi, adj. distant; a̋pi, adj. away] denotes at a far distance
  • Possible translation: far away from
• We live far away from these mountains.
• m̃us i-ǧarőm þifápa m̃e̋e̋sa:

m̃-us	i=ǧar-őm	þif.ápa	m̃e̋e̋s-a
1p-N	this=mountain-G.p	far.from	live-IND

• 52. þóla [< þőlo, bridge] denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing
  • Possible translation: on both sides of
• Budapest is located on both sides of the Danube River.
• ak̬ı̋nka m̃esdaae̋s þóla ðe̋e̋a:

ak̬ı̋nk-a	m̃es.daa-e̋s	þóla	ðe̋e̋-a
Budapest-N.s	west.river-G.s	on.both.sides	be.located-IND

• 53. þóósa [< þőősa, t.v. oppose, face] denotes opposition
  • Possible translation: in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with
• The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.
• vı̋smu ɫ̨őxlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom þóósa e̋ru e-ke̋la:

vı̋smu-Ø	ɫ̨őx-l-us	a̋a̋to-Ø	ṡűrk-om	þóósa	e̋r-u	e=ke̋l-a
desperate-ABS	flee-AG-N.p	swift-ABS	current-A.s	against	row-SUP	PST=had.to-IND

• I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.
• mu vɪva̋a̋da mu-meda̋s þóósa som kı̋a:

m-u	vɪ~va̋a̋da-Ø	mu=med-a̋s	þóósa	s-om	kı̋-a
1s-N	ELAT~good-ABS	my=judgmengt-A.s	against	this-A.s	do-IND

• The dazed workman ran into the tree.
• mőőm̃aþu da̋a̋rlu ha̋isim þóósa e-re̋e̋sa:

mőőm̃-a-þu-Ø	da̋a̋r-l-u	ha̋is-im	þóósa	e=re̋e̋s-a
dazed-IND-PP-ABS	work-AG-N.s	tree-A.s	into	PST=run-IND

• The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
• ðűűnom þóósa ȝűðo ṡum̃a̋s kíma pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:

ðűűn-om	þóósa	ȝűð-o	ṡum̃-a̋s	kíma	pe̋e̋k-a-þ-o	e=ı̋l-a
castle-A.s	on	attack-N.s	tomorrow-G.s	for	plan-IND-PP-N.s	PST=become-IND

• The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
• rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu þóósa e-vűűa:

rı̋ı̋r-us	asur-ű='	sőt-u	þóósa	e=vűű-a
citizen-N.p	prince-G.s=ELIS	go.to.war-SUP	opposed	PST=be-IND

• The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.
• ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda miƣős þóósa ha̋isim e-re̋na:

ża̋v-l-u	a̋a̋þ-em	ża̋b-u	tááda	miƣ-ős	þóósa	ha̋is-im	e=re̋n-a
look.at-AG-N.s	fire-A.s	look.at-SUP	in.order.to	store-G.s	opposite	tree-A.s	PST=climb-IND

• The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.
• ne̋e̋þlus m̃e̋e̋em þóósa na̋a̋m̃om na̋a̋m̃u e-ke̋la:

ne̋e̋þ-l-us	m̃e̋e̋-em	þóósa	na̋a̋m̃-om	na̋a̋m̃-u	e=ke̋l-a
explore-AG-N.p	wind-A.s	against	boat-A.s	sail-SUL	PST=have.to-IND

• He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.
• éȝu ȝorűs þóósa ṡa̋tantu e-a̋ha:

éȝ-u	ȝor-űs	þóósa	ṡa̋t-a-nt-u	e=a̋h-a
3-N.s	younger.brother-G.s	with	fight-IND-AP-N.s	PST=spend.the.day-IND

• 54. úfa [< űfa, t.v. face, look out on] denotes in a position with the front toward the object
  • Possible translation: facing
• The disobedient child stood facing the wall.
• alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős úfa e-ṡűra:

al=ta̋a̋bu-Ø	ṡı̋ṡ-u	god-ős	úfa	e=ṡűr-a
PRV=obedient-ABS	child-N.s	wall-G.s	facing	PST=stand-IND

• 55. úpa [< űpi, adj. upper, higher] denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively
  • Possible translation: above, over
• The knight held the sword above his head.
• soþmı̋mlu niimős úpa va̋a̋lom e-ƣa̋va:

soþ.mı̋m-l-u	niim-ős	úpa	va̋a̋l-om	e=ƣa̋v-a
wage.war.ride-AG-N.s	head-G.s	above	sword-A.s	PST=hold-IND

• The osprey hovered over the lake.
• ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-k̬iilpe̋ta:

ga̋s='	ehe̋r-om	úpa	e=k̬iil.pe̋t-a
osprey=ELIS	lake-A.s	over	PST=still.fly-IND

• 56. xéma [< xe̋mo, tool] denotes instrumentality
  • Possible translation: with, by means of
• By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.
• þorna̋m̃lu siimlős xéma ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:

þor.na̋m̃-l-u	siim-l-ős	xéma	ðűr-om	lűr-u	e=ma̋ƣ-a
law.enforce-AG-N.s	cut-INS-G.s	by.means.of	door-A.s	open-SUP	PST=able-IND

• The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.
• vaala̋a̋gu eȝu-vaalős xéma n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:

vaal-a̋a̋g-u	eȝu=vaal-ős	xéma	n̨e̋t-um	e=ka̋a̋d-a
sword-OCC-N.s	his=sword-G.s	with	enemy-A.s	PST=kill-IND