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| Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩, and ⟨ḥ⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as "weak verbs". | | Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩, and ⟨ḥ⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as "weak verbs". |
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| {|
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| {|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ Verb Subject Suffixes
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| !
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| ! Affirmative !! Negative || Interrogative
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| |-
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| ! 1st Singular
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| | ''-ni'' || ''-nīsi'' || ''-nīru''
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| |-
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| ! 2nd Singular
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| | ''-ma'' || ''-māsi'' || ''-māru''
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| |-
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| ! 3rd Singular
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| | ''-ta'' || ''-tāsi'' || ''-tāru''
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| |-
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| ! 1st Plural
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| | ''-ti'' || ''-tīsi'' || ''-tīru''
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| |-
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| ! 2nd Plural
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| | ''-man'' || ''-māsin'' || ''-mārun''
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| |-
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| ! 3rd Plural
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| | ''-tan'' || ''-tāsin'' || ''-tārun''
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| === Thematic Vowels ===
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| === Indicative Mood ===
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| ==== Strong Verbs ====
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| {|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| |+ ''u-class''<br>'''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
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| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-na''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-na''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-na''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-mu''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-mu''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-mu''
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| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-mi''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-mi''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-mi''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-tu''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-tu''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-tu''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-ti''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-ti''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-ta''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-ta''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-ta''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-mun''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-mun''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-mun''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-min''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-min''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-min''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-tun''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-tun''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-tun''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-tin''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-tin''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-tin''
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| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future I
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| ! future II
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''paruḫ-mas''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-mas''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-mas''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-tas''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-tas''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-tas''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-man''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-man''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-man''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
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| | ''paruḫ-tan''
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| | ''ta-pruḫ-tan''
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| | ''na-pruḫ-tan''
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| |+ ''i-class''<br>'''N-M-R''' (be bad, be immoral)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
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| | ''namir-na''
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| | ''ta-nmir-na''
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| | ''na-nmir-na''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
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| | ''namir-mu''
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| | ''ta-nmir-mu''
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| | ''na-nmir-mu''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
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| | ''namir-mi''
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| | ''ta-nmir-mi''
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| | ''na-nmir-mi''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
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| | ''namir-tu''
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| | ''ta-nmir-tu''
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| | ''na-nmir-tu''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
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| | ''namir-ti''
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| | ''ta-nmir-ti''
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| | ''na-nmir-ti''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
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| | ''namir-ta''
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| | ''ta-nmir-ta''
| |
| | ''na-nmir-ta''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
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| | ''namir-mun''
| |
| | ''ta-nmir-mun''
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| | ''na-nmir-mun''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
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| | ''namir-min''
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| | ''ta-nmir-min''
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| | ''na-nmir-min''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
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| | ''namir-tun''
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| | ''ta-nmir-tun''
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| | ''na-nmir-tun''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
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| | ''namir-tin''
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| | ''ta-nmir-tin''
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| | ''na-nmir-tin''
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| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! nonfuture
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| ! future I
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| ! future II
| |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''namir-mas''
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| | ''ta-nmir-mas''
| |
| | ''na-nmir-mas''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''namir-tas''
| |
| | ''ta-nmir-tas''
| |
| | ''na-nmir-tas''
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''namir-man''
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| | ''ta-nmir-man''
| |
| | ''na-nmir-man''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''namir-tan''
| |
| | ''ta-nmir-tan''
| |
| | ''na-nmir-tan''
| |
| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| |+ ''a-class''<br>'''R-B-D''' (guard, protect)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future I
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future II
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''rabad-na''
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| | ''ta-rbad-na''
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| | ''na-rbad-na''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
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| | ''rabad-mu''
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| | ''ta-rbad-mu''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-mu''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
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| | ''rabad-mi''
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| | ''ta-rbad-mi''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-mi''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
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| | ''rabat-tu''
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| | ''ta-rbat-tu''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-tu''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
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| | ''rabat-ti''
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| | ''ta-rbat-ti''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-ti''
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
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| | ''rabat-ta''
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| | ''ta-rbat-ta''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-ta''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''rabad-mun''
| |
| | ''ta-rbad-mun''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-mun''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''rabad-min''
| |
| | ''ta-rbad-min''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''rabat-tun''
| |
| | ''ta-rbat-tun''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-tun''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''rabat-tin''
| |
| | ''ta-rbat-tin''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future I
| |
| ! future II
| |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''rabad-mas''
| |
| | ''ta-rbad-mas''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''rabat-tas''
| |
| | ''ta-rbat-tas''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-tas''
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan="3" |
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''rabad-man''
| |
| | ''ta-rbad-man''
| |
| | ''na-rbad-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''rabat-tan''
| |
| | ''ta-rbat-tan''
| |
| | ''na-rbat-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==== Initial-Weak Verbs ====
| |
| The initial radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation in the future tense
| |
| {|
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| |+ ''I-y'', ''u-class''<br>'''Y-N-D''' (hunt, fish)
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
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| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-na''
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| | ''nī-nud-na''
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| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-mu''
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| | ''nī-nud-mu''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-mi''
| |
| | ''nī-nud-mi''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-tu''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-tu''
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| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-ti''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-ta''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-mun''
| |
| | ''nī-nud-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-min''
| |
| | ''nī-nud-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-tun''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-tun''
| |
| |-
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| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-tin''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-mas''
| |
| | ''nī-nud-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-tas''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''yanud-man''
| |
| | ''nī-nud-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''yanut-tan''
| |
| | ''nī-nut-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''I-w'', ''i-class''<br>'''W-S-Ḫ''' (be faithful, be loyal)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-na''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-mu''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-mi''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-tu''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-ti''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-ta''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-mun''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-min''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-tun''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-tin''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-mas''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-tas''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-man''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''wasiḫ-tan''
| |
| | ''nū-siḫ-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''I-h'', ''a-class''<br>'''H-L-D''' (fight, battle, oppose)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''alad-na''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''alad-mu''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''alad-mi''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''alat-tu''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''alat-ti''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''alat-ta''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''alad-mun''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''alad-min''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''alat-tun''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''alat-tin''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''alad-mas''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''alat-tas''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''alad-man''
| |
| | ''nā-lad-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''alat-tan''
| |
| | ''nā-lat-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''I-ḥ'', ''e-class''<br>'''Ḥ-L-R''' (smite)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''eler-na''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''eler-mu''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''eler-mi''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''eler-tu''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''eler-ti''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''eler-ta''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''eler-mun''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''eler-min''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''eler-tun''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''eler-tin''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''eler-mas''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''eler-tas''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''eler-man''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''eler-tan''
| |
| | ''nē-ler-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==== Middle-Weak Verbs ====
| |
| The middle radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. Because of this change, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.
| |
| {|
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''II-w''<br>'''D-W-L''' (dig, reveal)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-na''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-mu''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-mi''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-tu''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-ti''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-ta''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-mun''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-min''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-tun''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-tin''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-mas''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-tas''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-man''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''dūl-tan''
| |
| | ''na-dūl-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''II-y''<br>'''R-Y-B''' (plant [seeds], place)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-na''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-mu''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-mi''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-tu''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-ti''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-ta''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-mun''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-min''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-tun''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-tin''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-mas''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-tas''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-man''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''rīb-tan''
| |
| | ''na-rīb-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''II-h''<br>'''S-H-B''' (kill, slay)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-na''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-mu''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-mi''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-tu''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-ti''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-ta''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-mun''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-min''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-tun''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-tin''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-mas''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-tas''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-man''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''sāb-tan''
| |
| | ''na-sāb-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''II-ḥ''<br>'''L-Ḥ-B''' (have, possess)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-na''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-mu''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-mi''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-tu''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-ti''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-ta''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-mun''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-min''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-tun''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-tin''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-mas''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-tas''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-man''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''lēb-tan''
| |
| | ''ne-lēb-tan''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==== Final-Weak Verbs ====
| |
| The final radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. The third person suffixes become ''-su(n)'' and ''-si(n)'' instead of ''-tu(n)'' and ''-ti(n)''. Like middle-weak verbs, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.
| |
| {|
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''III-w''<br>'''N-D-W''' (to begin)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-na''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-mu''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-mi''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-su''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-su''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-si''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-si''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-ta''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-mun''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-min''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-sun''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-sun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-sin''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-sin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-mas''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-sas''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-sas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-man''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''nadū-san''
| |
| | ''na-ndū-san''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''III-y''<br>'''R-S-Y''' (be good, be moral)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-na''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-mu''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-mi''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-su''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-su''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-si''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-si''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-ta''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-mun''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-min''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-sun''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-sun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-sin''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-sin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-mas''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-sas''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-sas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-man''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''rasī-san''
| |
| | ''na-rsī-san''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''III-h''<br>'''Ḫ-Ś-H''' (be correct, be true)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-na''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-mu''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-mi''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-su''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-su''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-si''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-si''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-ta''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-mun''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-min''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-sun''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-sun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-sin''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-sin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-mas''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-sas''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-sas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-man''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''ḫaśā-san''
| |
| | ''na-ḫśā-san''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''III-ḥ''<br>'''K-M-Ḥ''' (get up, stand up, rise, wake up)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 5.6em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-na''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-mu''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-mi''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-su''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-su''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-si''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-si''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-ta''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-mun''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-min''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-sun''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-sun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-sin''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-sin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-mas''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-sas''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-sas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-man''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-man''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''kemē-san''
| |
| | ''ne-kmē-san''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Directive Mood===
| |
| {|
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''u-class''<br>'''P-R-Ḫ''' (speak, say)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-an-na''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-an-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-mu''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-mi''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-tu''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-ti''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-ta''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-mun''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-min''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-tun''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-tin''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''parḫ-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-parḫ-at-tas''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''i-class''<br>'''N-M-R''' (be bad, be immoral)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''namr-an-na''
| |
| | ''na-namr-an-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-mu''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-mi''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-tu''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-ti''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-ta''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-mun''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-min''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-tun''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-tin''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''namr-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-namr-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''namr-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-namr-at-tas''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''a-class''<br>'''R-B-D''' (guard, protect)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7.2em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="11" | Animate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-an-na''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-an-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-mu''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-mi''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-tu''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-ti''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-ta''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-mun''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-min''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-tun''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-tin''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-tin''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! nonfuture
| |
| ! future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="5" | Inanimate
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2ns</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3ns</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-tas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">2np</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-am-mas''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-am-mas''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="font-size: smaller" | <span class="smallcaps">3np</span>
| |
| | ''rabd-at-tas''
| |
| | ''na-rabd-at-tas''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === Extensions To the Verb ===
| |
| ==== Causative Voice ====
| |
| {|
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''u-class''<br>'''T-P-R-Ḫ''' (speak to)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-na''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-mu''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-mi''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-tu''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-ti''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-ta''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-mun''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-min''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-tun''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''tapraḫ-tin''
| |
| | ''na-tapraḫ-tin''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''i-class''<br>'''T-N-M-R''' (spoil, corrupt)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-na''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-mu''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-mi''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-tu''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-ti''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-ta''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-mun''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-min''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-tun''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''tanmar-tin''
| |
| | ''na-tanmar-tin''
| |
| |}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| |
| |+ ''a-class''<br>'''T-R-B-D''' (station, employ, assign)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 3em;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | nonfuture
| |
| ! style="width: 7em;" | future
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cs</span>
| |
| | ''tarbad-na''
| |
| | ''na-tarbad-na''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fs</span>
| |
| | ''tarbad-mu''
| |
| | ''na-tarbad-mu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2ms</span>
| |
| | ''tarbad-mi''
| |
| | ''na-tarbad-mi''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| | ''tarbat-tu''
| |
| | ''na-tarbat-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3ms</span>
| |
| | ''tarbat-ti''
| |
| | ''na-tarbat-ti''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">1cp</span>
| |
| | ''tarbat-ta''
| |
| | ''na-tarbat-ta''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2fp</span>
| |
| | ''tarbad-mun''
| |
| | ''na-tarbad-mun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">2mp</span>
| |
| | ''tarbad-min''
| |
| | ''na-tarbad-min''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3fp</span>
| |
| | ''tarbat-tun''
| |
| | ''na-tarbat-tun''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <span class="smallcaps">3mp</span>
| |
| | ''tarbat-tin''
| |
| | ''na-tarbat-tin''
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==== Applicative Voice ====
| |
|
| |
| == Vrkhazhian as a secundative language ==
| |
| Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.
| |
|
| |
| Below is an example, in the active voice:
| |
| :'''Kumma bādan lēbtu.'''
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | Align="center" | ''Ku-mma'' || Align="center" | ''bād-an'' || Align="center" | ''∅-lēb-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>-<span class="smallcaps">nom</span> || Align="center" | book-<span class="smallcaps">acc.inan.pl</span> || Align="center" | <span class="smallcaps">nfut</span>-have\<span class="smallcaps">act</span>-<span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| |}
| |
| :"She has some books."
| |
|
| |
| In the applicative voice, an oblique (optional) element is promoted to primary object:
| |
| :'''Kumma rēbi bādan lēˀebtu.'''
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | Align="center" | ''Ku-mma'' || Align="center" | ''rēb-i'' || Align="center" | ''bēd-an'' || Align="center" | ''∅-lēˀeb-tu''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>-<span class="smallcaps">nom</span> || Align="center" | man-<span class="smallcaps">acc.masc.sg</span> || Align="center" | book-<span class="smallcaps">acc.inan.pl</span> || Align="center" | <span class="smallcaps">nfut</span>-give\<span class="smallcaps">appl</span>-<span class="smallcaps">3fs</span>
| |
| |}
| |
| :"She gives a man some books."
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Vrkhazh]] | | [[Category:Vrkhazh]] |
| </big> | | </big> |
