VERBS of ABCL: Difference between revisions

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'''BASIC/ROOT VERBS'''
'''BASIC/ROOT VERBS'''


Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Fifteen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “PHYSICAL ACTS -K**”, “AKTIVE ACTIONS –Y,  R and G**”, “PEOPLE – S and Ş**”, “SOCIAL RELATION –F and P**”, “MENTAL ACTIVITIES –B and M**”, “HOUSEHOLD, … DAILY LIFE -D**”, “PASTTIME, SPOR, HEALTH -T**”, “UTTARANCE, NONPERSON ACTS-Ç**”, “BUSINESS, PUBLIC -H**”, “TECHNIC / SCIENCE / NATURE-V**”. In PHYSICAL ACTS,  “K**” is initial consonant for the heading, ** indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration. 
=== BASIC/ROOT VERBS ===


For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand six hundreds of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA* for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE* for another where appropriate (not in this example).
Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Seventeen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “Physical Acts -K##”, “Active Actions –Y, L, R and G##”, “People/Human – S and Ş##”, “Social Relation –F, N and P##”, “Mental Activities –B and M##”, “Household, Daily Life -D##”, “Pastime, Spor, Health -T##”, “Utterance, Nonperson Acts-Ç##”, “Business, Public -H##”, “Technic / Science / Nature-V##”. In Physical Acts, “K##” is initial consonant for the heading, ## indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration.  For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand five hundred of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA# for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE# for another where appropriate (For the purpose of correlation with English words this “principle” has been relaxed considerably).


As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
{|
{|
|'''kaf'''||||||set up||||||'''kef'''||||||set down||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''kif'''||||||fasten
|'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''köf'''||||||force
|-
|-
|kah||||||dig||||||keh||||||fill||||||kıh||||||  ||||||kih||||||excavate
|kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh||||||  ||||||köh||||||hew
|-
|-
|kak||||||walk||||||kek||||||preserve||||||kık||||||  ||||||kik||||||fit
|kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık||||||  ||||||kök||||||connect
|-
|-
|kal||||||open||||||kel||||||close||||||kıl||||||  ||||||kil||||||shut down
|kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl||||||  ||||||köl||||||line
|-
|-
|kam||||||pull||||||kem||||||push||||||kım||||||  ||||||kim||||||twist
|kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım||||||  ||||||köm||||||modify/alter
|-
|-
|kan||||||take||||||ken||||||give||||||kın||||||take away ||||||kin||||||bring
|kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın||||||  ||||||kön||||||
|-
|-
|kap||||||throw/fling||||||kep||||||dart||||||kıp||||||  ||||||kip||||||kick
|kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press ||||||köp||||||push
|-
|-
|kar||||||hit||||||ker||||||crush/bump||||||kır||||||bust  ||||||kir||||||catch
|kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase
|-
|-
|kas||||||cut||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||  ||||||kis||||||divide
|kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt ||||||kös||||||shear
|-
|-
|}
|}


Verbs will be flexed for the first level beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.


Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity.
=== DERIVED VERBS ===
 
Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be the one with the intransitive meaning.
 
This is however not a big issue, because a verb in a clause accompanied by an object will be understood as transitive in any way.
 
'''DERIVED VERBS'''


Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.
Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.


For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added (thus we will have a four and five (for negation with _x) letter verb. For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these type of verbs are always intransitive). The number of letters may be increased up to seven letters.
For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added. (thus we will have a six letters verbs.)  For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these types of verbs are always intransitive).


'''Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs)'''- ''(first noun of the rows translated only)
==== Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs) ====
- ''Examples (first noun of the rows translated only)
''
''
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_k'''|| || çanko.k, dengo.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|-  
|-  
|(noun)_k|| || pesçi.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_l'''|| ||vesne.l/posbo.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
|'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up
|-
|-
|(noun)_l|| || vönni.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|-
|-
|(noun)_lx|| ||tanrı.lx||get …||''get no fever''
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky''
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever''
|}
|}


'''Derived Verbs from Adjectives'''
==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
Examples:
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb'''  
|-
|-
|'''_l, _lx'''|| ||efi.l- efil.x||''be new-become old''
|'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ene.l- enel.x||''greaten/biggen-become small/diminish''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||emi.l- emi.lx||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||egi.l- egix.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|-
|-
|_l, _lx|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
The negation suffix “x” is normally placed at the end of the word which it negates. If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing.
In case of adjectives created as antonym (by negation suffix “_x”), derivation suffix comes after “_x”.  Thus, if the derived verb would be negated, such construction as “ebix.l.o.x” (ebixlox=not diminished) are possible sinbe the suffix “_x” will be placed after the tense-conjugation suffix.
 
If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” may be introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing. (e.g. enu.x.l.o=became old).
 
=== Infinite and Imperative ===
 
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples'''  ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)''
|-
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)''
|}


== Verbal Forms in ABCL ==
=== Verb Transformation in ABCL ===
 
Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (ergative-anticausative) (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. For the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL would need two different root verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. Therefore, I have tried to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs including all copula verbs) as appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object anyway. Verbs such as “to boil” is considered in ABCL as inherently intransitive because boiling is an inherently specific characteristic of fluids.  Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always intrinsically as transitive (e.g. the verb “sink=yes” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. (Most of the natural languages have more transitive verbs than intransitive, e.g. English and German about 60%, therefore I have chosen transitive sinse as basic in case of the duality.)
 
Because there are too many ambitransitive verbs, which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-) intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the reflexive suffix “_m” for this purpose. (Example: look at (vt) vs look nice (vi)- bul.# vs bul.#.m) With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL.  Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t” and for the reciprocal the suffix “_y”.


Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. ABCL tries to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object.  Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always as transitive too (e.g. the verb “sink=yus” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. Because there are too many transitive verbs which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-)intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the suffix “_t” for this purpose. Similar approach has been chosen also for the reciprocal verbs with the suffix “_k”.  With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL.  Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t”.
English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite.  Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).
English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite.  Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).
The verb “bab” is introduced as ABCL equivalent of English verb “to be”, it will be utilized however in copula mood as “zero copula”. For example, “it is beautiful” translates into ABCL (for the sake of simplicity) not as “u babe ebe” but as “u ebe” or simpler as “ebe” if the context permits it.
Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.
Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.

Revision as of 06:54, 8 March 2024

BASIC/ROOT VERBS

BASIC/ROOT VERBS

Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Seventeen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “Physical Acts -K##”, “Active Actions –Y, L, R and G##”, “People/Human – S and Ş##”, “Social Relation –F, N and P##”, “Mental Activities –B and M##”, “Household, Daily Life -D##”, “Pastime, Spor, Health -T##”, “Utterance, Nonperson Acts-Ç##”, “Business, Public -H##”, “Technic / Science / Nature-V##”. In Physical Acts, “K##” is initial consonant for the heading, ## indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration. For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand five hundred of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA# for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE# for another where appropriate (For the purpose of correlation with English words this “principle” has been relaxed considerably).

As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:

kaf fasten kef fill kıf köf force
kah haul/drag keh hang kıh köh hew
kak convert kek catch kık kök connect
kal lift kel load kıl köl line
kam mount kem mischief kım köm modify/alter
kan narrow ken enlarge kın kön
kap package kep place/put on kıp press köp push
kar repair/mend ker rip kır kör erase
kas saw kes separate kıs splitt kös shear

Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.

DERIVED VERBS

Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.

For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added. (thus we will have a six letters verbs.) For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these types of verbs are always intransitive).

Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs)

- Examples (first noun of the rows translated only)

ABCL Suffix ABCL verb English Suffix English verb
(noun)_k (transitive) venfi.k, denso.k _, _en, _ize fire, salt, frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise
(noun)_k (transitive) benli.k _ate liberate, hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
(noun)_l (intransitive) vessu.l/vüsle.l _en, get … sun/sunbathe, lighten, get old, prink up
(noun)_l (intransitive) venva.l _ize/ise vaporize, get icy, materialize(vi),
(noun)_l (intransitive) banlu.l be lucky
(noun)_l (intransitive) tenfe.l get … get no fever

Derived Verbs from Adjectives

Examples:

ABCL Suffix ABCL verb English verb
_l, _xl enu.l- enux.l be new-become old
_l, _xl ebi.l- ebix.l biggen-become small/diminish
_l, _xl eşi.l- eşix.l shine-become dull/tarnish/dim
_l, _xl ofe.l-ofex.l be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)
_l, _xl ebe.l- ebex.l become beautiful-be ugly

In case of adjectives created as antonym (by negation suffix “_x”), derivation suffix comes after “_x”. Thus, if the derived verb would be negated, such construction as “ebix.l.o.x” (ebixlox=not diminished) are possible sinbe the suffix “_x” will be placed after the tense-conjugation suffix.

If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” may be introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing. (e.g. enu.x.l.o=became old).

Infinite and Imperative

ABCL Suffix Level 1 Example: ABCL noun English Suffix Some English Nouns as Samples (verbs given in italic are imperatives)
'_eş-x yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!) to ... (infinite)/! to run, to eat / (run!, eat-don't eat!)

Verb Transformation in ABCL

Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (ergative-anticausative) (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. For the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL would need two different root verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. Therefore, I have tried to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs including all copula verbs) as appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object anyway. Verbs such as “to boil” is considered in ABCL as inherently intransitive because boiling is an inherently specific characteristic of fluids. Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always intrinsically as transitive (e.g. the verb “sink=yes” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. (Most of the natural languages have more transitive verbs than intransitive, e.g. English and German about 60%, therefore I have chosen transitive sinse as basic in case of the duality.)

Because there are too many ambitransitive verbs, which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-) intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the reflexive suffix “_m” for this purpose. (Example: look at (vt) vs look nice (vi)- bul.# vs bul.#.m) With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL. Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t” and for the reciprocal the suffix “_y”.

English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite. Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).

The verb “bab” is introduced as ABCL equivalent of English verb “to be”, it will be utilized however in copula mood as “zero copula”. For example, “it is beautiful” translates into ABCL (for the sake of simplicity) not as “u babe ebe” but as “u ebe” or simpler as “ebe” if the context permits it.

Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.

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