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| ==Table of Phonemes==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
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| ! MOA
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| ! colspan="3" | nasals
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| |
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| ! colspan="6" | stops
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| ! colspan="3" | sibilants
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| |
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| ! colspan="2" | fricatives
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| |
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| ! colspan="1" | tap
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| |
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| ! colspan="3" | affricates
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| |
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| ! colspan="2" | approximants
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| |
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| ! colspan="5" | vowels
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| |-
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| ! IPA
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| | <center>/m/</center>
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| | /n/
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| | /ŋ/
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| !
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| | /p/
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| | /b/
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| | /t/
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| | /d/
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| | /k/
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| | /g/
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| !
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| | /s/ (/θ/)
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| | /z/ (/ð/)
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| | /ʃ/
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| !
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| | /ɸ/
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| | /h/
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| !
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| | /ɾ/ (/ʁ/)
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| !
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| | /ʦ/
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| | /ʧ/
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| | /ʤ/
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| !
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| | /j/
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| | /w/
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| !
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| | /i/
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| | /e/
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| | /ä/
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| | /o/
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| | /u/ (/ɯ/)
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| |-
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| ! Latin
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| | m
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| | n
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| | ŋ
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| !
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| | p
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| | b
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| | t
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| | d
| |
| | k
| |
| | g
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| !
| |
| | s
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| | z
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| | x
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| !
| |
| | f
| |
| | h
| |
| !
| |
| | r
| |
| !
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| | ṡ
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| | ċ
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| | j
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| !
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| | y
| |
| | w
| |
| !
| |
| | i
| |
| | e
| |
| | a
| |
| | o
| |
| | u
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| |}
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|
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|
| |
| ==Grammar==
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| ===Word Order===
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| *'''001.''' Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
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| *'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
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| *'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
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| *'''004.''' The possessive noun follows the head noun.
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| *'''005.''' Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
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| *'''006.''' The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
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| *'''007.''' The adjective follows the dependent verb.
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| *'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
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| *'''009.''' The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.
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|
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| ===Verbs - '''Selsan̨a''' सेल्सन्य===
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| *'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
| |
| *'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
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| *'''012.''' The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: '''nefo''', see.
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| :::'''Yidi hi nefo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
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| *'''013.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''nefo''', see.
| |
| :::'''Yidi hi ňefo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
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| *'''014.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''nefo''', see.
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| :::'''Yidi hi n̨efo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
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| *'''015.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''te''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
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| :::'''Te nefo se te ṡeso''', Seeing is believing.
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| *'''016.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
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| *'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-ne''':
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| :::'''Tifa hi ŋísane yidi yu''', She may love me.
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| *'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
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| :::'''Ŋísate yidi yu''', Love me.
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| *'''019.''' The [[Wikipedia:Hortative|hortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the verb '''wofo''', let, permit.
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| :::'''Wófote tifa yu te ŋopi''', Let him sing.
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| *'''020.''' The conditional mood is formed with the particle '''fi''':
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| :::'''Fi yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu''', If I love you....
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| :::'''Fi yidi hi ŋ̌isa mepe yu''', If I loved you....
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| *'''021.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle '''fa''':
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| :::'''Te kiki yu ŋísa fa''', The mother is loved.
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| :::'''Te feŋu yu x̌oto fa''', The apple was cooked.
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| *'''022.''' Sentence negation uses '''mi'''.
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| :::'''Te ṡuma yúbumi''', The boy does not dance.
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| :::'''Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísami''', The boy will not love.
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| :::'''Te ṡuċu yúbupene mi,''' The girl may not want to dance.
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| *'''023.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''me''' at the end of the sentence:
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| :::'''Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu''', I love you.
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| :::'''Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu me''', Do I love you?
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| *'''024.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
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| :::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu t' eto''', I was afraid to go.
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| **A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
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|
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| :::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu te ziyi dini yu''', I was afraid to touch a toad.
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| *'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix '''-ri''': '''rehu''', wide.
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| :::'''Tih̨a hi rehuri te neje yu''', They are widening the road.
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| :::'''Yidi hi ňaċeri tifa yu t' eto''', I ordered him to go.
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| *'''026.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''se'''.
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| :::'''Tifa hi se te wako hi''', He is the chief.
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| :::'''Tifa hi še te pepe hi''', He was the father.
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| *'''027.''' The existential copula is '''yi''', ''there is/are''.
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| :::'''Butofe yi a te tetu''', There is an eagle in the tree.
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|
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| ===Nouns - '''Pafsan̨a''' पफ्सन्य===
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| *'''028.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
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| *'''029.''' There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
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| *'''030.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
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| :::'''xote''', moon; '''xot̨e''', moons.
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| **If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''ho xote''', two rivers.
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| *'''031.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''mu''', of.
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| :::'''Te feŋu mu te tunu''', the child's apple.
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| :::'''Te iṡe mu te bime''', the man's foot.
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| *'''032.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-zi''':
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| :::'''neċe''', short; '''neċezi''', shortness.
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| *'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix '''-zi''':
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| :::'''ṡemo''', to die, '''ṡemozi''', death.
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| *'''034.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix '''-ṡi''':
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| ::: '''yiti''', young; '''yitiṡi''', youth; '''yit̨iṡi''', youths.
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| :::'''hofo''', old; '''hof̨oṡi''', elder; '''hof̨oṡi''', elders.
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| *'''035.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ṡi'''.
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| ::: '''ŋopi''', sing; '''ŋopiṡi ''', singer; '''ŋop͑iṡi ''', singers
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| *'''036.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
| |
| :::'''te''', cut; '''tete''', knife; '''t̨ete''', knives.
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| *'''037.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word '''numu''', thing.
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| :::'''yifi''', laugh; '''yifinumu''', laugh, laughter.
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| *'''038.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes '''wo''' and '''ċu''', respectively: '''puhe''', bird; '''wopuhe''', cock; '''ċupuhe''', hen.
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| *'''039.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''tone''', group.
| |
| :::'''te tone puh̨e''', the flock of birds; '''te tone zim̨i''', the school of fish; '''te tone ṡen̨i''', archipelago.
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| *'''040.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
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| :::'''te pisa''', the wind; '''te tapisa''', the creek; '''te tapis̨a''', the creeks.
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| *'''041.''' Nouns with '''mu''' may be used to modify other nouns.
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| :::'''te wini m' udiwi''', the mountain stream.
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|
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| ===Modifiers - '''Telsan̨a''' तेल्सन्य===
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| *'''042.''' In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
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|
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| ====Adjectives - '''Siksan̨a''' सिक्सन्य====
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| *'''043.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
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| *'''044.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''te wuṡe ṡuma''', the good boy.
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| *'''045.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''bo''', more.
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| :::'''yiti''', young; ''' bo yiti''', younger, youngest.
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| *'''046.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''mebo''', less: '''rifoti''', distant; '''mebo rifoti''', less/least distant.
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| *'''047.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions '''umi...tofi''', as...as; '''ŋiti''', red:
| |
| :::'''Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu''', This flower is as red as blood.
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| *'''048.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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| *'''049.''' There are two participles in Nemuti.
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| **'''a.''' The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + '''mu''':
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| :::'''te ŋuwo mu zimi''', the swimming fish.
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| **'''b.''' The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + '''mu''':
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| :::'''te ṡ̬eso mu homa''', the sunken boat.
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| *'''050.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''m(e)-'''.
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| :::'''pefi''', even; '''mepefi''', uneven.
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| *'''051.''' The suffix '''-ṡe''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
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| :::'''puhe''', bird; '''puheṡe''', like a bird.
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| *'''052.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-miṡe''', -less.
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| :::'''tegu''', hope; '''tegumiṡe''', hopeless.
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| *'''053.''' Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix '''-ze''': '''te gute tunu''', the sick child; '''te tunu ǧuteze''', the child was sick.
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|
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| ====Determiners - '''Tizsan̨a''' तिस़्सन्य====
| |
| *'''054.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
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| *'''055.''' The definite article is '''te'''.
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| *'''056.''' There is no indefinite article.
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| *'''057.''' The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is '''tumu'''.
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| :::'''tumu riki''', this leaf; '''tumu rik̨i''', these leaves.
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| *'''058.''' The distal demonstrative, that/those, is '''zumu'''.
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| :::'''zumu tonu''', that cloud; '''zumu ton̨u''', those clouds.
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| *'''059.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
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| :::'''ne puz̨e xoto''', Three women are cooking.
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| **They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
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| :::'''Tumu puz̨e ne xoto''', These three women are cooking.
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| *'''060.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''eye''', any.
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| *'''061.''' The assertive indefinite determiner is '''eṡa''', ''some''.
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| *'''062.''' The negative determiner is '''mi''', no.
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|
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| ====Numerals - '''Tonsan̨a''' तोन्सन्य====
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| *'''063.''' Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
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|
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| ! <center>1</center>
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| ! 2
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| ! 3
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| ! 4
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| ! 5
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| ! 6
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| ! 7
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| ! 8
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| |-
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| | '''re'''
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| | '''ho'''
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| | '''ne'''
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| | '''wu'''
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| | '''xo'''
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| | '''no'''
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| | '''mi'''
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| | '''wi'''
| |
| |}
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| *'''064.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
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|
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| |-
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| ! <center>9</center>
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| ! 10
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| ! 11
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| ! 12
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| ! 13
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| ! 14
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| ! 15
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| |-
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| | '''wire'''
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| | '''wiho'''
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| | '''wine'''
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| | '''wiwu'''
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| | '''wixo'''
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| | '''wino'''
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| | '''wimi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| *'''065.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
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|
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| |-
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| ! <center>16</center>
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| ! 24
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| ! 32
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| ! 40
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| ! 48
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| ! 56
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| ! 64
| |
| |-
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| | '''howi'''
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| | '''newi'''
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| | '''wuwi'''
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| | '''xowi'''
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| | '''nawi'''
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| | '''miwi'''
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| | '''wiwi'''
| |
| |}
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|
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| *'''066.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''be-'''.
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| :::'''te beho xomi''', the second rope
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| *'''067.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-te'''.
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| :::'''hote''', twice; '''wite''', eight times.
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|
| |
| ====Adverbs - '''Dibsan̨a''' दिब्सन्य====
| |
| *'''068.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
| |
| *'''069.''' Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-to'''.
| |
| :::''''te wota bima'', the brave man; '''Tifa t̬upuri wótato''', He acted bravely.
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| *'''070.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''wótato''', bravely; '''bo wótato''', more bravely.
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|
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| ===Pronouns - '''Seǹevsan̨a''' सेङेभ्सन्य===
| |
| *'''071.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
| |
| *'''072.''' The personal pronouns are '''yidi''', I; '''yid̨i''', we; '''mipi''', you (''sg.''); '''mip̨i''', you (''pl.''); '''tifa''', he; '''tif̨a''', they; '''timu''', she; '''tim̨u''', they; '''ifa''', it; '''if̨a''', they.
| |
| :::'''Yidi hi ŋisa timu yu''', I love her.
| |
| :::'''Timu hi ŋisa yidi yu''', She loves me.
| |
| :::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌ipa me timu te kimi yu''', I gave her the flower.
| |
| **If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
| |
| *'''073.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''biha''', who; '''bime''', what; and '''haba''', which.
| |
| *'''074.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''ċego''', self.
| |
| :::'''Yidi hi p̌ina ċego yu''', I hurt myself.
| |
| *'''075.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun '''nusa''', self.
| |
| :::'''Neǹnusa ųsu''', I myself will go.
| |
| *'''076.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the apprpriate particles.
| |
| :::This is a flower, '''Tumu hi se kimi hi.'''
| |
| :::Those are leaves, '''Zum̨u hi se rik̨i hi.'''
| |
| *'''077.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
| |
| :::'''eyemema''', anyone, anybody; '''eyenumu''', anything.
| |
| :::'''eṡamema''', someone, somebody; '''eṡanumu''', something.
| |
| :::'''nimema''', no one, nobody; '''ninumu''', nothing.
| |
| *'''078.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''mu'''. When this phrase is used, the subject particle '''di''' is omitted.
| |
| :::'''Tumu hi se kimi mu mipi, zumu hi se mu yidi.''' This is your flower, that is mine.
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions - '''Mapsan̨a''' मप्सन्य===
| |
| *'''079.''' Nemuti uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
| |
| :::'''a te rini''', at the beach.
| |
| :::'''Te juto hi se ṡi te xota''', The cup is on the table.
| |
|
| |
| ===Conjunctions - '''Nobezsan̨a''' नोबेस़्सन्य===
| |
| *'''080.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
| |
| *'''081.''' In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
| |
| *'''082.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
| |
| :::'''Te tobe mu yidi pu yidi hi ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yu, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
| |
| *'''083.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
| |
| :::'''Yidi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
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| *'''084.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
| |
| :::'''Ċeni timu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi mu toċe''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Octal Table==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !<center>1</center>
| |
| ! 2
| |
| ! 3
| |
| ! 4
| |
| ! 5
| |
| ! 6
| |
| ! 7
| |
| ! 8
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''re''' wi
| |
| | '''ho'''
| |
| | '''ne'''
| |
| | '''wu'''
| |
| | '''xo'''
| |
| | '''no'''
| |
| | '''mi'''
| |
| | '''wi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>9</center>
| |
| !10
| |
| !11
| |
| !12
| |
| !13
| |
| !14
| |
| !15
| |
| !16
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''wire'''
| |
| | '''wiho'''
| |
| | '''wine'''
| |
| | '''wiwu'''
| |
| | '''wixo'''
| |
| | '''wino'''
| |
| | '''wimi'''
| |
| | '''howi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>17</center>
| |
| !18
| |
| !19
| |
| !20
| |
| !21
| |
| !22
| |
| !23
| |
| !24
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''howire'''
| |
| | '''howiho'''
| |
| | '''howine'''
| |
| | '''howiwu'''
| |
| | '''howixo'''
| |
| | '''howino'''
| |
| | '''howimi'''
| |
| | '''newi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>25</center>
| |
| !26
| |
| !27
| |
| !28
| |
| !29
| |
| !30
| |
| !31
| |
| !32
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''newire'''
| |
| | '''newiho'''
| |
| | '''newine'''
| |
| | '''newiwu'''
| |
| | '''newixo'''
| |
| | '''newino'''
| |
| | '''newimi'''
| |
| | '''wuwi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>33</center>
| |
| !34
| |
| !35
| |
| !36
| |
| !37
| |
| !38
| |
| !39
| |
| !40
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''wuwire'''
| |
| | '''wuwiho'''
| |
| | '''wuwine'''
| |
| | '''wuwiwu'''
| |
| | '''wuwixo'''
| |
| | '''wuwino'''
| |
| | '''wuwimi'''
| |
| | '''xowi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>41</center>
| |
| !42
| |
| !43
| |
| !44
| |
| !45
| |
| !46
| |
| !47
| |
| !48
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''xowire'''
| |
| | '''xowiho'''
| |
| | '''xowine'''
| |
| | '''xowiwu'''
| |
| | '''xowixo'''
| |
| | '''xowino'''
| |
| | '''xowimi'''
| |
| | '''nowi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>49</center>
| |
| !50
| |
| !51
| |
| !52
| |
| !53
| |
| !54
| |
| !55
| |
| !56
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''nowire'''
| |
| | '''nowiho'''
| |
| | '''nowine'''
| |
| | '''nowiwu'''
| |
| | '''nowixo'''
| |
| | '''nowino'''
| |
| | '''nowimi'''
| |
| | '''miwi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>57</center>
| |
| !58
| |
| !59
| |
| !60
| |
| !61
| |
| !62
| |
| !63
| |
| !64
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''miwire'''
| |
| | '''miwiho'''
| |
| | '''miwine'''
| |
| | '''miwiwu'''
| |
| | '''miwixo'''
| |
| | '''miwino'''
| |
| | '''miwimi'''
| |
| | '''wiwi'''
| |
| |}
| |
