Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (Revisions.) |
m (Revisions.) |
||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
! /θ/ | ! /θ/ | ||
! /ð/ | ! /ð/ | ||
! /k/ | ! /k/ | ||
! /g/ | ! /g/ | ||
| Line 19: | Line 17: | ||
! /χ/ | ! /χ/ | ||
! /ɣ/ | ! /ɣ/ | ||
! /s/ | |||
! /z/ | |||
! /w/ | ! /w/ | ||
! /o/ | ! /o/ | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
! /j/ | ! /j/ | ||
! /i/ | ! /i/ | ||
! /ɾ/ | |||
! /ʦ/ | |||
! /h/ | ! /h/ | ||
! /m/ | ! /m/ | ||
! /n/ | ! /n/ | ||
! /l/ | ! /l/ | ||
! / | ! /ʃ/ | ||
! /ʔ/ | ! /ʔ/ | ||
! /ä/ | ! /ä/ | ||
| Line 41: | Line 43: | ||
| T t | | T t | ||
| D d | | D d | ||
| | | ṫ | ||
| | | ḋ | ||
| K k | | K k | ||
| G g | | G g | ||
| Ŋ ŋ | | Ŋ ŋ | ||
| S s | |||
| Z z | |||
| ḳ | | ḳ | ||
| ġ | | ġ | ||
| Line 55: | Line 57: | ||
| Y y | | Y y | ||
| I i | | I i | ||
| R r | |||
| ẞ ß | |||
| H h | | H h | ||
| M m | | M m | ||
| N n | | N n | ||
| L l | | L l | ||
| | | X x | ||
| ʻ | | ʻ | ||
| A a | | A a | ||
| Line 74: | Line 78: | ||
| د | | د | ||
| ذ | | ذ | ||
| {{Color|red| | | {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3 | ||
| ݢ | | ݢ | ||
| گ | | گ | ||
| {{Color|red|ٯ}}<br> | | {{Color|red|ٯ}}<br>4 | ||
| ڧ | | ڧ | ||
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>5 | |||
| ض | |||
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>6 | | {{Color|red|و}}<br>6 | ||
| ۉ | | ۉ | ||
| Line 86: | Line 90: | ||
| ي | | ي | ||
| ی | | ی | ||
| ر | |||
| ز | |||
| {{Color|red|ح}}<br>7 | | {{Color|red|ح}}<br>7 | ||
| م | | م | ||
| ن | | ن | ||
| {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8 | | {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8 | ||
| | | س | ||
| ع | | ع | ||
| ا | | ا | ||
| Line 103: | Line 109: | ||
| Tal<br>طال | | Tal<br>طال | ||
| Dal<br>ظال | | Dal<br>ظال | ||
| | | Ṫal<br>رال | ||
| | | Ḋal<br>زال | ||
| Kaf<br>کاڡ | | Kaf<br>کاڡ | ||
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ | | Gaf<br>ݢاڡ | ||
| Line 112: | Line 116: | ||
| Ḳa<br>ࢼا | | Ḳa<br>ࢼا | ||
| Ġa<br>ڧا | | Ġa<br>ڧا | ||
| Sad<br>صاط | |||
| Zad<br>ضاط | |||
| Wa<br>وا | | Wa<br>وا | ||
| Wo<br>وۉ | | Wo<br>وۉ | ||
| Line 117: | Line 123: | ||
| Ya<br>ىا | | Ya<br>ىا | ||
| Yi<br>ىي | | Yi<br>ىي | ||
| Ram<br>رام | |||
| ẞam<br>زام | |||
| Ha<br>حا | | Ha<br>حا | ||
| Mim<br>ميم | | Mim<br>ميم | ||
| Nun<br>نۆن | | Nun<br>نۆن | ||
| Lam<br>لام | | Lam<br>لام | ||
| | | Xam<br>سام | ||
| ʻam<br>عام | | ʻam<br>عام | ||
| Alif<br>الىڡ | | Alif<br>الىڡ | ||
| Line 138: | Line 146: | ||
! Dental | ! Dental | ||
! Alveolar | ! Alveolar | ||
! Postalveolar | |||
! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Nasals | ! rowspan="2" | Nasals | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| m /m/ م | | m /m/ م | ||
| n /n/ ن | | n /n/ ن | ||
| | | | ||
| ŋ /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red| | | | ||
| ŋ /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 160: | Line 163: | ||
| p /p/ ٮ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | | p /p/ ٮ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
| t /t/ ط | | t /t/ ط | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | | k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | ||
| Line 167: | Line 171: | ||
| b /b/ ﺏ | | b /b/ ﺏ | ||
| d /d/ ظ | | d /d/ ظ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| g /g/ ݢ | | g /g/ ݢ | ||
| Line 176: | Line 181: | ||
| ṭ /θ/ د | | ṭ /θ/ د | ||
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | | s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | ||
| x /ʃ/ س <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | |||
| ḳ /χ/ ٯ | | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | ||
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red| | | h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| Line 183: | Line 189: | ||
| ḍ /ð/ ذ | | ḍ /ð/ ذ | ||
| z /z/ ض | | z /z/ ض | ||
| | |||
| ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 192: | Line 199: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 198: | Line 206: | ||
| l /l/ ل | | l /l/ ل | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| y /j/ ي | | y /j/ ي | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 206: | Line 215: | ||
| | | | ||
| r /ɾ/ ر | | r /ɾ/ ر | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | Affricate | |||
! voiceless | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ß /ʦ/ ز | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
*There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape. | |||
*The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', 16 ٮو. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonant Chart=== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! Bilabial | |||
! Dental | |||
! Alveolar | |||
! Postalveolar | |||
! Palatal | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | Nasals | |||
! voiced | |||
| m /m/ م | |||
| n /n/ ن | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ŋ /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Stops | |||
! voiceless | |||
| p /p/ ٮ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | |||
| t /t/ ط | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | |||
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| b /b/ ﺏ | |||
| d /d/ ظ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| g /g/ ݢ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives | |||
! voiceless | |||
| f /ɸ/ ٺ | |||
| ṭ /θ/ د | |||
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | |||
| x /ʃ/ س <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | |||
| ḳ /χ/ ٯ | |||
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| ḃ /β/ ٻ | |||
| ḍ /ð/ ذ | |||
| z /z/ ض | |||
| | |||
| ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | Sonorants | |||
! voiced | |||
| w /w/ و | |||
| l /l/ ل | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| y /j/ ي | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Tap | |||
! voiced | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r /ɾ/ ر | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 214: | Line 310: | ||
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <س> is used instead of <ش>. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red| | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm]. | |||
| Line 259: | Line 356: | ||
==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''== | ==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''== | ||
*The Liwadi alphabet ('''hawak''' حاواک) has | *The Liwadi alphabet ('''hawak''' حاواک) has 31 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oŋ''' ۉگ) which represent 29 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''nihoŋ''' نىحۉگ). | ||
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | *As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study. | ||
*The | *The 19 fundamental consonants are p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, ŋ, w, y, r, ß, h, m, n, l , x and ʻ. | ||
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ). | *When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ). | ||
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not | *The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet. | ||
[[Liwadi: Syntax]] | [[Liwadi: Syntax]] | ||
Revision as of 17:55, 7 April 2023
Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /j/ | /i/ | /ɾ/ | /ʦ/ | /h/ | /m/ | /n/ | /l/ | /ʃ/ | /ʔ/ | /ä/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | T t | D d | ṫ | ḋ | K k | G g | Ŋ ŋ | S s | Z z | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | Y y | I i | R r | ẞ ß | H h | M m | N n | L l | X x | ʻ | A a | E e | ė |
| Arabic | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ٺ | ٻ | ط 2 |
ظ | د | ذ | ک 3 |
ݢ | گ | ٯ 4 |
ڧ | ص 5 |
ض | و 6 |
ۉ | ۆ | ي | ی | ر | ز | ح 7 |
م | ن | ل 8 |
س | ع | ا | ه | |
| Name | Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ٺا |
Ḃa ٻا |
Tal طال |
Dal ظال |
Ṫal رال |
Ḋal زال |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ŋaf گاڡ |
Ḳa ࢼا |
Ġa ڧا |
Sad صاط |
Zad ضاط |
Wa وا |
Wo وۉ |
Wu وۆ |
Ya ىا |
Yi ىي |
Ram رام |
ẞam زام |
Ha حا |
Mim ميم |
Nun نۆن |
Lam لام |
Xam سام |
ʻam عام |
Alif الىڡ |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
- There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape.
- The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 16 ٮو.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 2 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 4 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 2 | x /ʃ/ س 3 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 6 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiceless | ||||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | ||||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ß /ʦ/ ز |
- There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape.
- The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 16 ٮو.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 4 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 2 | x /ʃ/ س 3 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 6 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [1].
- 3 <س> is used instead of <ش>.
- 4 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [2].
- 5 The Malay Kāf /k/.
- 6 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [3].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [4].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 31 graphemes (oŋ ۉگ) which represent 29 phonemes (nihoŋ نىحۉگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, ŋ, w, y, r, ß, h, m, n, l , x and ʻ.
- When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
