Verbs in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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Vrkhazhian verbs are called '''madsiṟud''' (singular '''madsiṟu'''). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called '''masčišu''' and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called '''saẕkeru''', which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix '''-am'''.
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When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb '''d-s-ṟ''' (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called '''dusaṟ''' because that is the active present singular form of the verb.
Vrkhazhian verbs are called narībūm (singular narībum). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey a verb's transitivity. There are only two tenses (future and non-future) with the future tense indicated by a prefix attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and imperative) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular and plural) which are indicated by suffixes.
 
When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb root '''P-R-Ḫ''' (to speak, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the first person nonfuture singular indicative, it is called ''paruḫna'' because that is the first person nonfuture singular indicative form of the verb.  


== Verb Patterns ==
== Verb Patterns ==
=== Madsiṟom Dusaṟaẇ (Dusarh verbs) ===
Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩, and ⟨ḥ⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as "weak verbs".
This is the simplest basic form of a verb, it gives the general idea of its root.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''k-j-m''' (to support, to hold up)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾekjammu'' || to support || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾekjemmi'' || to be supported
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nukjam'' || ''nukjamam'' || supported || ''nikjem'' || ''nikjemam'' || was supported
|-
! Past Prog.
| ''yokjam'' || ''yokjamam'' || was supporting || ''yekjem'' || ''yekjemam'' || was being supported
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''ćukjam'' || ''ćukjamam'' || would have supported || ''ćikjem'' || ''ćikjemam'' || would have been supported
|-
! Present Realis
| ''kujam'' || ''kujmam'' || supports || ''kajem'' || ''kajmam'' || is supported
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''hukjam'' || ''hukjamam'' || is supporting || ''hikjem'' || ''hikjemam'' || is being supported
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''ẕekjam'' || ''ẕekjamam'' || would support || ''ẕikjem'' || ''ẕikjemam'' || would be supported
|-
! Future Realis
| ''ṇtakjam'' || ''ṇtakjamam'' || will support || ''ṇtekjem'' || ''ṇtekjemam'' || will be supported
|-
! Future Irrealis
| ''ʾakjam'' || ''ʾakjamam'' || might support || ''ʾekjem'' || ''ʾekjemam'' || might be supported
|-
|}
=== Madsiṟom Lodsaṟaẇ (Lodsarh verbs) ===
This stem is formed by prefixing an '''-l-''', which is dissimilated to '''-z-''' near another ⟨l⟩, between the base form and the tense prefix. The meaning this stem imparts is reflexive. Additionally, the genitive pronouns are used to indicate the subject of a verb in a reflexive construction.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''m-n-š''' (to write)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''lemnaššu'' || to write to self || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''lemnešši'' || to be written by self
|-
! Past Realis
| ''nulmunaš'' || ''nulmunšam'' || wrote to self || ''nilmoneš'' || ''nilmanšam'' || was written by self
|-
! Past Prog.
| ''yolmunaš'' || ''yolmunšam'' || was writing to self || ''yelmoneš'' || ''yelmanšam'' || was being written by self
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''ćulmunaš'' || ''ćulmunšam'' || would have written to self || ''ćilmoneš'' || ''ćilmanšam'' || would have been written by self
|-
! Present Realis
| ''lomnaš'' || ''lomnašam'' || writes to self || ''lomneš'' || ''lomnešam'' || is written by self
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''hulmunaš'' || ''hulmunšam'' || is writing to self || ''hilmaneš'' || ''hilmonšam'' || is being written by self
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''ẕelmunaš'' || ''ẕelmunšam'' || would write to self || ''ẕilmaneš'' || ''ẕilmanšam'' || would be written by self
|-
! Future Realis
| ''ṇtalmunaš'' || ''ṇtalmunšam'' || will write to self || ''ṇtelmaneš'' || ''ṇtelmanšam'' || will be written by self
|-
! Future Irrealis
| ''ʾalmunaš'' || ''ʾalmunšam'' || will write to self || ''ʾelmaneš'' || ''ʾelmanšam'' || will be written by self
|-
|}


=== Madsiṟom Dussaṟaẇ (Dussarh verbs) ===
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
This stem is formed by gemminating the middle root. The meaning this stem imparts is causative.
  |+ Verb Subject Suffixes
{| class="wikitable"
  ! style="width: 6em;" |
|+ '''l-n-d''' (to learn)
  ! style="width: 6em;" | Affirmative !! style="width: 6em;" | Negative
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾelunnaddu'' || to teach || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾelanneddi'' || to be taught
  |-
  ! Past Realis
| ''nulunnad'' || ''nulunnadam'' || taught || ''nilanned'' || ''nilannedam'' || was taught
|-
  ! Past Prog.
| ''yolunnad'' || ''yolunnadam'' || was teaching || ''yelanned'' || ''yelannedam'' || was being taught
|-
! Past Irrealis
| ''ćulunnad'' || ''ćulunnadam'' || would have taught || ''ćilanned'' || ''ćilannedam'' || would have been taught
|-
! Present Realis
| ''lunnad'' || ''lunnadam'' || teaches || ''lanned'' || ''lannedam'' || is taught
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''hulunnad'' || ''hulunnadam'' || is teaching || ''hilanned'' || ''hilannedam'' || is being taught
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''ẕelunnad'' || ''ẕelunnadam'' || would teach || ''ẕilanned'' || ''ẕilannedam'' || would be taught
|-
! Future Realis
| ''ṇtalunnad'' || ''ṇtalunnadam'' || will teach || ''ṇtelanned'' || ''ṇtelannedam'' || will be taught
|-
! Future Irrealis
| ''ʾalunnad'' || ''ʾalunnadam'' || might teach || ''ʾelanned'' || ''ʾelannedam'' || might be taught
|-
|}
=== Madsiṟom Lodussaṟaẇ (Lodussarh verbs) ===
This stem is formed by geminating the middle root and prefixing an '''-l-''', which is dissimilated to '''-z-''' near another ⟨l⟩, between the base form and the tense prefix. The meaning this stem imparts is autocausative. In the active voice it either indicates the subject is making itself do an action, or in the case of attributive verbs (e.g. to be X), it indicates that the subject becomes the attribute. In the passive voice, it either indicates that the subject is made to do an action to itself, or it simply indicates the subject undergoes a change of state.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''š-m-ř''' (to know)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
  |-
  |-
  ! Infinitive
  ! 1st Singular
  | colspan="2" Align="center" | ''lešummařřu'' || to inform self|| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''lešammeřři'' || to become known
  | ''-ni'' || ''-nisi''
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Realis
  ! 2nd Singular
  | ''nulšummař'' || ''nulšummařam'' || informed self || ''nilšammeř'' || ''nilšammeřam'' || became known
  | ''-ma'' || ''-masi''
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Prog.
  ! 3rd Singular
  | ''yolummař'' || ''yolšummařam'' || was informing self || ''yelšammeř'' || ''yelšammeřam'' || was becoming known
  | ''-ta'' || ''-tasi''
  |-
  |-
  ! Past Irrealis
  ! 1st Plural
  | ''ćulšummař'' || ''ćulšummařam'' || would have informed self || ''ćilšammeř'' || ''ćilšammeřam'' || would have become known
  | ''-ti'' || ''-tisi''
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Realis
  ! 2nd Plural
  | ''lošummař'' || ''lošummařam'' || informs self || ''lošammeř'' || ''lošammeřam'' || becomes known
  | ''-man'' || ''-masin''
  |-
  |-
  ! Present Prog.
  ! 3rd Plural
  | ''hulšummař'' || ''hulšummařam'' || is informing self || ''hilšammeř'' || ''hilšammeřam'' || is becoming known
  | ''-tan'' || ''-tasin''
|-
! Present Irrealis
| ''ẕelšummař'' || ''ẕelšummařam'' || would inform self || ''ẕilšammeř'' || ''ẕilšammeřam'' || would become known
|-
! Future Realis
| ''ṇtalšummař'' || ''ṇtalšummařam'' || will inform self || ''ṇtelšammeř'' || ''ṇtelšammeřam'' || will become known
|-
! Future Irrealis
| ''ʾalšummař'' || ''ʾalšummařam'' || might inform self || ''ʾelšammeř'' || ''ʾelšammeřam'' || might become known
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}


=== Other verbs ===
=== Thematic Vowels ===
==== Adjutative verb ====
=== Indicative Mood ===
This stem is formed by prefixing '''ṭo-''' between the base form and the tense prefix and the meaning it imparts is adjutative, which indicates that the subject is not an agent of the action, but assists the (unstated) agent.
==== Strong Verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
{|
|+ '''q-m-d''' (to digest)
|
!
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|+ ''u-class''<br>'''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ṭoqmaddu'' || to help digest || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ṭoqmeddi'' || to be helped with digesting
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
|-
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
! Past Realis
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
| ''nuṭoqmad'' || ''nuṭoqmadam'' || helped digest || ''niṭoqmed'' || ''niṭoqmedam'' || was helped with digesting
|-
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! Past Prog.
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''yoṭoqmad'' || ''yoṭoqmadam'' || was helping digest || ''yeṭoqmed'' || ''yeṭoqmedam'' || was being helped with digesting
| ''paruḫ-na''
|-
| ''ta-pruḫ-na''
! Past Irrealis
| ''na-pruḫ-na''
| ''ćuṭoqmad'' || ''ćuṭoqmadam'' || would have helped digest || ''ćiṭoqmed'' || ''ćiṭoqmedam'' || would have been helped with digesting
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
! Present Realis
| ''paruḫ-mu''
| ''ṭoqmad'' || ''ṭoqmadam'' || helps digest || ''ṭoqmed'' || ''ṭoqmedam'' || is helped with digesting
| ''ta-pruḫ-mu''
|-
| ''na-pruḫ-mu''
! Present Prog.
|-
| ''huṭoqmad'' || ''huṭoqmadam'' || is helping digest || ''hiṭoqmed'' || ''hiṭoqmedam'' || is being helped with digesting
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
|-
| ''paruḫ-mi''
! Present Irrealis
| ''ta-pruḫ-mi''
| ''ẕeṭoqmad'' || ''ẕeṭoqmadam'' || would help digest || ''ẕiṭoqmed'' || ''ẕiṭoqmedam'' || would be helped with digesting
| ''na-pruḫ-mi''
|-
|-
! Future Realis
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''ṇtaṭoqmad'' || ''ṇtaṭoqmadam'' || will help digest || ''ṇteṭoqmed'' || ''ṇteṭoqmedam'' || will be helped with digesting
| ''paruḫ-tu''
|-
| ''ta-pruḫ-tu''
! Future Irrealis
| ''na-pruḫ-tu''
| ''ʾaṭoqmad'' || ''ʾaṭoqmadam'' || might help digest || ''ʾeṭoqmed'' || ''ʾeṭoqmed'' || might be helped with digesting
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
|}
| ''paruḫ-ti''
| ''ta-pruḫ-ti''
| ''na-pruḫ-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''paruḫ-ta''
| ''ta-pruḫ-ta''
| ''na-pruḫ-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''paruḫ-mun''
| ''ta-pruḫ-mun''
| ''na-pruḫ-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''paruḫ-min''
| ''ta-pruḫ-min''
| ''na-pruḫ-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''paruḫ-tun''
| ''ta-pruḫ-tun''
| ''na-pruḫ-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''paruḫ-tin''
| ''ta-pruḫ-tin''
| ''na-pruḫ-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future I
! future II
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''paruḫ-mas''
| ''ta-pruḫ-mas''
| ''na-pruḫ-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''paruḫ-tas''
| ''ta-pruḫ-tas''
| ''na-pruḫ-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''paruḫ-man''
| ''ta-pruḫ-man''
| ''na-pruḫ-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''paruḫ-tan''
| ''ta-pruḫ-tan''
| ''na-pruḫ-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''i-class''<br>'''N-M-R''' (be bad, be immoral)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''namir-na''
| ''ta-nmir-na''
| ''na-nmir-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''namir-mu''
| ''ta-nmir-mu''
| ''na-nmir-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''namir-mi''
| ''ta-nmir-mi''
| ''na-nmir-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''namir-tu''
| ''ta-nmir-tu''
| ''na-nmir-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''namir-ti''
| ''ta-nmir-ti''
| ''na-nmir-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''namir-ta''
| ''ta-nmir-ta''
| ''na-nmir-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''namir-mun''
| ''ta-nmir-mun''
| ''na-nmir-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''namir-min''
| ''ta-nmir-min''
| ''na-nmir-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''namir-tun''
| ''ta-nmir-tun''
| ''na-nmir-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''namir-tin''
| ''ta-nmir-tin''
| ''na-nmir-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future I
! future II
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''namir-mas''
| ''ta-nmir-mas''
| ''na-nmir-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''namir-tas''
| ''ta-nmir-tas''
| ''na-nmir-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''namir-man''
| ''ta-nmir-man''
| ''na-nmir-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''namir-tan''
| ''ta-nmir-tan''
| ''na-nmir-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''a-class''<br>'''R-B-D''' (guard, protect)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''rabad-na''
| ''ta-rbad-na''
| ''na-rbad-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''rabad-mu''
| ''ta-rbad-mu''
| ''na-rbad-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''rabad-mi''
| ''ta-rbad-mi''
| ''na-rbad-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''rabat-tu''
| ''ta-rbat-tu''
| ''na-rbat-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''rabat-ti''
| ''ta-rbat-ti''
| ''na-rbat-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''rabat-ta''
| ''ta-rbat-ta''
| ''na-rbat-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''rabad-mun''
| ''ta-rbad-mun''
| ''na-rbad-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''rabad-min''
| ''ta-rbad-min''
| ''na-rbad-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''rabat-tun''
| ''ta-rbat-tun''
| ''na-rbat-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''rabat-tin''
| ''ta-rbat-tin''
| ''na-rbat-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future I
! future II
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''rabad-mas''
| ''ta-rbad-mas''
| ''na-rbad-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''rabat-tas''
| ''ta-rbat-tas''
| ''na-rbat-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''rabad-man''
| ''ta-rbad-man''
| ''na-rbad-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''rabat-tan''
| ''ta-rbat-tan''
| ''na-rbat-tan''
|}
|}


==== Initial-Weak Verbs ====
The initial radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation in the future tense
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''I-y'', ''u-class''<br>'''Y-N-D''' (hunt, fish)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''yanud-na''
| ''nī-nud-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''yanud-mu''
| ''nī-nud-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''yanud-mi''
| ''nī-nud-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''yanut-tu''
| ''nī-nut-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''yanut-ti''
| ''nī-nut-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''yanut-ta''
| ''nī-nut-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''yanud-mun''
| ''nī-nud-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''yanud-min''
| ''nī-nud-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''yanut-tun''
| ''nī-nut-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''yanut-tin''
| ''nī-nut-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''yanud-mas''
| ''nī-nud-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''yanut-tas''
| ''nī-nut-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''yanud-man''
| ''nī-nud-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''yanut-tan''
| ''nī-nut-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''I-w'', ''i-class''<br>'''W-S-Ḫ''' (be faithful, be loyal)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''wasiḫ-na''
| ''nū-siḫ-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''wasiḫ-mu''
| ''nū-siḫ-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''wasiḫ-mi''
| ''nū-siḫ-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''wasiḫ-tu''
| ''nū-siḫ-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''wasiḫ-ti''
| ''nū-siḫ-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''wasiḫ-ta''
| ''nū-siḫ-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''wasiḫ-mun''
| ''nū-siḫ-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''wasiḫ-min''
| ''nū-siḫ-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''wasiḫ-tun''
| ''nū-siḫ-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''wasiḫ-tin''
| ''nū-siḫ-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''wasiḫ-mas''
| ''nū-siḫ-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''wasiḫ-tas''
| ''nū-siḫ-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''wasiḫ-man''
| ''nū-siḫ-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''wasiḫ-tan''
| ''nū-siḫ-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''I-h'', ''a-class''<br>'''H-L-D''' (fight, battle, oppose)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''alad-na''
| ''nā-lad-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''alad-mu''
| ''nā-lad-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''alad-mi''
| ''nā-lad-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''alat-tu''
| ''nā-lat-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''alat-ti''
| ''nā-lat-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''alat-ta''
| ''nā-lat-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''alad-mun''
| ''nā-lad-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''alad-min''
| ''nā-lad-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''alat-tun''
| ''nā-lat-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''alat-tin''
| ''nā-lat-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''alad-mas''
| ''nā-lad-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''alat-tas''
| ''nā-lat-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''alad-man''
| ''nā-lad-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''alat-tan''
| ''nā-lat-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''I-ḥ'', ''e-class''<br>'''Ḥ-L-R''' (smite)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''eler-na''
| ''nē-ler-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''eler-mu''
| ''nē-ler-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''eler-mi''
| ''nē-ler-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''eler-tu''
| ''nē-ler-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''eler-ti''
| ''nē-ler-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''eler-ta''
| ''nē-ler-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''eler-mun''
| ''nē-ler-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''eler-min''
| ''nē-ler-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''eler-tun''
| ''nē-ler-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''eler-tin''
| ''nē-ler-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''eler-mas''
| ''nē-ler-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''eler-tas''
| ''nē-ler-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''eler-man''
| ''nē-ler-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''eler-tan''
| ''nē-ler-tan''
|}
|}


==== Comitative verb (Mukhebic)====
==== Middle-Weak Verbs ====
This stem only occurs in the Mukhebic dialect of Vrkhazhian and is formed by prefixing '''su-''' between the base form and the tense prefix and the meaning it imparts is comitative, which indicates that the subject does an action along with a co-agent, which is promoted to primary object.
The middle radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. Because of this change, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.
{| class="wikitable"
{|
|+ '''m-t-t''' (to walk)
|
!
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|+ ''II-w''<br>'''D-W-L''' (dig, reveal)
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''sumtattu'' || to walk with || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''sumtitti'' || to be walked along with
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
|-
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
! Past Realis
|-
| ''nusumtat'' || ''nusumtatam'' || walked with || ''nisumtit'' || ''nisumtitam'' || was walked along with
! rowspan="11" | Animate
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
! Past Prog.
| ''dūl-na''
| ''ʾüsumtat'' || ''ʾüsumtatam'' || was walking with || ''yisumtit'' || ''yisumtitam'' || was being walked along with
| ''na-dūl-na''
|-
|-
! Past Irrealis
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''ćusumtat'' || ''ćusumtatam'' || would have walked with || ''ćisumtit'' || ''ćisumtitam'' || would have been walked along with
| ''dūl-mu''
|-
| ''na-dūl-mu''
! Present Realis
|-
| ''sumtat'' || ''sumtatam'' || walks with || ''sumtit'' || ''sumtitam'' || is walked along with
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
|-
| ''dūl-mi''
! Present Prog.
| ''na-dūl-mi''
| ''husumtat'' || ''husumtatam'' || is walking with || ''hisumtit'' || ''hisumtitam'' || is being walked along with
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
! Present Irrealis
| ''dūl-tu''
| ''ẕisumtat'' || ''ẕisumtatam'' || would walk with || ''ẕisumtit'' || ''ẕisumtitam'' || would be walked along with
| ''na-dūl-tu''
|-
|-
! Future Realis
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''ṇdasumtat'' || ''ṇdasumtatam'' || will walk with || ''ṇdisumtit'' || ''ṇdisumtitam'' || will be walked along with
| ''dūl-ti''
|-
| ''na-dūl-ti''
! Future Irrealis
|-
| ''ʾasumtat'' || ''ʾasumtatam'' || might walk with || ''ʾisumtit'' || ''ʾisumtitam'' || might be walked along with
! colspan="3" |
|-
|-
|}
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''dūl-ta''
| ''na-dūl-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''dūl-mun''
| ''na-dūl-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''dūl-min''
| ''na-dūl-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''dūl-tun''
| ''na-dūl-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''dūl-tin''
| ''na-dūl-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''dūl-mas''
| ''na-dūl-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''dūl-tas''
| ''na-dūl-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''dūl-man''
| ''na-dūl-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''dūl-tan''
| ''na-dūl-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''II-y''<br>'''R-Y-B''' (plant [seeds], place)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''rīb-na''
| ''na-rīb-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''rīb-mu''
| ''na-rīb-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''rīb-mi''
| ''na-rīb-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''rīb-tu''
| ''na-rīb-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''rīb-ti''
| ''na-rīb-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''rīb-ta''
| ''na-rīb-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''rīb-mun''
| ''na-rīb-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''rīb-min''
| ''na-rīb-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''rīb-tun''
| ''na-rīb-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''rīb-tin''
| ''na-rīb-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''rīb-mas''
| ''na-rīb-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''rīb-tas''
| ''na-rīb-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''rīb-man''
| ''na-rīb-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''rīb-tan''
| ''na-rīb-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''II-h''<br>'''S-H-B''' (kill, slay)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''sāb-na''
| ''na-sāb-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''sāb-mu''
| ''na-sāb-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''sāb-mi''
| ''na-sāb-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''sāb-tu''
| ''na-sāb-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''sāb-ti''
| ''na-sāb-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''sāb-ta''
| ''na-sāb-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''sāb-mun''
| ''na-sāb-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''sāb-min''
| ''na-sāb-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''sāb-tun''
| ''na-sāb-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''sāb-tin''
| ''na-sāb-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''sāb-mas''
| ''na-sāb-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''sāb-tas''
| ''na-sāb-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''sāb-man''
| ''na-sāb-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''sāb-tan''
| ''na-sāb-tan''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''II-ḥ''<br>'''L-Ḥ-B''' (have, possess)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''lēb-na''
| ''ne-lēb-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''lēb-mu''
| ''ne-lēb-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''lēb-mi''
| ''ne-lēb-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''lēb-tu''
| ''ne-lēb-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''lēb-ti''
| ''ne-lēb-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''lēb-ta''
| ''ne-lēb-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''lēb-mun''
| ''ne-lēb-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''lēb-min''
| ''ne-lēb-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''lēb-tun''
| ''ne-lēb-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''lēb-tin''
| ''ne-lēb-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''lēb-mas''
| ''ne-lēb-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''lēb-tas''
| ''ne-lēb-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''lēb-man''
| ''ne-lēb-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''lēb-tan''
| ''ne-lēb-tan''
|}
|}


==== Substitutive verb (Mukhebic)====
==== Final-Weak Verbs ====
This stem only occurs in the Mukhebic dialect of Vrkhazhian and is formed by infixing '''di-''' after the first root consonant and the meaning it imparts is substitutive, which indicates that the subject does an action on behalf of another actor, which is promoted to primary object.
The final radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. The third person suffixes become ''-su(n)'' and ''-si(n)'' instead of ''-tu(n)'' and ''-ti(n)''. Like middle-weak verbs, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.
{| class="wikitable"
{|
|+ '''l-d-ś''' (to enter, to go in)
|
!
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|+ ''III-w''<br>'''N-D-W''' (to begin)
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''dildaśśu'' || to enter on behalf || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''dildiśśi'' || to be entered on behalf
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
|-
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
! Past Realis
|-
| ''nudildaś'' || ''nudildaśam'' || entered on behalf || ''nidildiś'' || ''nidildiśam'' || was entered on behalf
! rowspan="11" | Animate
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
! Past Prog.
| ''nadū-na''
| ''ʾüdildaś'' || ''ʾüdildaśam'' || was entering on behalf || ''yidildiś'' || ''yidildiśam'' || was being entered on behalf
| ''na-ndū-na''
|-
|-
! Past Irrealis
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''ćudildaś'' || ''ćudildaśam'' || would have entered on behalf || ''ćidildiś'' || ''ćidildiśam'' || would have been entered on behalf
| ''nadū-mu''
|-
| ''na-ndū-mu''
! Present Realis
|-
| ''dildaś'' || ''dildaśam'' || enters on behalf || ''dildiś'' || ''dildiśam'' || is entered on behalf
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
|-
| ''nadū-mi''
! Present Prog.
| ''na-ndū-mi''
| ''hudildaś'' || ''hudildaśam'' || is entering on behalf || ''hidildiś'' || ''hidildiśam'' || is being entered on behalf
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
! Present Irrealis
| ''nadū-su''
| ''ẕidildaś'' || ''ẕidildaśam'' || would enter on behalf || ''ẕidildiś'' || ''ẕidildiśam'' || would be entered on behalf
| ''na-ndū-su''
|-
|-
! Future Realis
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''ṇdadildaś'' || ''ṇdadildaśam'' || will enter on behalf || ''ṇdidildiś'' || ''ṇdidildiśam'' || will be entered on behalf
| ''nadū-si''
|-
| ''na-ndū-si''
! Future Irrealis
|-
| ''ʾadildaś'' || ''ʾadildaśam'' || might enter on behalf || ''ʾidildiś'' || ''ʾidildiś'' || might be entered on behalf
! colspan="3" |
|-
|-
|}
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''nadū-ta''
| ''na-ndū-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''nadū-mun''
| ''na-ndū-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''nadū-min''
| ''na-ndū-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''nadū-sun''
| ''na-ndū-sun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''nadū-sin''
| ''na-ndū-sin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''nadū-mas''
| ''na-ndū-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''nadū-sas''
| ''na-ndū-sas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''nadū-man''
| ''na-ndū-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''nadū-san''
| ''na-ndū-san''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''III-y''<br>'''R-S-Y''' (be good, be moral)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''rasī-na''
| ''na-rsī-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''rasī-mu''
| ''na-rsī-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''rasī-mi''
| ''na-rsī-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''rasī-su''
| ''na-rsī-su''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''rasī-si''
| ''na-rsī-si''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''rasī-ta''
| ''na-rsī-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''rasī-mun''
| ''na-rsī-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''rasī-min''
| ''na-rsī-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''rasī-sun''
| ''na-rsī-sun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''rasī-sin''
| ''na-rsī-sin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''rasī-mas''
| ''na-rsī-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''rasī-sas''
| ''na-rsī-sas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''rasī-man''
| ''na-rsī-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''rasī-san''
| ''na-rsī-san''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''III-h''<br>'''Ḫ-Ś-H''' (be correct, be true)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''ḫaśā-na''
| ''na-ḫśā-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''ḫaśā-mu''
| ''na-ḫśā-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''ḫaśā-mi''
| ''na-ḫśā-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''ḫaśā-su''
| ''na-ḫśā-su''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''ḫaśā-si''
| ''na-ḫśā-si''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''ḫaśā-ta''
| ''na-ḫśā-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''ḫaśā-mun''
| ''na-ḫśā-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''ḫaśā-min''
| ''na-ḫśā-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''ḫaśā-sun''
| ''na-ḫśā-sun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''ḫaśā-sin''
| ''na-ḫśā-sin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''ḫaśā-mas''
| ''na-ḫśā-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''ḫaśā-sas''
| ''na-ḫśā-sas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''ḫaśā-man''
| ''na-ḫśā-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''ḫaśā-san''
| ''na-ḫśā-san''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''III-ḥ''<br>'''K-M-Ḥ''' (get up, stand up, rise, wake up)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''kemē-na''
| ''ne-kmē-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''kemē-mu''
| ''ne-kmē-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''kemē-mi''
| ''ne-kmē-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''kemē-su''
| ''ne-kmē-su''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''kemē-si''
| ''ne-kmē-si''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''kemē-ta''
| ''ne-kmē-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''kemē-mun''
| ''ne-kmē-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''kemē-min''
| ''ne-kmē-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''kemē-sun''
| ''ne-kmē-sun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''kemē-sin''
| ''ne-kmē-sin''
|-
! colspan="2" |  
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''kemē-mas''
| ''ne-kmē-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''kemē-sas''
| ''ne-kmē-sas''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''kemē-man''
| ''ne-kmē-man''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''kemē-san''
| ''ne-kmē-san''
|}
|}


=== Verb moods ===
===Directive Mood===
Vrkhazhian has five moods, which are indicated by prefixed placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. These are the indicative, the jussive, the subjunctive, the commissive, and the propositive.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''u-class''<br>'''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''parḫ-an-na''
| ''na-parḫ-an-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''parḫ-am-mu''
| ''na-parḫ-am-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''parḫ-am-mi''
| ''na-parḫ-am-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''parḫ-at-tu''
| ''na-parḫ-at-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''parḫ-at-ti''
| ''na-parḫ-at-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''parḫ-at-ta''
| ''na-parḫ-at-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''parḫ-am-mun''
| ''na-parḫ-am-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''parḫ-am-min''
| ''na-parḫ-am-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''parḫ-at-tun''
| ''na-parḫ-at-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''parḫ-at-tin''
| ''na-parḫ-at-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''parḫ-am-mas''
| ''na-parḫ-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''parḫ-at-tas''
| ''na-parḫ-at-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''parḫ-am-mas''
| ''na-parḫ-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''parḫ-at-tas''
| ''na-parḫ-at-tas''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''i-class''<br>'''N-M-R''' (be bad, be immoral)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''namr-an-na''
| ''na-namr-an-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''namr-am-mu''
| ''na-namr-am-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''namr-am-mi''
| ''na-namr-am-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''namr-at-tu''
| ''na-namr-at-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''namr-at-ti''
| ''na-namr-at-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''namr-at-ta''
| ''na-namr-at-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''namr-am-mun''
| ''na-namr-am-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''namr-am-min''
| ''na-namr-am-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''namr-at-tun''
| ''na-namr-at-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''namr-at-tin''
| ''na-namr-at-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''namr-am-mas''
| ''na-namr-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''namr-at-tas''
| ''na-namr-at-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''namr-am-mas''
| ''na-namr-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''namr-at-tas''
| ''na-namr-at-tas''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''a-class''<br>'''R-B-D''' (guard, protect)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
|-
! rowspan="11" | Animate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''rabd-an-na''
| ''na-rabd-an-na''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''rabd-am-mu''
| ''na-rabd-am-mu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''rabd-am-mi''
| ''na-rabd-am-mi''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''rabd-at-tu''
| ''na-rabd-at-tu''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''rabd-at-ti''
| ''na-rabd-at-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''rabd-at-ta''
| ''na-rabd-at-ta''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''rabd-am-mun''
| ''na-rabd-am-mun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''rabd-am-min''
| ''na-rabd-am-min''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''rabd-at-tun''
| ''na-rabd-at-tun''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''rabd-at-tin''
| ''na-rabd-at-tin''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! nonfuture
! future
|-
! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| ''rabd-am-mas''
| ''na-rabd-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| ''rabd-at-tas''
| ''na-rabd-at-tas''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| ''rabd-am-mas''
| ''na-rabd-am-mas''
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| ''rabd-at-tas''
| ''na-rabd-at-tas''
|}
|}


The indicative mood is the default mood of verbs and indicates what the speakers believes to be a statement of fact. The jussive mood is mainly used for expressing obligation or duty, but when there are no subject pronouns or nouns, it functions as the imperative mood, expressing direct commands to the adressee(s). The subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical actions or situations, primarily in that-clauses. Additionally, it can function as the optative mood, expressing a wish or desire. The commissive mood expresses a commitment to do something, like a promise or threat, and the propositive mood simply expresses suggestions or propositions.
=== Extensions To the Verb ===
{| class="wikitable"
==== Causative Voice ====
|+ '''s-b-b''' (to kill)
{|
!
|
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|+ ''u-class''<br>'''T-P-R-Ḫ''' (speak to)
! Jussive
|-
| ''wisbab'' || ''wisbabam'' || have to kill || ''wisbeb'' || ''wisbebam'' || have to be killed
! style="width: 3em;" |
|-
! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
! Subjunctive
! style="width: 7em;" | future
| ''bisbab'' || ''bisbabam'' || may kill || ''bisbeb'' || ''bisbebam'' || may be killed
|-
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
! Commissive
| ''tapraḫ-na''
| ''ḵapsubab'' || ''ḵapsubbam'' || shall kill || ''ḵepsabeb'' || ''ḵepsabbam'' || shall be killed
| ''na-tapraḫ-na''
|-
|-
! Propositive
! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''mursubab'' || ''mursubbam'' || should kill || ''mirsabeb'' || ''mirsabbam'' || should be killed
| ''tapraḫ-mu''
|-
| ''na-tapraḫ-mu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''tapraḫ-mi''
| ''na-tapraḫ-mi''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''tapraḫ-tu''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''tapraḫ-ti''
| ''na-tapraḫ-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''tapraḫ-ta''
| ''na-tapraḫ-ta''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''tapraḫ-mun''
| ''na-tapraḫ-mun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''tapraḫ-min''
| ''na-tapraḫ-min''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''tapraḫ-tun''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''tapraḫ-tin''
| ''na-tapraḫ-tin''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''i-class''<br>'''T-N-M-R''' (spoil, corrupt)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 7em;" | future
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''tanmar-na''
| ''na-tanmar-na''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''tanmar-mu''
| ''na-tanmar-mu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''tanmar-mi''
| ''na-tanmar-mi''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''tanmar-tu''
| ''na-tanmar-tu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''tanmar-ti''
| ''na-tanmar-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''tanmar-ta''
| ''na-tanmar-ta''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''tanmar-mun''
| ''na-tanmar-mun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''tanmar-min''
| ''na-tanmar-min''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''tanmar-tun''
| ''na-tanmar-tun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''tanmar-tin''
| ''na-tanmar-tin''
|}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ ''a-class''<br>'''T-R-B-D''' (station, employ, assign)
|-
! style="width: 3em;" |
! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
! style="width: 7em;" | future
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| ''tarbad-na''
| ''na-tarbad-na''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| ''tarbad-mu''
| ''na-tarbad-mu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| ''tarbad-mi''
| ''na-tarbad-mi''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| ''tarbat-tu''
| ''na-tarbat-tu''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| ''tarbat-ti''
| ''na-tarbat-ti''
|-
! colspan="3" |  
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| ''tarbat-ta''
| ''na-tarbat-ta''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| ''tarbad-mun''
| ''na-tarbad-mun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| ''tarbad-min''
| ''na-tarbad-min''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| ''tarbat-tun''
| ''na-tarbat-tun''
|-
! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| ''tarbat-tin''
| ''na-tarbat-tin''
|}
  |}
  |}


== Weak Verbs ==
==== Applicative Voice ====
Verbs are considered weak if the root contains a weak radical, which are called called '''haẏwud'''. These weak radicals are ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨h⟩. Weak verbs have different morphophonological properties depending on the position of the radical with respect to the other radicals. Verbs where the first radical is weak are called '''madsiṟud ʾeššamud''' ("strengthened verbs") because the consonants ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ having the phonemic value of /j w/ are fortified to [ʝ β], except if there is an /a/ preceding them, where they become non-syllabic vowels. However, the consonant ⟨h⟩ is unaffected. Verbs where the second radical is weak are called '''madsiṟud ʾemḵapud''' ("hollow verbs") because the weak consonants are converted to their vocalic counterparts: ⟨y w⟩ become /i u/ with ⟨h⟩ unaffected. An exception to this is in the case of gemination whereby they are fortified just like strengthened verbs. Lastly, verbs where the third radical is weak are called '''madsiṟud ʾeṗšašud''' ("cut verbs") because, like hollow verbs, the weak consonants are converted to their vocalic counterparts, thus making the verb end in a vowel.
 
=== Strengthened Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''w-d-d''' (to cover)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾewdaddu'' || to cover || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾewdeddi'' || to be covered
|-
! Past Simple
| ''nuwdad'' || ''nuwdadam'' || covered || ''niwded'' || ''niwdedam'' || was covered
|-
! Past Prog.
| ''yowdad'' || ''yowdadam'' || was covering || ''yewded'' || ''yewdedam'' || was being covered
|-
! Present Simple
| ''wudad'' || ''wuddam'' || cover || ''waded'' || ''waddam'' || is supported
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''huwdad'' || ''huwdadam'' || is covering || ''hiwded'' || ''hiwdedam'' || is being covered
|-
! Future
| ''ʾaẇdad'' || ''ʾaẇdadam'' || will cover || ''ʾewded'' || ''ʾewdedam'' || will be covered
|-
|}
=== Hollow Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''t-y-l''' (to destroy)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾetyallu'' || to destroy || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾetyelli'' || to be destroyed
|-
! Past Simple
| ''nutil'' || ''nutilam'' || destroyed || ''nitil'' || ''nitilam'' || was destroyed
|-
! Past Prog.
| ''yotil'' || ''yotilam'' || was destroying || ''yetil'' || ''yetilam'' || was being destroyed
|-
! Present Simple
| ''til'' || ''tilam'' || destroy || ''til'' || ''tilam'' || is destroyed
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''hutil'' || ''hutilam'' || is destroying || ''hitil'' || ''hitilam'' || is being destroyed
|-
! Future
| ''ʾatil'' || ''ʾatilam'' || will destroy || ''ʾetil'' || ''ʾetilam'' || will be destroyed
|-
|}
=== Cut Verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''n-š-y''' (to want, to desire)
!
! Active Singular !! Active Plural !! Translation !! Passive Singular !! Passive Plural !! Translation
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšayyu'' || to destroy || colspan="2" Align="center" | ''ʾenšeyyi'' || to be destroyed
|-
! Past Simple
| ''nunši'' || ''nunšayam'' || destroyed || ''ninši'' || ''ninšeyam'' || was destroyed
|-
! Past Prog.
| ''yonši'' || ''yonšayam'' || was destroying || ''yenši'' || ''yenšeyam'' || was being destroyed
|-
! Present Simple
| ''nuši'' || ''nušyam'' || destroy || ''naši'' || ''našyam'' || is destroyed
|-
! Present Prog.
| ''hunši'' || ''hunšayam'' || is destroying || ''hinši'' || ''hinšeyam'' || is being destroyed
|-
! Future
| ''ʾanši'' || ''ʾanšayam'' || will destroy || ''ʾenši'' || ''ʾenšeyam'' || will be destroyed
|-
|}


== Vrkhazhian as a secundative language ==
== Vrkhazhian as a secundative language ==
Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme. The theme is indicated with the clitic '''sa-''', which changes to '''su-''' before bilabial consonants and '''s-''' before a glottal stop, which is phonetically omitted word-initially.
Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.


Below is an example, in the active voice:
Below is an example, in the active voice:
:'''ṛ-ʾUlda ṛ-tuhazi pulal su-bedu.'''
:'''Kumma bādan lēbtu.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Align="center" | ''ṛ-ʾUlda'' || Align="center" | ''ṛ-tuhazi'' || Align="center" | ''pulal'' || Align="center" | ''su-bedu''  
| Align="center" | ''Ku-mma'' || Align="center" | ''bād-an'' || Align="center" | ''∅-lēb-tu''  
|-
|-
| DEF-soldier-NOM.FEM.SG || Align="center" | DEF-man-ACC.MASC.SG || Align="center" | give\ACT.PRES.SG || Align="center" | with=book-NEUT.SG
| <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>-<span class="smallcaps">nom</span> || Align="center" | book-<span class="smallcaps">acc.inan.pl</span> || Align="center" | <span class="smallcaps">nfut</span>-have\<span class="smallcaps">act</span>-<span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
|}  
|}  
:"The guard gives the man [with] a book."
:"She has some books."


In the passive voice, the recipient is promoted to subject, rather than the theme:
In the applicative voice, an oblique (optional) element is promoted to primary object:
:'''Palel su-bedu ṛ-hazi ʾim ṛ-ʾulda.'''
:'''Kumma rēbi bādan lēˀebtu.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Align="center" | ''Palel'' || Align="center" | ''su-bedu'' || Align="center" | ''ṛ-hazi'' || Align="center" | ''ʾim'' || Align="center" | ''ṛ-ʾalkada''
| Align="center" | ''Ku-mma'' || Align="center" | ''rēb-i'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-an'' || Align="center" | ''∅-lēˀeb-tu''  
|-
|-
| give\PASS.PRES.SG || Align="center" | with=book-NEUT.SG || Align="center" | DEF-man-NOM.MASC.SG || Align="center" | by || Align="center" | DEF-soldier-FEM.SG
| <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>-<span class="smallcaps">nom</span> || Align="center" | man-<span class="smallcaps">acc.masc.sg</span> || Align="center" | book-<span class="smallcaps">acc.inan.pl</span> || Align="center" | <span class="smallcaps">nfut</span>-give\<span class="smallcaps">appl</span>-<span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
|}  
|}  
:"The man is given [with] a book by the guard."
:"She gives a man some books."
 
 
[[Category:Vrkhazh]]
</big>

Latest revision as of 10:58, 16 June 2024

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narībūm (singular narībum). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey a verb's transitivity. There are only two tenses (future and non-future) with the future tense indicated by a prefix attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and imperative) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular and plural) which are indicated by suffixes.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb root P-R-Ḫ (to speak, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the first person nonfuture singular indicative, it is called paruḫna because that is the first person nonfuture singular indicative form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩, and ⟨ḥ⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as "weak verbs".

Verb Subject Suffixes
Affirmative Negative
1st Singular -ni -nisi
2nd Singular -ma -masi
3rd Singular -ta -tasi
1st Plural -ti -tisi
2nd Plural -man -masin
3rd Plural -tan -tasin

Thematic Vowels

Indicative Mood

Strong Verbs

u-class
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
nonfuture future I future II
Animate 1cs paruḫ-na ta-pruḫ-na na-pruḫ-na
2fs paruḫ-mu ta-pruḫ-mu na-pruḫ-mu
2ms paruḫ-mi ta-pruḫ-mi na-pruḫ-mi
3fs paruḫ-tu ta-pruḫ-tu na-pruḫ-tu
3ms paruḫ-ti ta-pruḫ-ti na-pruḫ-ti
1cp paruḫ-ta ta-pruḫ-ta na-pruḫ-ta
2fp paruḫ-mun ta-pruḫ-mun na-pruḫ-mun
2mp paruḫ-min ta-pruḫ-min na-pruḫ-min
3fp paruḫ-tun ta-pruḫ-tun na-pruḫ-tun
3mp paruḫ-tin ta-pruḫ-tin na-pruḫ-tin
nonfuture future I future II
Inanimate 2ns paruḫ-mas ta-pruḫ-mas na-pruḫ-mas
3ns paruḫ-tas ta-pruḫ-tas na-pruḫ-tas
2np paruḫ-man ta-pruḫ-man na-pruḫ-man
3np paruḫ-tan ta-pruḫ-tan na-pruḫ-tan
i-class
N-M-R (be bad, be immoral)
nonfuture future I future II
Animate 1cs namir-na ta-nmir-na na-nmir-na
2fs namir-mu ta-nmir-mu na-nmir-mu
2ms namir-mi ta-nmir-mi na-nmir-mi
3fs namir-tu ta-nmir-tu na-nmir-tu
3ms namir-ti ta-nmir-ti na-nmir-ti
1cp namir-ta ta-nmir-ta na-nmir-ta
2fp namir-mun ta-nmir-mun na-nmir-mun
2mp namir-min ta-nmir-min na-nmir-min
3fp namir-tun ta-nmir-tun na-nmir-tun
3mp namir-tin ta-nmir-tin na-nmir-tin
nonfuture future I future II
Inanimate 2ns namir-mas ta-nmir-mas na-nmir-mas
3ns namir-tas ta-nmir-tas na-nmir-tas
2np namir-man ta-nmir-man na-nmir-man
3np namir-tan ta-nmir-tan na-nmir-tan
a-class
R-B-D (guard, protect)
nonfuture future I future II
Animate 1cs rabad-na ta-rbad-na na-rbad-na
2fs rabad-mu ta-rbad-mu na-rbad-mu
2ms rabad-mi ta-rbad-mi na-rbad-mi
3fs rabat-tu ta-rbat-tu na-rbat-tu
3ms rabat-ti ta-rbat-ti na-rbat-ti
1cp rabat-ta ta-rbat-ta na-rbat-ta
2fp rabad-mun ta-rbad-mun na-rbad-mun
2mp rabad-min ta-rbad-min na-rbad-min
3fp rabat-tun ta-rbat-tun na-rbat-tun
3mp rabat-tin ta-rbat-tin na-rbat-tin
nonfuture future I future II
Inanimate 2ns rabad-mas ta-rbad-mas na-rbad-mas
3ns rabat-tas ta-rbat-tas na-rbat-tas
2np rabad-man ta-rbad-man na-rbad-man
3np rabat-tan ta-rbat-tan na-rbat-tan

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation in the future tense

I-y, u-class
Y-N-D (hunt, fish)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs yanud-na nī-nud-na
2fs yanud-mu nī-nud-mu
2ms yanud-mi nī-nud-mi
3fs yanut-tu nī-nut-tu
3ms yanut-ti nī-nut-ti
1cp yanut-ta nī-nut-ta
2fp yanud-mun nī-nud-mun
2mp yanud-min nī-nud-min
3fp yanut-tun nī-nut-tun
3mp yanut-tin nī-nut-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns yanud-mas nī-nud-mas
3ns yanut-tas nī-nut-tas
2np yanud-man nī-nud-man
3np yanut-tan nī-nut-tan
I-w, i-class
W-S-Ḫ (be faithful, be loyal)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs wasiḫ-na nū-siḫ-na
2fs wasiḫ-mu nū-siḫ-mu
2ms wasiḫ-mi nū-siḫ-mi
3fs wasiḫ-tu nū-siḫ-tu
3ms wasiḫ-ti nū-siḫ-ti
1cp wasiḫ-ta nū-siḫ-ta
2fp wasiḫ-mun nū-siḫ-mun
2mp wasiḫ-min nū-siḫ-min
3fp wasiḫ-tun nū-siḫ-tun
3mp wasiḫ-tin nū-siḫ-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns wasiḫ-mas nū-siḫ-mas
3ns wasiḫ-tas nū-siḫ-tas
2np wasiḫ-man nū-siḫ-man
3np wasiḫ-tan nū-siḫ-tan
I-h, a-class
H-L-D (fight, battle, oppose)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs alad-na nā-lad-na
2fs alad-mu nā-lad-mu
2ms alad-mi nā-lad-mi
3fs alat-tu nā-lat-tu
3ms alat-ti nā-lat-ti
1cp alat-ta nā-lat-ta
2fp alad-mun nā-lad-mun
2mp alad-min nā-lad-min
3fp alat-tun nā-lat-tun
3mp alat-tin nā-lat-tin
nonfuture future
Animate 2ns alad-mas nā-lad-mas
3ns alat-tas nā-lat-tas
2np alad-man nā-lad-man
3np alat-tan nā-lat-tan
I-ḥ, e-class
Ḥ-L-R (smite)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs eler-na nē-ler-na
2fs eler-mu nē-ler-mu
2ms eler-mi nē-ler-mi
3fs eler-tu nē-ler-tu
3ms eler-ti nē-ler-ti
1cp eler-ta nē-ler-ta
2fp eler-mun nē-ler-mun
2mp eler-min nē-ler-min
3fp eler-tun nē-ler-tun
3mp eler-tin nē-ler-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns eler-mas nē-ler-mas
3ns eler-tas nē-ler-tas
2np eler-man nē-ler-man
3np eler-tan nē-ler-tan

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. Because of this change, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.

II-w
D-W-L (dig, reveal)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs dūl-na na-dūl-na
2fs dūl-mu na-dūl-mu
2ms dūl-mi na-dūl-mi
3fs dūl-tu na-dūl-tu
3ms dūl-ti na-dūl-ti
1cp dūl-ta na-dūl-ta
2fp dūl-mun na-dūl-mun
2mp dūl-min na-dūl-min
3fp dūl-tun na-dūl-tun
3mp dūl-tin na-dūl-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns dūl-mas na-dūl-mas
3ns dūl-tas na-dūl-tas
2np dūl-man na-dūl-man
3np dūl-tan na-dūl-tan
II-y
R-Y-B (plant [seeds], place)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs rīb-na na-rīb-na
2fs rīb-mu na-rīb-mu
2ms rīb-mi na-rīb-mi
3fs rīb-tu na-rīb-tu
3ms rīb-ti na-rīb-ti
1cp rīb-ta na-rīb-ta
2fp rīb-mun na-rīb-mun
2mp rīb-min na-rīb-min
3fp rīb-tun na-rīb-tun
3mp rīb-tin na-rīb-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns rīb-mas na-rīb-mas
3ns rīb-tas na-rīb-tas
2np rīb-man na-rīb-man
3np rīb-tan na-rīb-tan
II-h
S-H-B (kill, slay)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs sāb-na na-sāb-na
2fs sāb-mu na-sāb-mu
2ms sāb-mi na-sāb-mi
3fs sāb-tu na-sāb-tu
3ms sāb-ti na-sāb-ti
1cp sāb-ta na-sāb-ta
2fp sāb-mun na-sāb-mun
2mp sāb-min na-sāb-min
3fp sāb-tun na-sāb-tun
3mp sāb-tin na-sāb-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns sāb-mas na-sāb-mas
3ns sāb-tas na-sāb-tas
2np sāb-man na-sāb-man
3np sāb-tan na-sāb-tan
II-ḥ
L-Ḥ-B (have, possess)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs lēb-na ne-lēb-na
2fs lēb-mu ne-lēb-mu
2ms lēb-mi ne-lēb-mi
3fs lēb-tu ne-lēb-tu
3ms lēb-ti ne-lēb-ti
1cp lēb-ta ne-lēb-ta
2fp lēb-mun ne-lēb-mun
2mp lēb-min ne-lēb-min
3fp lēb-tun ne-lēb-tun
3mp lēb-tin ne-lēb-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns lēb-mas ne-lēb-mas
3ns lēb-tas ne-lēb-tas
2np lēb-man ne-lēb-man
3np lēb-tan ne-lēb-tan

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. The third person suffixes become -su(n) and -si(n) instead of -tu(n) and -ti(n). Like middle-weak verbs, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.

III-w
N-D-W (to begin)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs nadū-na na-ndū-na
2fs nadū-mu na-ndū-mu
2ms nadū-mi na-ndū-mi
3fs nadū-su na-ndū-su
3ms nadū-si na-ndū-si
1cp nadū-ta na-ndū-ta
2fp nadū-mun na-ndū-mun
2mp nadū-min na-ndū-min
3fp nadū-sun na-ndū-sun
3mp nadū-sin na-ndū-sin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns nadū-mas na-ndū-mas
3ns nadū-sas na-ndū-sas
2np nadū-man na-ndū-man
3np nadū-san na-ndū-san
III-y
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs rasī-na na-rsī-na
2fs rasī-mu na-rsī-mu
2ms rasī-mi na-rsī-mi
3fs rasī-su na-rsī-su
3ms rasī-si na-rsī-si
1cp rasī-ta na-rsī-ta
2fp rasī-mun na-rsī-mun
2mp rasī-min na-rsī-min
3fp rasī-sun na-rsī-sun
3mp rasī-sin na-rsī-sin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns rasī-mas na-rsī-mas
3ns rasī-sas na-rsī-sas
2np rasī-man na-rsī-man
3np rasī-san na-rsī-san
III-h
Ḫ-Ś-H (be correct, be true)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs ḫaśā-na na-ḫśā-na
2fs ḫaśā-mu na-ḫśā-mu
2ms ḫaśā-mi na-ḫśā-mi
3fs ḫaśā-su na-ḫśā-su
3ms ḫaśā-si na-ḫśā-si
1cp ḫaśā-ta na-ḫśā-ta
2fp ḫaśā-mun na-ḫśā-mun
2mp ḫaśā-min na-ḫśā-min
3fp ḫaśā-sun na-ḫśā-sun
3mp ḫaśā-sin na-ḫśā-sin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns ḫaśā-mas na-ḫśā-mas
3ns ḫaśā-sas na-ḫśā-sas
2np ḫaśā-man na-ḫśā-man
3np ḫaśā-san na-ḫśā-san
III-ḥ
K-M-Ḥ (get up, stand up, rise, wake up)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs kemē-na ne-kmē-na
2fs kemē-mu ne-kmē-mu
2ms kemē-mi ne-kmē-mi
3fs kemē-su ne-kmē-su
3ms kemē-si ne-kmē-si
1cp kemē-ta ne-kmē-ta
2fp kemē-mun ne-kmē-mun
2mp kemē-min ne-kmē-min
3fp kemē-sun ne-kmē-sun
3mp kemē-sin ne-kmē-sin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns kemē-mas ne-kmē-mas
3ns kemē-sas ne-kmē-sas
2np kemē-man ne-kmē-man
3np kemē-san ne-kmē-san

Directive Mood

u-class
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs parḫ-an-na na-parḫ-an-na
2fs parḫ-am-mu na-parḫ-am-mu
2ms parḫ-am-mi na-parḫ-am-mi
3fs parḫ-at-tu na-parḫ-at-tu
3ms parḫ-at-ti na-parḫ-at-ti
1cp parḫ-at-ta na-parḫ-at-ta
2fp parḫ-am-mun na-parḫ-am-mun
2mp parḫ-am-min na-parḫ-am-min
3fp parḫ-at-tun na-parḫ-at-tun
3mp parḫ-at-tin na-parḫ-at-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns parḫ-am-mas na-parḫ-am-mas
3ns parḫ-at-tas na-parḫ-at-tas
2np parḫ-am-mas na-parḫ-am-mas
3np parḫ-at-tas na-parḫ-at-tas
i-class
N-M-R (be bad, be immoral)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs namr-an-na na-namr-an-na
2fs namr-am-mu na-namr-am-mu
2ms namr-am-mi na-namr-am-mi
3fs namr-at-tu na-namr-at-tu
3ms namr-at-ti na-namr-at-ti
1cp namr-at-ta na-namr-at-ta
2fp namr-am-mun na-namr-am-mun
2mp namr-am-min na-namr-am-min
3fp namr-at-tun na-namr-at-tun
3mp namr-at-tin na-namr-at-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns namr-am-mas na-namr-am-mas
3ns namr-at-tas na-namr-at-tas
2np namr-am-mas na-namr-am-mas
3np namr-at-tas na-namr-at-tas
a-class
R-B-D (guard, protect)
nonfuture future
Animate 1cs rabd-an-na na-rabd-an-na
2fs rabd-am-mu na-rabd-am-mu
2ms rabd-am-mi na-rabd-am-mi
3fs rabd-at-tu na-rabd-at-tu
3ms rabd-at-ti na-rabd-at-ti
1cp rabd-at-ta na-rabd-at-ta
2fp rabd-am-mun na-rabd-am-mun
2mp rabd-am-min na-rabd-am-min
3fp rabd-at-tun na-rabd-at-tun
3mp rabd-at-tin na-rabd-at-tin
nonfuture future
Inanimate 2ns rabd-am-mas na-rabd-am-mas
3ns rabd-at-tas na-rabd-at-tas
2np rabd-am-mas na-rabd-am-mas
3np rabd-at-tas na-rabd-at-tas

Extensions To the Verb

Causative Voice

u-class
T-P-R-Ḫ (speak to)
nonfuture future
1cs tapraḫ-na na-tapraḫ-na
2fs tapraḫ-mu na-tapraḫ-mu
2ms tapraḫ-mi na-tapraḫ-mi
3fs tapraḫ-tu na-tapraḫ-tu
3ms tapraḫ-ti na-tapraḫ-ti
1cp tapraḫ-ta na-tapraḫ-ta
2fp tapraḫ-mun na-tapraḫ-mun
2mp tapraḫ-min na-tapraḫ-min
3fp tapraḫ-tun na-tapraḫ-tun
3mp tapraḫ-tin na-tapraḫ-tin
i-class
T-N-M-R (spoil, corrupt)
nonfuture future
1cs tanmar-na na-tanmar-na
2fs tanmar-mu na-tanmar-mu
2ms tanmar-mi na-tanmar-mi
3fs tanmar-tu na-tanmar-tu
3ms tanmar-ti na-tanmar-ti
1cp tanmar-ta na-tanmar-ta
2fp tanmar-mun na-tanmar-mun
2mp tanmar-min na-tanmar-min
3fp tanmar-tun na-tanmar-tun
3mp tanmar-tin na-tanmar-tin
a-class
T-R-B-D (station, employ, assign)
nonfuture future
1cs tarbad-na na-tarbad-na
2fs tarbad-mu na-tarbad-mu
2ms tarbad-mi na-tarbad-mi
3fs tarbat-tu na-tarbat-tu
3ms tarbat-ti na-tarbat-ti
1cp tarbat-ta na-tarbat-ta
2fp tarbad-mun na-tarbad-mun
2mp tarbad-min na-tarbad-min
3fp tarbat-tun na-tarbat-tun
3mp tarbat-tin na-tarbat-tin

Applicative Voice

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Kumma bādan lēbtu.
Ku-mma bād-an ∅-lēb-tu
3fs-nom book-acc.inan.pl nfut-have\act-3fs
"She has some books."

In the applicative voice, an oblique (optional) element is promoted to primary object:

Kumma rēbi bādan lēˀebtu.
Ku-mma rēb-i bēd-an ∅-lēˀeb-tu
3fs-nom man-acc.masc.sg book-acc.inan.pl nfut-give\appl-3fs
"She gives a man some books."

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