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| ==Table of Phonemes==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| ! POA
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| ! colspan="5" | labial
| |
| |
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| ! colspan="4" | dental
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| |
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| ! colspan="2" | alveolar
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| |
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| ! colspan="1" | velar
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| |
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| ! colspan="2" | glottal
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| |
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| ! colspan="5" | vowels
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| |-
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| ! IPA
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| | <center>m</center>
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /ɸ/
| |
| | /β/
| |
| !
| |
| | /n/
| |
| | /t/
| |
| | /d/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| !
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| !
| |
| | /ǹ/
| |
| !
| |
| | /ʔ/
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| | /h/
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| !
| |
| | /i/
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| | /e/
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| | /ä/
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| | /o/
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| | /ɯ/
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| |-
| |
| ! Latin
| |
| | m
| |
| | p
| |
| | b
| |
| | f
| |
| | v
| |
| !
| |
| | n
| |
| | t
| |
| | d
| |
| | l
| |
| !
| |
| | s
| |
| | z
| |
| !
| |
| | ń
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| !
| |
| | k
| |
| | h
| |
| !
| |
| | i
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| | e
| |
| | a
| |
| | o
| |
| | u
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| |-
| |
| ! Devanagari
| |
| | म
| |
| | प
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| | ब
| |
| | फ
| |
| | भ
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| !
| |
| | न
| |
| | त
| |
| | द
| |
| | ल
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| !
| |
| | स
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| | स़
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| !
| |
| | ङ
| |
| !
| |
| | क
| |
| | ह
| |
| !
| |
| | इ
| |
| | ए
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| | अ
| |
| | आ
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| | उ
| |
| |}
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|
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|
| |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| ===Word Order===
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| *'''001.''' Fudasi word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
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| *'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
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| *'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
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| *'''004.''' The possessive noun follows the head noun.
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| *'''005.''' Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
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| *'''006.''' The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
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| *'''007.''' The adjective follows the dependent verb.
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| *'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
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| *'''009.''' Adverbials of time precede those of space.
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|
| |
| ===Verbs - '''Selsan̨a''' सेल्सन्य===
| |
| *'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
| |
| *'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
| |
| ::The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: '''hufu''', see.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe hufu a sof̨aǹ''', I see the clouds.
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| *'''012.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''susu''', hear.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe šusu a naf̨uǹ''', I heard the birds.
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| ::This gives a /w/ sound to initial vowels, ''e.g.'', '''usuvu''', to live: '''ǔsuvu''' /ʷɯsɯβɯ/.
| |
| *'''013.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''sezu''', smell.
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| :::'''Neǹe s̨ezu a leb̨eǹ''', I will smell the flowers.
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| ::This gives a /j/ sound to initial consonants, ''e.g.'', '''usu''', to go; '''ųsu''' /ʲɯsɯ/.
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| *'''014.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''-ǹ''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
| |
| :::'''Hufuǹ eku tubuǹ ''', Seeing is believing.
| |
| *'''015.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
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| *'''016.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-eme''':
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| :::'''Seve sákeme a neǹe''', She may love me.
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| *'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-ete'''.
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| :::'''Sákete a neǹe''', Love me.
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| *'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Hortative#cohortative|cohortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the verb '''sase''', let, permit.
| |
| :::'''sásete a seve onesu''', Let him sing.
| |
| *'''019.''' The conditional mood is formed with the suffix '''-na''':
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| :::'''Neǹe sákuna bene''', If I love you....
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| :::'''Neǹe šákuna bene''', If I loved you....
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| *'''021.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle '''vini''':
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| :::'''Pepeǹ saku vini''', The mother is loved.
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| :::'''Piseǹ v̌avu vini''', The apple was cooked.
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| *'''022.''' Sentence negation is formed with the suffix '''-b(o)'''. It precedes all other prefixes:
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| :::'''Tabiǹ áhabo''', The boy does not dance.
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| :::'''Tabiǹ s̨ákubo''', The boy will not love.
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| :::'''Anafiǹ áhabeme,''' The girl may not want to dance.
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| *'''023.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''se''' at the beginning of the sentence:
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| :::'''Neǹe saku a bene''', I love you.
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| :::'''Se neǹe saku a bene?''', Do I love you?
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| *'''024.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
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| :::'''Neǹe ǎtavu taǹuǹ a zeke''', I was afraid to touch a toad.
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| ::A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
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| :::'''Neǹe f̨ekudu a seve usuǹ''', I ordered him to go.
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| *'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives with the verb '''tovu''': '''puvu''', wide.
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| :::'''Sev̨e puvtovu a havaǹ''', They are widening the road.
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| *'''026.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''eku'''.
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| :::'''Seve eku naǹ''', He is the chief.
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| :::'''Seve ěku nunuǹ''', He was the father.
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| *'''027.''' The existential copula is '''kaku''', there is/are.
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| :::'''Ǹetu kaku hi masoǹ''', There is an eagle in the tree.
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|
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| ===Nouns - '''Pafsan̨a''' पफ्सन्य===
| |
| *'''029.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
| |
| *'''030.''' There are no noun classes in Fudasi.
| |
| *'''031.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
| |
| :::'''seǹe''', river; '''seǹ̨e''', rivers.
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| ::If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''bu seǹe''', two rivers.
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| *'''032.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''b(a)''', of.
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| :::'''sahafaǹ ba piseǹ''', the child's apple.
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| :::'''anaǹ b' etu''', the man's foot.
| |
| *'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the prefix '''na-''':
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| :::'''fudu''', short; '''nafudu''', shortness.
| |
| *'''034.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix '''na-''' and the suffix '''-a''':
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| :::'''tubu''', to die, '''natuba''', death.
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| :::'''sumu''', to hope, '''nasuma''', hope.
| |
| *'''035.''' In making componds the final vowel of the first element is dropped.
| |
| *'''036.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed by using the word '''puna''', person:
| |
| ::: '''ǹesu''', young; '''ǹespuna''', youth; '''ǹ̨espuna''', youths.
| |
| :::'''lovu''', old; '''lovpuna''', elder; '''lovpun̨a''', elders.
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| *'''037.''' The agent of a verb is formed using the word '''puna''', person.
| |
| ::: '''onelu''', sing; '''onelpuna''', the singer; '''onelpun̨a''', singers.
| |
| *'''038.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed using the word '''hazo''', tool.
| |
| :::'''suvu''', cut; '''suvhazo''', the knife; '''suvhaz̨o''', knives.
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| *'''039.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs are formed by using the word '''faba''', thing.
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| :::'''ǹevu''', laugh; '''ǹevfaba''', laugh, laughter.
| |
| *'''040.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes '''ǹan''' and '''ǹaf''', respectively: '''navu''', bird; '''ǹannavu''', cock; '''ǹafnavu''', hen.
| |
| *'''041.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''sofu''', group.
| |
| :::'''sofuǹ nav̨u''', the flock of birds; '''sofuǹ teseb̨a''', the school of fish; '''sofuǹ tuf̨e''', archipelago.
| |
| *'''042.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
| |
| :::'''nutseǹeǹ''', the stream; '''tanutseǹeǹ''', the creek; '''tanutseǹ̨eǹ''', the creeks.
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| *'''043.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
| |
| :::'''kufu nutseǹeǹ''', the mountain stream.
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|
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| ===Modifiers - '''Telsan̨a''' तेल्सन्य===
| |
| *'''044.''' In Fudasi grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
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|
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| ====Adjectives - '''Siksan̨a''' सिक्सन्य====
| |
| *'''045.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
| |
| *'''046.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''katu tabiǹ''', the good boy.
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| *'''047.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''kana''', more.
| |
| :::'''ǹesu''', young; ''' kana ǹesu''', younger, youngest.
| |
| *'''048.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''toso''', less: '''nilu''', distant; '''toso nilu''', less/least distant.
| |
| *'''049.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunction '''abe''', as.
| |
| ::: '''seku''', red; '''abe seku''', as red,
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| :::'''Sa lebe eku abe seku abe sinosi''', This flower is as red as blood.
| |
| *'''051.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that are used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
| |
| *'''052.''' There are two participles in Fudasi.
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| ::'''a.''' The present participle is formed is formed with the suffix '''-lu''':
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| :::'''akazlu tesebaǹ''', the swimming fish.
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| ::'''b.''' The past participle is formed with the suffix '''-nu''':
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| :::'''tudofnu lobiǹ''', the sunken boat.
| |
| *'''053.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''l(o)-'''.
| |
| :::'''nuvu''', even; '''lonuvu''', uneven.
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| *'''054.''' The suffix '''-bunu''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
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| :::'''navu''', bird; '''navbunu''', like a bird.
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| *'''055.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-betu''', -less.
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| :::'''nasuma''', hope; '''nasumbetu''', hopeless.
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| *'''056.''' Adjectives end in '''-u''' so that they may be used as stative verbs: '''masu sahafaǹ''', the sick child; '''sahafaǹ m̌asu''', the child was sick.
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|
| |
| ====Determiners - '''Tizsan̨a''' तिस़्सन्य====
| |
| *'''056.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
| |
| *'''057.''' The definite article is '''-ǹ'''.
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| *'''058.''' There is no indefinite article.
| |
| *'''059.''' The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is '''sa'''.
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| :::'''sa pele''', this leaf; '''sa pel̨e''', these leaves.
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| *'''060.''' The distal demonstrative, that/those, is '''ta''''.
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| :::'''ta patu''', that cloud; '''ta pat̨u''', those clouds.
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| *'''061.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
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| :::'''de ǹafu vavu''', Three women are cooking.
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| ::They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
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| :::'''sa ǹafu de vavu''', These three women are cooking.
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| *'''062.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''vibi''', any.
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| *'''063.''' The assertive indefinite determiner is '''nuzi''', some.
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| *'''064.''' The negative determiner is '''beku''', no.
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|
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| ====Numerals - '''Tonsan̨a''' तोन्सन्य====
| |
| *'''065.''' Fudasi has an octal numeral system.
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|
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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| ! <center>1</center>
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| ! 2
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| ! 3
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| ! 4
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| ! 5
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| ! 6
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| ! 7
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| ! 8
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| |-
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| | '''nu'''
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| | '''bu'''
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| | '''de'''
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| | '''ka'''
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| | '''za'''
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| | '''so'''
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| | '''tu'''
| |
| | '''pe'''
| |
| |}
| |
| *'''066.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''gud''', eight.
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|
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| |-
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| ! <center>9</center>
| |
| ! 10
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| ! 11
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| ! 12
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| ! 13
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| ! 14
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| ! 15
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| |-
| |
| | '''penu'''
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| | '''pebu'''
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| | '''pede'''
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| | '''peka'''
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| | '''peza'''
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| | '''peso'''
| |
| | '''petu'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| *'''067.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''pe''', eight.
| |
|
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <center>16</center>
| |
| ! 24
| |
| ! 32
| |
| ! 40
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| ! 48
| |
| ! 56
| |
| ! 64
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''bupe'''
| |
| | '''depe'''
| |
| | '''kape'''
| |
| | '''zape'''
| |
| | '''sope'''
| |
| | '''tupe'''
| |
| | '''pepe'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| *'''068.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''he-'''.
| |
| :::'''hebu nobeǹ''', the second rope
| |
| *'''069.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-ha'''.
| |
| :::'''buha''', twice; '''peha''', eight times.
| |
|
| |
| ====Adverbs - '''Dibsan̨a''' दिब्सन्य====
| |
| *'''070.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
| |
| *'''071.''' Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-so'''.
| |
| :::'''kasu ǹeseǹ''', the brave man; '''Seve šahu kasuku, '''He acted bravely.
| |
| *'''072.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''kasuku''', bravely; ''' kana kasuku''', more bravely.
| |
|
| |
| ===Pronouns - '''Seǹevsan̨a''' सेङेभ्सन्य===
| |
| *'''073.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words thnu substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Fudasi.
| |
| *'''074.''' The personal pronouns are '''neǹe''', I; '''neǹ̨e''', we; '''ben̨e''', you (''sg.''); '''bene''', you (''pl.''); '''seve''', he, she, it; '''sev̨e''', they.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe sáku a seve''', I love her.
| |
| :::'''Seve sáku a neǹe''', She loves me.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe ěnivu i seve a lebeǹ''', I gave her the flower.
| |
| *'''075.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''hevi''', who; '''bevi''', what; and '''haba''', which.
| |
| *'''076.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''nusa''', self.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe ǔnefu a nusa''', I hurt myself.
| |
| *'''077.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun '''nusa''', self.
| |
| :::'''Neǹnusa ųsu''', I myself will go.
| |
| *'''078.''' The demonstrative pronouns are compounds of the demonstrative determiners and the personal pronouns: '''savi''', this; '''tavi''', that.
| |
| :::This is a flower, '''Savi eku lebe.'''
| |
| :::Those are leaves, '''Tav̨i eku pel̨e .'''
| |
| *'''079.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
| |
| :::'''vibpuna''', anyone, anybody; '''vibfaba''', anything.
| |
| :::'''nuzpuna''', someone, somebody; '''nuzfaba''', something.
| |
| :::'''bekpuna''', no one, nobody; '''bekfaba''', nothing.
| |
| *'''080.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''ba'''.
| |
| :::'''Savi eku lebe ba bene, tavi eku ba neǹe''', This is your flower, that is mine.
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions - '''Mapsan̨a''' मप्सन्य===
| |
| *'''081.''' Fudasi uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal reatuions (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
| |
| :::'''hi pefeǹ''', at the beach.
| |
| :::'''Nasaǹ eku oli nosiǹ''', The cup is on the table.
| |
|
| |
| ===Conjunctions - '''Nobezsan̨a''' नोबेस़्सन्य===
| |
| *'''082.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
| |
| *'''083.''' In Fudasi there are three types of conjunctions.
| |
| *'''084.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
| |
| :::'''Sohe ba neǹe ǹe neǹe sabafu saben̨o ǹe seb̨a''', My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
| |
| *'''085.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
| |
| :::'''Neǹe ųsu se i pefeǹ se i kufuǹ''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
| |
| *'''086.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
| |
| :::'''Babu seve eku masu, ňemivu a nataso''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Octal Table==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| |
| !<center>1 १</center>
| |
| !2
| |
| !3 ३
| |
| !4 ४
| |
| !5 ४
| |
| !6 ६
| |
| !7 ७
| |
| !8 ८
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''nu''' नु
| |
| |'''bu''' बु
| |
| |'''de''' दे
| |
| |'''ka''' क
| |
| |'''za''' स़
| |
| |'''so''' सो
| |
| |'''tu''' तु
| |
| |'''pe''' पे
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>9 ८१</center>
| |
| !10
| |
| !11
| |
| !12
| |
| !13
| |
| !14
| |
| !15
| |
| !16
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''penu'''
| |
| |'''pebu'''
| |
| |'''pede'''
| |
| |'''peka'''
| |
| |'''peza'''
| |
| |'''peso'''
| |
| |'''petu'''
| |
| |'''bupe'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>17</center>
| |
| !18
| |
| !19
| |
| !20
| |
| !21
| |
| !22
| |
| !23
| |
| !24
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''bupenu'''
| |
| |'''bupebu'''
| |
| |'''bupede'''
| |
| |'''bupeka'''
| |
| |'''bupeza'''
| |
| |'''bupeso'''
| |
| |'''bupetu'''
| |
| |'''depe'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>25</center>
| |
| !26
| |
| !27
| |
| !28
| |
| !29
| |
| !30
| |
| !31
| |
| !32
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''depenu'''
| |
| |'''depebu'''
| |
| |'''depede'''
| |
| |'''depeka'''
| |
| |'''depeza'''
| |
| |'''depeso'''
| |
| |'''depetu'''
| |
| |'''kape'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>33</center>
| |
| !34
| |
| !35
| |
| !36
| |
| !37
| |
| !38
| |
| !39
| |
| !40
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''kapenu'''
| |
| |'''kapebu'''
| |
| |'''kapede'''
| |
| |'''kapeka'''
| |
| |'''kapeza'''
| |
| |'''kapeso'''
| |
| |'''kapetu'''
| |
| |'''zape'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>41</center>
| |
| !42
| |
| !43
| |
| !44
| |
| !45
| |
| !46
| |
| !47
| |
| !48
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''zapenu'''
| |
| |'''zapebu'''
| |
| |'''zapede'''
| |
| |'''zapeka'''
| |
| |'''zapeza'''
| |
| |'''zapeso'''
| |
| |'''zapetu'''
| |
| |'''sope'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>49</center>
| |
| !50
| |
| !51
| |
| !52
| |
| !53
| |
| !54
| |
| !55
| |
| !56
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''sopenu'''
| |
| |'''sopebu'''
| |
| |'''sopede'''
| |
| |'''sopeka'''
| |
| |'''sopeza'''
| |
| |'''sopeso'''
| |
| |'''sopetu'''
| |
| |'''tupe'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !<center>57</center>
| |
| !58
| |
| !59
| |
| !60
| |
| !61
| |
| !62
| |
| !63
| |
| !64
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''tupenu'''
| |
| |'''tupebu'''
| |
| |'''tupede'''
| |
| |'''tupeka'''
| |
| |'''tupeza'''
| |
| |'''tupeso'''
| |
| |'''tupetu'''
| |
| |'''pepe'''
| |
| |}
| |
