Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions

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(Phoneme table revised.)
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==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
! IPA
! IPA
! /m/
! /n/
! /ŋ/
! /p/
! /p/
! /b/
! /b/
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! /χ/
! /χ/
! /ɣ/
! /ɣ/
! /ʔ/
! /s/
! /s/
! /z/
! /z/
! /ʃ/
! /h/
! /w/
! /w/
! /o/
! /u/
! /j/
! /j/
! /i/
! /ɾ/
! /ɾ/
! /l/
! /ɬ/
! /ʦ/
! /ʦ/
! /h/
! /i/
! /m/
! /n/
! /l/
! /ʃ/
! /ʔ/
! /ä/
! /e/
! /e/
! /ɛ/
! /ɛ/
! /ä/
! /o/
! /u/
|-
|-
! Latin
! Latin
| M m
| N n
| Ŋ ŋ
| P p
| P p
| B b
| B b
Line 48: Line 51:
| ḳ
| ḳ
| ġ
| ġ
| ʻ
| S s
| S s
| Z z
| Z z
| Š š
| H h
| W w
| W w
| O o
| U u
| Y y
| Y y
| I i
| R r
| R r
| L l
| ḷ
| Ś ś
| Ś ś
| H h
| I i
| M m
| N n
| L l
| X x
| ʻ
| A a
| E e
| E e
| ė
| ė
| A a
| O o
| U u
|-
|-
! Arabic
! Arabic
| م
| ن
| گ
| {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>1
| {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>1
| ﺏ
| ﺏ
Line 80: Line 85:
| {{Color|red|ٯ}}<br>4
| {{Color|red|ٯ}}<br>4
| ڧ
| ڧ
| ع
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>5
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>5
| ض
| ض
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>6
| ڝ
| ۉ
| {{Color|red|ح}}<br>6
| ۆ
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>7
| ي
| ي
| ی 
| ر
| ر
| ز
| {{Color|red|ح}}<br>7
| م
| ن
| {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8
| {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8
| س
| ݪ
| ع
| ڄ
| ی 
| ه
|
| ا
| ا
| ه
| ۉ
|  
| ۆ
|-
|-
! Name
! Name
| Mim<br>ميم
| Nun<br>نۆن
| Ŋaŋ<br>ڰاگ
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Ba<br>با
| Ba<br>با
| Ṗa<br>ٺا
| Ṗa<br>ٺا
| Ḃa<br>ٻا
| Ḃa<br>ٻا
| Tal<br>طال
| Ta<br>طا
| Dal<br>ظال
| Da<br>ظا
| Ṫal<br>رال
| Ṫa<br>دا
| Ḋal<br>زال
| Ḋa<br>ذا
| Kaf<br>کاڡ
| Kaf<br>کاڡ
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ
| Ḳa<br>ࢼا
| Ḳaf<br>ٯاڡ
| Ġa<br>ڧا
| Ġaf<br>ڧاڡ
| Sad<br>صاط
| ʻaf<br>عام
| Zad<br>ضاط
| Sad<br>صاظ
| Zad<br>ضاظ
| Šad<br>ڝاظ
| Ha<br>حا
| Wa<br>وا
| Wa<br>وا
| Wo<br>وۉ
| Wu<br>وۆ
| Ya<br>ىا
| Ya<br>ىا
| Yi<br>ىي
| Ram<br>رام
| Ram<br>رام
| Śam<br>زام
| Lam<br>لام 
| Ha<br>حا
| Ḷam<br>ݪام
| Mim<br>ميم
| Śam<br>ڄام
| Nun<br>نۆن
| i<br>ى
| Lam<br>لام
| e<br>ه
| Xam<br>سام
| ė<br>
| ʻam<br>عام
| a<br>ا
| Alif<br>الىڡ
| o<br>ۉ
| Ye<br>ىه
| u<br>ۆ
| Yė<br>ىٰ
|}
|}
*There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape.
 
*The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 16 ٮو.
*'''Notes:'''
*The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 17 ٮو.
*<ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'' صٰ, sė.
 


==Phonology==
==Phonology==

Revision as of 07:01, 12 May 2023

IPA /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /k/ /g/ /χ/ /ɣ/ /ʔ/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /h/ /w/ /j/ /ɾ/ /l/ /ɬ/ /ʦ/ /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ä/ /o/ /u/
Latin M m N n Ŋ ŋ P p B b ṗ ḃ T t D d ṫ ḋ K k G g ḳ ġ ʻ S s Z z Š š H h W w Y y R r L l ḷ Ś ś I i E e ė A a O o U u
Arabic م ن گ ٮ
1 		ﺏ ٺ ٻ ط
2 		ظ د ذ ک
3 		ݢ ٯ
4 		ڧ ع ص
5 		ض ڝ ح
6 		و
7 		ي ر ل
8 		ݪ ڄ ی ه ا ۉ ۆ
Name Mim
ميم 		Nun
نۆن 		Ŋaŋ
ڰاگ 		Pa
ٮا 		Ba
با 		Ṗa
ٺا 		Ḃa
ٻا 		Ta
طا 		Da
ظا 		Ṫa
دا 		Ḋa
ذا 		Kaf
کاڡ 		Gaf
ݢاڡ 		Ḳaf
ٯاڡ 		Ġaf
ڧاڡ 		ʻaf
عام 		Sad
صاظ 		Zad
ضاظ 		Šad
ڝاظ 		Ha
حا 		Wa
وا 		Ya
ىا 		Ram
رام 		Lam
لام 		Ḷam
ݪام 		Śam
ڄام 		i
ى 		e
ه 		ė
 a
ا 		o
ۉ 		u
ۆ
  • Notes:
  • The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
  • <ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, e.g. صٰ, sė.

Phonology

Consonant Chart

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Glottal
Nasals voiced m /m/ م n /n/ ن
Stops voiceless p /p/ ٮ 1 t /t/ ط k /k/ ک 5 ʻ /ʔ/ ع
voiced b /b/ ﺏ d /d/ ظ g /g/ ݢ
Fricatives voiceless f /ɸ/ ٺ ṭ /θ/ د s /s/ ص 2 x /ʃ/ س 3 ḳ /χ/ ٯ h /h/ ح 6
voiced ḃ /β/ ٻ ḍ /ð/ ذ z /z/ ض ġ /ɣ/ ڧ
Sonorants voiced w /w/ و l /l/ ل y /j/ ي
Tap voiced r /ɾ/ ر
Affricate voiceless ś /ʦ/ ز

Notes:

  • 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
  • 2 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [1].
  • 3 <س> is used instead of <ش>.
  • 4 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [2].
  • 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
  • 6 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [3].

Vowel Chart

Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ی u /u/ ۆ 3
Near-close
Close-mid e /e/ ه 1 o /o/ ۉ 4
Open-mid ė /ɛ/ 2
Open a /ä/ ا

Notes:

  • 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [4].
  • 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
  • 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
  • 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.


Alphabet - Hawak حاواک

  • The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 25 graphemes (oŋ ۉگ) which represent 25 phonemes (nihoŋ نىحۉگ).
  • As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
  • The 19 fundamental consonants are p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, ŋ, w, y, r, ś, h, m, n, l, x and ʻ.
  • When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
  • The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.


Liwadi: Syntax

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