Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
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==Table of Phonemes== | ==Table of Phonemes== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width: | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;" | ||
! MOA | |||
! colspan="3" | nasals | |||
| | |||
! colspan="7" | stops | |||
| | |||
! colspan="3" | sibilants | |||
| | |||
! colspan="8" | fricatives | |||
| | |||
! colspan="3" | approximants | |||
| | |||
! colspan="1" | tap | |||
| | |||
! colspan="1" | affricate | |||
| | |||
! colspan="6" | vowels | |||
|- | |||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
| /m/ | |||
| /n/ | |||
| /ŋ/ | |||
! /p/ | ! | ||
| /p/ | |||
| /b/ | |||
| /t/ | |||
| /d/ | |||
| /k/ | |||
| /g/ | |||
! / | | /ʔ/ | ||
! | |||
| /s/ | |||
! / | | /z/ | ||
| /ʃ/ | |||
! | |||
| /ɸ/ | |||
| /β/ | |||
| /θ/ | |||
| /ð/ | |||
| /χ/ | |||
! / | | /ɣ/ | ||
| /h/ | |||
| /ɬ/ | |||
! / | ! | ||
! /ʦ/ | | /w/ | ||
! /i/ | | /j/ | ||
| /l/ | |||
! | |||
| /ɾ/ | |||
! | |||
| /ʦ/ | |||
! | |||
| /i/ | |||
| /e/ | |||
| /ɛ/ | |||
| /ä/ | |||
| /o/ | |||
| /u/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Latin | ! Latin | ||
| Line 41: | Line 65: | ||
| N n | | N n | ||
| Ŋ ŋ | | Ŋ ŋ | ||
! | |||
| P p | | P p | ||
| B b | | B b | ||
| T t | | T t | ||
| D d | | D d | ||
| K k | | K k | ||
| G g | | G g | ||
| ʻ | | ʻ | ||
! | |||
| S s | | S s | ||
| Z z | | Z z | ||
| Š š | | Š š | ||
! | |||
| ṗ | |||
| ḃ | |||
| ṫ | |||
| ḋ | |||
| ḳ | |||
| ġ | |||
| H h | | H h | ||
| ḷ | |||
! | |||
| W w | | W w | ||
| Y y | | Y y | ||
| L l | |||
! | |||
| R r | | R r | ||
! | |||
| Ś ś | | Ś ś | ||
! | |||
| I i | | I i | ||
| E e | | E e | ||
| Line 75: | Line 106: | ||
| ن | | ن | ||
| گ | | گ | ||
! | |||
| {{Color|blue|ٮ}}<br>1 | | {{Color|blue|ٮ}}<br>1 | ||
| ﺏ | | ﺏ | ||
| {{Color|blue|ط}}<br>2 | | {{Color|blue|ط}}<br>2 | ||
| ظ | | ظ | ||
| {{Color|blue|ک}}<br>3 | | {{Color|blue|ک}}<br>3 | ||
| ݢ | | ݢ | ||
| {{Color|blue| | | {{Color|blue|ع}}<br>4 | ||
! | |||
| {{Color|blue|ص}}<br>5 | | {{Color|blue|ص}}<br>5 | ||
| ض | | ض | ||
| ڝ | | ڝ | ||
! | |||
| ٺ | |||
| ٻ | |||
| د | |||
| ذ | |||
| ٯ | |||
| ڧ | |||
| {{Color|blue|ح}}<br>6 | | {{Color|blue|ح}}<br>6 | ||
| ݪ | |||
! | |||
| {{Color|blue|و}}<br>7 | | {{Color|blue|و}}<br>7 | ||
| ي | | ي | ||
| {{Color|blue|ل}}<br>8 | |||
! | |||
| ر | | ر | ||
! | |||
| | | ج | ||
! | |||
| ی | | ی | ||
| ه | | ه | ||
| | | ۃ | ||
| ا | | ا | ||
| ۉ | | ۉ | ||
| Line 109: | Line 147: | ||
| Ne<br>نه | | Ne<br>نه | ||
| Ŋo<br>گۉ | | Ŋo<br>گۉ | ||
! | |||
| Pi<br>ٮى | | Pi<br>ٮى | ||
| Bi<br>بى | | Bi<br>بى | ||
| Te<br>طه | | Te<br>طه | ||
| De<br>ظه | | De<br>ظه | ||
| Ko<br>کۉ | | Ko<br>کۉ | ||
| Go<br>ݢۉ | | Go<br>ݢۉ | ||
| ʻu<br>عۆ | | ʻu<br>عۆ | ||
! | |||
| Sa<br>صا | | Sa<br>صا | ||
| Za<br>ضا | | Za<br>ضا | ||
| Ša<br>ڝا | | Ša<br>ڝا | ||
! | |||
| Ṗi<br>ٺى | |||
| Ḃi<br>ٻى | |||
| Ṫe<br>ده | |||
| Ḋe<br>ذه | |||
| Ḳo<br>ٯۉ | |||
| Ġo<br>ڧۉ | |||
| Hu<br>حۆ | | Hu<br>حۆ | ||
| Ḷe<br>ݪه | |||
! | |||
| Wi<br>وى | | Wi<br>وى | ||
| Yo<br>ىۉ | | Yo<br>ىۉ | ||
| Le<br>له | |||
! | |||
| Ra<br>را | | Ra<br>را | ||
! | |||
| | | Śa<br>جا | ||
! | |||
| i<br>ى | | i<br>ى | ||
| e<br>ه | | e<br>ه | ||
| ė | | ė | ||
| a<br>ا | | a<br>ا | ||
| o<br>ۉ | | o<br>ۉ | ||
| Line 142: | Line 187: | ||
===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
*The consonants in {{Color|blue|blue}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 17 ٮو. | *The consonants in {{Color|blue|blue}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 17 ٮو. | ||
| Line 230: | Line 274: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ś /ʦ/ | | ś /ʦ/ ج <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 236: | Line 280: | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Notes | ====Notes==== | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ| | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ| | ||
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gawarbati.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gawarbati.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> < | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the [[Wikipedia:Xiao'erjing| Xiao'erjing]] script. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/. | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | ||
| Line 258: | Line 302: | ||
| i /i/ ی | | i /i/ ی | ||
| | | | ||
| u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red| | | u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close-mid | ! Close-mid | ||
| e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | | e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| o /o/ ۉ <sup>{{Color|red| | | o /o/ ۉ <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
| ė / | | ė /ε/ ۃ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 280: | Line 319: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Notes | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | ====Notes==== | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm]. | |||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet. | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet. | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet. | ||
==Alphabet - ''' | ==Alphabet - '''Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ'''== | ||
*The Liwadi alphabet has 31 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] (''' | *The Liwadi alphabet has 31 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''ŋup''' گۆٮ) which represent 31 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''wiŋeb šerer''' وىگهب ڝهرهر). | ||
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | *As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | ||
*The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś. | *The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś. | ||
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(p, b, t, d, k, g)]] and <l> precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ). | *When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(p, b, t, d, k, g)]] and <l> precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ). | ||
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o | *The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet. | ||
[[Liwadi: Syntax]] | [[Liwadi: Syntax]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:52, 25 July 2023
Table of Phonemes
| MOA | nasals | stops | sibilants | fricatives | approximants | tap | affricate | vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /h/ | /ɬ/ | /w/ | /j/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʦ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ | |||||||
| Latin | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | P p | B b | T t | D d | K k | G g | ʻ | S s | Z z | Š š | ṗ | ḃ | ṫ | ḋ | ḳ | ġ | H h | ḷ | W w | Y y | L l | R r | Ś ś | I i | E e | ė | A a | O o | U u | |||||||
| Arabic | م | ن | گ | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ط 2 |
ظ | ک 3 |
ݢ | ع 4 |
ص 5 |
ض | ڝ | ٺ | ٻ | د | ذ | ٯ | ڧ | ح 6 |
ݪ | و 7 |
ي | ل 8 |
ر | ج | ی | ه | ۃ | ا | ۉ | ۆ | |||||||
| Name | Mi مى |
Ne نه |
Ŋo گۉ |
Pi ٮى |
Bi بى |
Te طه |
De ظه |
Ko کۉ |
Go ݢۉ |
ʻu عۆ |
Sa صا |
Za ضا |
Ša ڝا |
Ṗi ٺى |
Ḃi ٻى |
Ṫe ده |
Ḋe ذه |
Ḳo ٯۉ |
Ġo ڧۉ |
Hu حۆ |
Ḷe ݪه |
Wi وى |
Yo ىۉ |
Le له |
Ra را |
Śa جا |
i ى |
e ه |
ė | a ا |
o ۉ |
u ۆ | |||||||
Notes
- The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 7 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 3 | x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 8 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| voiceless | ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2 | ||||||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ś /ʦ/ ج 4 |
Notes
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the Xiao'erjing script.
- 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
- 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 2 | |
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 3 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ε/ ۃ | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes
- 2 From the Bosnian alphabet [5].
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ
- The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (ŋup گۆٮ) which represent 31 phonemes (wiŋeb šerer وىگهب ڝهرهر).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
- When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
