Fudasi: Syntax: Difference between revisions

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==Table of Phonemes==
==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
! POA
! MOA
! colspan="5" | labial
! colspan="3" | nasals
|
! colspan="6" | stops
|
! colspan="3" | sibilants
|
|
! colspan="4" | dental
! colspan="2" | fricatives
|
|
! colspan="2" | alveolar
! colspan="1" | tap
|
|
! colspan="1" | velar
! colspan="3" | affricates
|
|
! colspan="2" | glottal
! colspan="2" | approximants
|
|
! colspan="5" | vowels
! colspan="5" | vowels
|-
|-
! IPA
! IPA
| <center>m</center>
| <center>/m/</center>  
| /n/
| /ŋ/
!
| /p/
| /p/
| /b/
| /b/
| /ɸ/
| /β/
!
| /n/
| /t/
| /t/
| /d/
| /d/
| /l/
| /k/ 
| /g/
!
!
| /s/
| /s/ (/θ/)
| /z/
| /z/ (/ð/)
| /ʃ/
!
!
| /ǹ/
| /ɸ/
| /h/
!
!
| /ʔ/
| /ɾ/ (/ʁ/)
| /h/
!
| /ʦ/
| /ʧ/
| /ʤ/ 
!
| /j/
| /w/
!
!
| /i/
| /i/
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| /ä/
| /ä/
| /o/
| /o/
| /ɯ/
| /u/ (/ɯ/)
|-
|-
! Latin
! Latin
| m
| m
| n
| ŋ
!
| p
| p
| b
| b
| f
| v
!
| n
| t
| t
| d
| d
| l
| k 
| g
!
!
| s
| s
| z
| z
| x
!
!
| ń
| f
| h
!
!
| k
| r
| h
!
| ṡ
| ċ
| j 
!
| y
| w
!
!
| i
| i
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| o
| o
| u
| u
|-
! Devanagari
| म
| प
| ब
| फ
| भ
!
| न
| त
| द
| ल
!
| स
| स़
!
| ङ
!
| क
| ह
!
| इ
| ए
| अ
| आ
| उ
|}
|}


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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Word Order===
===Word Order===
*'''001.''' Fudasi word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
*'''001.''' Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
*'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
*'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
*'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
*'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
Line 106: Line 100:
*'''007.''' The adjective follows the dependent verb.
*'''007.''' The adjective follows the dependent verb.
*'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
*'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
*'''009.''' Adverbials of time precede those of space.
*'''009.''' The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.


===Verbs - '''Selsan̨a''' सेल्सन्य===
===Verbs - '''Selsan̨a''' सेल्सन्य===
*'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
*'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
::The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: '''hufu''', see.
*'''012.''' The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Neǹe hufu a sof̨aǹ''', I see the clouds.
:::'''Yidi hi nefo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
*'''012.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''susu''', hear.
*'''013.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Neǹe šusu a naf̨uǹ''', I heard the birds.
:::'''Yidi hi ňefo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
::This gives a /w/ sound to initial vowels, ''e.g.'', '''usuvu''', to live: '''ǔsuvu''' /ʷɯsɯβɯ/.
*'''014.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''nefo''', see.
*'''013.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''sezu''', smell.
:::'''Yidi hi n̨efo te ton̨u yu''', I see the clouds.
:::'''Neǹe s̨ezu a leb̨eǹ''', I will smell the flowers.
*'''015.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''te''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
::This gives a /j/ sound to initial consonants, ''e.g.'', '''usu''', to go; '''ųsu''' /ʲɯsɯ/.
:::'''Te nefo se te ṡeso''', Seeing is believing.
*'''014.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''-ǹ''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
*'''016.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
:::'''Hufuǹ eku tubuǹ ''', Seeing is believing.
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-ne''':
*'''015.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
:::'''Tifa hi ŋísane yidi yu''', She may love me.
*'''016.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-eme''':
*'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''Seve sákeme a neǹe''', She may love me.
:::'''Ŋísate yidi yu''', Love me.
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-ete'''.
*'''019.''' The  [[Wikipedia:Hortative|hortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the verb '''wofo''', let, permit.
:::'''Sákete a neǹe''', Love me.
:::'''Wófote tifa yu te ŋopi''', Let him sing.
*'''018.''' The  [[Wikipedia:Hortative#cohortative|cohortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the verb '''sase''', let, permit.
*'''020.''' The conditional mood is formed with the particle '''fi''':
:::'''sásete a seve onesu''', Let him sing.
:::'''Fi yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu''', If I love you....
*'''019.''' The conditional mood is formed with the suffix '''-na''':
:::'''Fi yidi hi ŋ̌isa mepe yu''', If I loved you....
:::'''Neǹe sákuna bene''', If I love you....
*'''021.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle '''fa''':
:::'''Neǹe šákuna bene''', If I loved you....
:::'''Te kiki yu ŋísa fa''', The mother is loved.
*'''021.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle '''vini''':
:::'''Te feŋu yu x̌oto fa''', The apple was cooked.
:::'''Pepeǹ saku vini''', The mother is loved.
*'''022.''' Sentence negation uses '''mi'''.
:::'''Piseǹ v̌avu vini''', The apple was cooked.
:::'''Te ṡuma yúbumi''', The boy does not dance.
*'''022.''' Sentence negation is formed with the suffix '''-b(o)'''. It precedes all other prefixes:
:::'''Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísami''', The boy will not love.
:::'''Tabiǹ áhabo''', The boy does not dance.
:::'''Te ṡuċu yúbupene mi,''' The girl may not want to dance.
:::'''Tabiǹ s̨ákubo''', The boy will not love.
*'''023.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''me''' at the end of the sentence:
:::'''Anafiǹ áhabeme,''' The girl may not want to dance.
:::'''Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu''', I love you.
*'''023.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''se''' at the beginning of the sentence:
:::'''Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu me''', Do I love you?
:::'''Neǹe saku a bene''', I love you.
:::'''Se neǹe saku a bene?''', Do I love you?
*'''024.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
*'''024.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
:::'''Neǹe ǎtavu taǹuǹ a zeke''', I was afraid to touch a toad.
:::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu t' eto''', I was afraid to go.
::A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
**A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
:::'''Neǹe f̨ekudu a seve usuǹ''', I ordered him to go.
 
*'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives with the verb '''tovu''': '''puvu''', wide.
:::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu te ziyi dini yu''', I was afraid to touch a toad.
:::'''Sev̨e puvtovu a havaǹ''', They are widening the road.
*'''025.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix '''-ri''': '''rehu''', wide.
*'''026.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''eku'''.
:::'''Tih̨a hi rehuri te neje yu''', They are widening the road.
:::'''Seve eku naǹ''', He is the chief.
:::'''Yidi hi ňaċeri tifa yu t' eto''', I ordered him to go.
:::'''Seve ěku nunuǹ''', He was the father.
*'''026.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''se'''.
*'''027.''' The existential copula is '''kaku''', there is/are.
:::'''Tifa hi se te wako hi''', He is the chief.
:::'''Ǹetu kaku hi masoǹ''', There is an eagle in the tree.
:::'''Tifa hi še te pepe hi''', He was the father.
*'''027.''' The existential copula is '''yi''', ''there is/are''.
:::'''Butofe yi a te tetu''', There is an eagle in the tree.


===Nouns - '''Pafsan̨a''' पफ्सन्य===
===Nouns - '''Pafsan̨a''' पफ्सन्य===
*'''029.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''028.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''030.''' There are no noun classes in Fudasi.
*'''029.''' There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
*'''031.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
*'''030.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
:::'''seǹe''', river; '''seǹ̨e''', rivers.
:::'''xote''', moon; '''xot̨e''', moons.
::If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''bu seǹe''', two rivers.
**If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''ho xote''', two rivers.
*'''032.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''b(a)''', of.
*'''031.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''mu''', of.
:::'''sahafaǹ ba piseǹ''', the child's apple.
:::'''Te feŋu mu te tunu''', the child's apple.
:::'''anaǹ b' etu''', the man's foot.
:::'''Te iṡe mu te bime''', the man's foot.
*'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the prefix '''na-''':
*'''032.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-zi''':
:::'''fudu''', short; '''nafudu''', shortness.
:::'''neċe''', short; '''neċezi''', shortness.
*'''034.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix '''na-''' and the suffix '''-a''':
*'''033.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix '''-zi''':
:::'''tubu''', to die, '''natuba''', death.
:::'''ṡemo''', to die, '''ṡemozi''', death.
:::'''sumu''', to hope, '''nasuma''', hope.
*'''034.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix '''-ṡi''':
*'''035.''' In making componds the final vowel of the first element is dropped.
::: '''yiti''', young; '''yitiṡi''', youth; '''yit̨iṡi''', youths.
*'''036.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed by using the word '''puna''', person:
:::'''hofo''', old; '''hof̨oṡi''', elder; '''hof̨oṡi''', elders.
::: '''ǹesu''', young; '''ǹespuna''', youth; '''ǹespun̨a''', youths.
*'''035.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ṡi'''.
:::'''lovu''', old; '''lovpuna''', elder; '''lovpun̨a''', elders.
::: '''ŋopi''', sing; '''ŋopiṡi ''', singer; '''ŋop͑iṡi ''', singers
*'''037.''' The agent of a verb is formed using the word '''puna''', person.
*'''036.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
::: '''onelu''', sing; '''onelpuna''', the singer; '''onelpun̨a''', singers.
:::'''te''', cut; '''tete''', knife; '''t̨ete''', knives.
*'''038.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed using the word '''hazo''', tool.
*'''037.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word '''numu''', thing.
:::'''suvu''', cut; '''suvhazo''', the knife; '''suvhaz̨o''', knives.
:::'''yifi''', laugh; '''yifinumu''', laugh, laughter.
*'''039.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word '''faba''', thing.
*'''038.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes '''wo''' and '''ċu''', respectively: '''puhe''', bird; '''wopuhe''', cock; '''ċupuhe''', hen.
:::'''ǹevu''', laugh; '''ǹevfaba''', laugh, laughter.
*'''039.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''tone''', group.
*'''040.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes '''ǹan''' and '''ǹaf''', respectively: '''navu''', bird; '''ǹannavu''', cock; '''ǹafnavu''', hen.
:::'''te tone puh̨e''', the flock of birds; '''te tone zim̨i''', the school of fish; '''te tone ṡen̨i''', archipelago.
*'''041.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''sofu''', group.
*'''040.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
:::'''sofuǹ nav̨u''', the flock of birds; '''sofuǹ teseb̨a''', the school of fish; '''sofuǹ tuf̨e''', archipelago.
:::'''te pisa''', the wind; '''te tapisa''', the creek; '''te tapis̨a''', the creeks.
*'''042.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
*'''041.''' Nouns with '''mu''' may be used to modify other nouns.
:::'''nutseǹeǹ''', the stream; '''tanutseǹeǹ''', the creek; '''tanutseǹ̨eǹ''', the creeks.
:::'''te wini m' udiwi''', the mountain stream.
*'''043.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
:::'''kufu nutseǹeǹ''', the mountain stream.


===Modifiers - '''Telsan̨a''' तेल्सन्य===
===Modifiers - '''Telsan̨a''' तेल्सन्य===
*'''044.''' In Fudasi grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
*'''042.''' In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.


====Adjectives - '''Siksan̨a''' सिक्सन्य====
====Adjectives - '''Siksan̨a''' सिक्सन्य====
*'''045.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.  
*'''043.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.  
*'''046.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''katu tabiǹ''', the good boy.
*'''044.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''te wuṡe ṡuma''', the good boy.
*'''047.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''kana''', more.
*'''045.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''bo''', more.
:::'''ǹesu''', young; ''' kana ǹesu''', younger, youngest.
:::'''yiti''', young; ''' bo yiti''', younger, youngest.
*'''048.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''toso''', less: '''nilu''', distant; '''toso nilu''', less/least distant.
*'''046.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''mebo''', less: '''rifoti''', distant; '''mebo rifoti''', less/least distant.
*'''049.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunction '''abe''', as.
*'''047.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions '''umi...tofi''', as...as; '''ŋiti''', red:
::: '''seku''', red; '''abe seku''', as red,
:::'''Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu''', This flower is as red as blood.
:::'''Sa lebe eku abe seku abe sinosi''', This flower is as red as blood.
*'''048.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''051.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that are used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''049.''' There are two participles in Nemuti.
*'''052.''' There are two participles in Fudasi.
**'''a.''' The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + '''mu''':
::'''a.''' The present participle is formed is formed with the suffix '''-lu''':
:::'''te ŋuwo mu zimi''', the swimming fish.
:::'''akazlu tesebaǹ''', the swimming fish.
**'''b.''' The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + '''mu''':
::'''b.''' The past participle is formed with the suffix '''-nu''':
:::'''te ṡ̬eso mu homa''', the sunken boat.
:::'''tudofnu lobiǹ''', the sunken boat.
*'''050.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''m(e)-'''.
*'''053.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''l(o)-'''.
:::'''pefi''', even; '''mepefi''', uneven.
:::'''nuvu''', even; '''lonuvu''', uneven.
*'''051.''' The suffix '''-ṡe''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
*'''054.''' The suffix '''-bunu''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
:::'''puhe''', bird; '''puheṡe''', like a bird.
:::'''navu''', bird; '''navbunu''', like a bird.
*'''052.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-miṡe''', -less.
*'''055.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-betu''', -less.
:::'''tegu''', hope; '''tegumiṡe''', hopeless.
:::'''nasuma''', hope; '''nasumbetu''', hopeless.
*'''053.''' Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix '''-ze''': '''te gute tunu''', the sick child; '''te tunu ǧuteze''', the child was sick.
*'''056.''' Adjectives end in '''-u''' so that they may be used as stative verbs: '''masu sahafaǹ''', the sick child; '''sahafaǹ m̌asu''', the child was sick.


====Determiners - '''Tizsan̨a''' तिस़्सन्य====
====Determiners - '''Tizsan̨a''' तिस़्सन्य====
*'''056.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
*'''054.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
*'''057.''' The definite article is '''-ǹ'''.
*'''055.''' The definite article is '''te'''.
*'''058.''' There is no indefinite article.
*'''056.''' There is no indefinite article.
*'''059.''' The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is '''sa'''.
*'''057.''' The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is '''tumu'''.
:::'''sa pele''', this leaf; '''sa pel̨e''', these leaves.
:::'''tumu riki''', this leaf; '''tumu rik̨i''', these leaves.
*'''060.''' The distal demonstrative, that/those, is '''ta'''.
*'''058.''' The distal demonstrative, that/those, is '''zumu'''.
:::'''ta patu''', that cloud; '''ta pat̨u''', those clouds.
:::'''zumu tonu''', that cloud; '''zumu ton̨u''', those clouds.
*'''061.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
*'''059.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
:::'''leki ǹafu vavu''', Three women are cooking.
:::'''ne puz̨e xoto''', Three women are cooking.
::They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
**They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
:::'''sa ǹafu leki vavu''', These three women are cooking.
:::'''Tumu puz̨e ne xoto''', These three women are cooking.
*'''062.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''vibi''', any.
*'''060.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''eye''', any.
*'''063.''' The assertive indefinite determiner is '''nuzi''', some.
*'''061.''' The assertive indefinite determiner is '''eṡa''', ''some''.
*'''064.''' The negative determiner is '''beku''', no.
*'''062.''' The negative determiner is '''mi''', no.


====Numerals - '''Tonsan̨a''' तोन्सन्य====
====Numerals - '''Tonsan̨a''' तोन्सन्य====
*'''065.''' Fudasi has an octal numeral system.
*'''063.''' Nemuti has an octal numeral system.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 240: Line 231:
! 8
! 8
|-
|-
| '''neki'''
| '''re'''
| '''soki'''
| '''ho'''
| '''leki'''
| '''ne'''
| '''tiki'''
| '''wu'''
| '''eki'''
| '''xo'''
| '''poki'''
| '''no'''
| '''muki'''
| '''mi'''
| '''tuki'''
| '''wi'''
|}
|}
*'''066.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''tu''', eight.
*'''064.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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Line 261: Line 252:
! 15
! 15
|-
|-
| '''tuneki'''
| '''wire'''
| '''tusoki'''
| '''wiho'''
| '''tuleki'''
| '''wine'''
| '''tutiki'''
| '''wiwu'''
| '''tueki'''
| '''wixo'''
| '''tupoki'''
| '''wino'''
| '''tumuki'''
| '''wimi'''
|}  
|}  


*'''067.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''tuki''', eight.
*'''065.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 282: Line 273:
! 64
! 64
|-
|-
| '''sotuki'''
| '''howi'''
| '''letuki'''
| '''newi'''
| '''tituki'''
| '''wuwi'''
| '''etuki'''
| '''xowi'''
| '''potuki'''
| '''nawi'''
| '''mutuki'''
| '''miwi'''
| '''tutuki'''
| '''wiwi'''
|}
|}


*'''068.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''he-'''.
*'''066.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''be-'''.
:::'''hesoki nobeǹ''', the second rope
:::'''te beho xomi''', the second rope
*'''069.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-ha'''.
*'''067.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''sókiha''', twice; '''túkiha''', eight times.
:::'''hote''', twice; '''wite''', eight times.


====Adverbs - '''Dibsan̨a''' दिब्सन्य====
====Adverbs - '''Dibsan̨a''' दिब्सन्य====
*'''070.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''068.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''071.''' Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-so'''.
*'''069.''' Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-to'''.
:::'''kasu ǹeseǹ''', the brave man; '''Seve šahu kasuku, '''He acted bravely.
:::''''te wota bima'', the brave man; '''Tifa t̬upuri wótato''', He acted bravely.
*'''072.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''kasuku''', bravely; ''' kana kasuku''', more bravely.
*'''070.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''wótato''', bravely; '''bo wótato''', more bravely.


===Pronouns - '''Seǹevsan̨a''' सेङेभ्सन्य===
===Pronouns - '''Seǹevsan̨a''' सेङेभ्सन्य===
*'''073.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words thnu substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Fudasi.
*'''071.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
*'''074.''' The personal pronouns are '''neǹe''', I; '''neǹ̨e''', we; '''bene''', you (''sg.''); '''ben̨e''', you (''pl.''); '''seve''', he, she, it; '''sev̨e''', they.
*'''072.''' The personal pronouns are '''yidi''', I; '''yid̨i''', we; '''mipi''', you (''sg.''); '''mip̨i''', you (''pl.''); '''tifa''', he; '''tif̨a''', they; '''timu''', she; '''tim̨u''', they; '''ifa''', it; '''if̨a''', they.
:::'''Neǹe sáku a seve''', I love her.
:::'''Yidi hi ŋisa timu yu''', I love her.
:::'''Seve sáku a neǹe''', She loves me.
:::'''Timu hi ŋisa yidi yu''', She loves me.
:::'''Neǹe ěnivu i seve a lebeǹ''', I gave her the flower.
:::'''Yidi hi ŋ̌ipa me timu te kimi yu''', I gave her the flower.
*'''075.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''hevi''', who; '''bevi''', what; and '''haba''', which.
**If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
*'''076.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''nusa''', self.
*'''073.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''biha''', who; '''bime''', what; and '''haba''', which.
:::'''Neǹe ǔnefu a nusa''', I hurt myself.
*'''074.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''ċego''', self.
*'''077.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun '''nusa''', self.
:::'''Yidi hi p̌ina ċego yu''', I hurt myself.
*'''075.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun '''nusa''', self.
:::'''Neǹnusa ųsu''', I myself will go.
:::'''Neǹnusa ųsu''', I myself will go.
*'''078.''' The demonstrative pronouns are compounds of the demonstrative determiners and the personal pronouns: '''savi''', this; '''tavi''', that.
*'''076.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the apprpriate particles.
:::This is a flower, '''Savi eku lebe.'''
:::This is a flower, '''Tumu hi se kimi hi.'''
:::Those are leaves, '''Tav̨i eku pel̨e .'''
:::Those are leaves, '''Zum̨u hi se rik̨i hi.'''
*'''079.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
*'''077.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
:::'''vibpuna''', anyone, anybody; '''vibfaba''', anything.
:::'''eyemema''', anyone, anybody; '''eyenumu''', anything.
:::'''nuzpuna''', someone, somebody; '''nuzfaba''', something.
:::'''eṡamema''', someone, somebody; '''eṡanumu''', something.
:::'''bekpuna''', no one, nobody; '''bekfaba''', nothing.
:::'''nimema''', no one, nobody; '''ninumu''', nothing.
*'''080.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''ba'''.
*'''078.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''mu'''. When this phrase is used, the subject particle '''di''' is omitted.
:::'''Savi eku lebe ba bene, tavi eku ba neǹe''', This is your flower, that is mine.
:::'''Tumu hi se kimi mu mipi, zumu hi se mu yidi.''' This is your flower, that is mine.


===Prepositions - '''Mapsan̨a''' मप्सन्य===
===Prepositions - '''Mapsan̨a''' मप्सन्य===
*'''081.''' Fudasi uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
*'''079.''' Nemuti uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
:::'''hi pefeǹ''', at the beach.
:::'''a te rini''', at the beach.
:::'''Nasaǹ eku oli nosiǹ''', The cup is on the table.
:::'''Te juto hi se ṡi te xota''', The cup is on the table.


===Conjunctions - '''Nobezsan̨a''' नोबेस़्सन्य===
===Conjunctions - '''Nobezsan̨a''' नोबेस़्सन्य===
*'''082.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
*'''080.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
*'''083.''' In Fudasi there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''081.''' In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''084.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
*'''082.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Sohe ba neǹe ǹe neǹe sabafu saben̨o ǹe seb̨a''', My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
:::'''Te tobe mu yidi pu yidi hi ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yu, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
*'''085.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
*'''083.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Neǹe ųsu se i pefeǹ se i kufuǹ''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
:::'''Yidi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
*'''086.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
*'''084.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
:::'''Babu seve eku masu, ňemivu a nataso''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
:::'''Ċeni timu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi mu toċe''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.




==Octal Table==  
==Octal Table==  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>1 १</center>
!<center>1</center>
!2
! 2
!3 ३
! 3
!4 ४
! 4
!5 ४
! 5
!6 ६
! 6
!7 ७
! 7
!8 ८
! 8
|-
|-
|'''nu''' नु
| '''re'''   wi
|'''bu''' बु
| '''ho'''  
|'''de''' दे
| '''ne'''  
|'''ka''' क
| '''wu'''  
|'''za''' स़
| '''xo'''  
|'''so''' सो
| '''no'''  
|'''tu''' तु
| '''mi'''  
|'''pe''' पे
| '''wi'''  
|-
|-
!<center>9 ८१</center>
!<center>9</center>
!10
!10
!11
!11
Line 368: Line 360:
!16
!16
|-
|-
|'''penu'''
| '''wire'''
|'''pebu'''
| '''wiho'''
|'''pede'''
| '''wine'''
|'''peka'''
| '''wiwu'''
|'''peza'''
| '''wixo'''
|'''peso'''
| '''wino'''
|'''petu'''
| '''wimi'''
|'''bupe'''
| '''howi'''
|-
|-
!<center>17</center>
!<center>17</center>
Line 386: Line 378:
!24
!24
|-
|-
|'''bupenu'''
| '''howire'''
|'''bupebu'''
| '''howiho'''
|'''bupede'''
| '''howine'''
|'''bupeka'''
| '''howiwu'''
|'''bupeza'''
| '''howixo'''
|'''bupeso'''
| '''howino'''
|'''bupetu'''
| '''howimi'''
|'''depe'''
| '''newi'''
|-
|-
!<center>25</center>
!<center>25</center>
Line 404: Line 396:
!32
!32
|-
|-
|'''depenu'''
| '''newire'''
|'''depebu'''
| '''newiho'''
|'''depede'''
| '''newine'''
|'''depeka'''
| '''newiwu'''
|'''depeza'''
| '''newixo'''
|'''depeso'''
| '''newino'''
|'''depetu'''
| '''newimi'''
|'''kape'''
| '''wuwi'''
|-
|-
!<center>33</center>
!<center>33</center>
Line 422: Line 414:
!40
!40
|-
|-
|'''kapenu'''
| '''wuwire'''
|'''kapebu'''
| '''wuwiho'''
|'''kapede'''
| '''wuwine'''
|'''kapeka'''
| '''wuwiwu'''
|'''kapeza'''
| '''wuwixo'''
|'''kapeso'''
| '''wuwino'''
|'''kapetu'''
| '''wuwimi'''
|'''zape'''
| '''xowi'''
|-
|-
!<center>41</center>
!<center>41</center>
Line 440: Line 432:
!48
!48
|-
|-
|'''zapenu'''
| '''xowire'''
|'''zapebu'''
| '''xowiho'''
|'''zapede'''
| '''xowine'''
|'''zapeka'''
| '''xowiwu'''
|'''zapeza'''
| '''xowixo'''
|'''zapeso'''
| '''xowino'''
|'''zapetu'''
| '''xowimi'''
|'''sope'''
| '''nowi'''
|-
|-
!<center>49</center>
!<center>49</center>
Line 458: Line 450:
!56
!56
|-
|-
|'''sopenu'''
| '''nowire'''
|'''sopebu'''
| '''nowiho'''
|'''sopede'''
| '''nowine'''
|'''sopeka'''
| '''nowiwu'''
|'''sopeza'''
| '''nowixo'''
|'''sopeso'''
| '''nowino'''
|'''sopetu'''
| '''nowimi'''
|'''tupe'''
| '''miwi'''
|-
|-
!<center>57</center>
!<center>57</center>
Line 476: Line 468:
!64
!64
|-
|-
|'''tupenu'''
| '''miwire'''
|'''tupebu'''
| '''miwiho'''
|'''tupede'''
| '''miwine'''
|'''tupeka'''
| '''miwiwu'''
|'''tupeza'''
| '''miwixo'''
|'''tupeso'''
| '''miwino'''
|'''tupetu'''
| '''miwimi'''
|'''pepe'''
| '''wiwi'''
|}
|}

Revision as of 18:31, 10 March 2023

Table of Phonemes

MOA nasals stops sibilants fricatives tap affricates approximants vowels
IPA
/m/
 /n/ /ŋ/ /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /s/ (/θ/) /z/ (/ð/) /ʃ/ /ɸ/ /h/ /ɾ/ (/ʁ/) /ʦ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /j/ /w/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /o/ /u/ (/ɯ/)
Latin m n ŋ p b t d k g s z x f h r ṡ ċ j y w i e a o u


Grammar

Word Order

  • 001. Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
  • 002. The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
  • 003. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
  • 004. The possessive noun follows the head noun.
  • 005. Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
  • 006. The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
  • 007. The adjective follows the dependent verb.
  • 008. Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
  • 009. The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.

Verbs - Selsan̨a सेल्सन्य

  • 010. Verbs are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
  • 011. Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial phoneme.
  • 012. The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: nefo, see.
Yidi hi nefo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
  • 013. The past tense is formed by labializing the first consonant: nefo, see.
Yidi hi ňefo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
  • 014. The future tense is formed by palatalizing the first phoneme: nefo, see.
Yidi hi n̨efo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
  • 015. A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, te, to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
Te nefo se te ṡeso, Seeing is believing.
  • 016. Mood is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
  • 017. The subjunctive mood is formed with the suffix -ne:
Tifa hi ŋísane yidi yu, She may love me.
  • 018. The imperative mood is formed with the suffix -te.
Ŋísate yidi yu, Love me.
Wófote tifa yu te ŋopi, Let him sing.
  • 020. The conditional mood is formed with the particle fi:
Fi yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu, If I love you....
Fi yidi hi ŋ̌isa mepe yu, If I loved you....
  • 021. The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle fa:
Te kiki yu ŋísa fa, The mother is loved.
Te feŋu yu x̌oto fa, The apple was cooked.
  • 022. Sentence negation uses mi.
Te ṡuma yúbumi, The boy does not dance.
Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísami, The boy will not love.
Te ṡuċu yúbupene mi, The girl may not want to dance.
  • 023. A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle me at the end of the sentence:
Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu, I love you.
Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu me, Do I love you?
  • 024. Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu t' eto, I was afraid to go.
    • A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu te ziyi dini yu, I was afraid to touch a toad.
  • 025. Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix -ri: rehu, wide.
Tih̨a hi rehuri te neje yu, They are widening the road.
Yidi hi ňaċeri tifa yu t' eto, I ordered him to go.
  • 026. The copulative verb to be is se.
Tifa hi se te wako hi, He is the chief.
Tifa hi še te pepe hi, He was the father.
  • 027. The existential copula is yi, there is/are.
Butofe yi a te tetu, There is an eagle in the tree.

Nouns - Pafsan̨a पफ्सन्य

  • 028. Nouns are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
  • 029. There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
  • 030. Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
xote, moon; xot̨e, moons.
    • If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: ho xote, two rivers.
  • 031. Possession is indicated by the possessive particle mu, of.
Te feŋu mu te tunu, the child's apple.
Te iṡe mu te bime, the man's foot.
  • 032. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix -zi:
neċe, short; neċezi, shortness.
  • 033. Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix -zi:
ṡemo, to die, ṡemozi, death.
  • 034. Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix -ṡi:
yiti, young; yitiṡi, youth; yit̨iṡi, youths.
hofo, old; hof̨oṡi, elder; hof̨oṡi, elders.
  • 035. The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix -ṡi.
ŋopi, sing; ŋopiṡi , singer; ŋop͑iṡi , singers
  • 036. The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix -te.
te, cut; tete, knife; t̨ete, knives.
  • 037. Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word numu, thing.
yifi, laugh; yifinumu, laugh, laughter.
  • 038. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes wo and ċu, respectively: puhe, bird; wopuhe, cock; ċupuhe, hen.
  • 039. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word tone, group.
te tone puh̨e, the flock of birds; te tone zim̨i, the school of fish; te tone ṡen̨i, archipelago.
  • 040. Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix ta-.
te pisa, the wind; te tapisa, the creek; te tapis̨a, the creeks.
  • 041. Nouns with mu may be used to modify other nouns.
te wini m' udiwi, the mountain stream.

Modifiers - Telsan̨a तेल्सन्य

  • 042. In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.

Adjectives - Siksan̨a सिक्सन्य

  • 043. Adjectives are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
  • 044. Adjectives are placed before the noun: te wuṡe ṡuma, the good boy.
  • 045. The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb bo, more.
yiti, young; bo yiti, younger, youngest.
  • 046. Negative comparison is formed with the word mebo, less: rifoti, distant; mebo rifoti, less/least distant.
  • 047. The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions umi...tofi, as...as; ŋiti, red:
Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu, This flower is as red as blood.
  • 048. Participles are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
  • 049. There are two participles in Nemuti.
    • a. The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + mu:
te ŋuwo mu zimi, the swimming fish.
    • b. The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + mu:
te ṡ̬eso mu homa, the sunken boat.
  • 050. Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix m(e)-.
pefi, even; mepefi, uneven.
  • 051. The suffix -ṡe combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
puhe, bird; puheṡe, like a bird.
  • 052. Adjectives with the meaning without are expressed with the prefix -miṡe, -less.
tegu, hope; tegumiṡe, hopeless.
  • 053. Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix -ze: te gute tunu, the sick child; te tunu ǧuteze, the child was sick.

Determiners - Tizsan̨a तिस़्सन्य

  • 054. Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. They are placed before the noun.
  • 055. The definite article is te.
  • 056. There is no indefinite article.
  • 057. The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is tumu.
tumu riki, this leaf; tumu rik̨i, these leaves.
  • 058. The distal demonstrative, that/those, is zumu.
zumu tonu, that cloud; zumu ton̨u, those clouds.
  • 059. Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
ne puz̨e xoto, Three women are cooking.
    • They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
Tumu puz̨e ne xoto, These three women are cooking.
  • 060. The elective indefinite determiner is eye, any.
  • 061. The assertive indefinite determiner is eṡa, some.
  • 062. The negative determiner is mi, no.

Numerals - Tonsan̨a तोन्सन्य

  • 063. Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
1
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
re ho ne wu xo no mi wi
  • 064. The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
9
 10 11 12 13 14 15
wire wiho wine wiwu wixo wino wimi
  • 065. The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
16
 24 32 40 48 56 64
howi newi wuwi xowi nawi miwi wiwi
  • 066. The ordinals are made with the prefix be-.
te beho xomi, the second rope
  • 067. The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix -te.
hote, twice; wite, eight times.

Adverbs - Dibsan̨a दिब्सन्य

  • 068. Adverbs are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc.
  • 069. Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix -to.
''te wota bima, the brave man; Tifa t̬upuri wótato, He acted bravely.
  • 070. The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; wótato, bravely; bo wótato, more bravely.

Pronouns - Seǹevsan̨a सेङेभ्सन्य

  • 071. Pronouns are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
  • 072. The personal pronouns are yidi, I; yid̨i, we; mipi, you (sg.); mip̨i, you (pl.); tifa, he; tif̨a, they; timu, she; tim̨u, they; ifa, it; if̨a, they.
Yidi hi ŋisa timu yu, I love her.
Timu hi ŋisa yidi yu, She loves me.
Yidi hi ŋ̌ipa me timu te kimi yu, I gave her the flower.
    • If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
  • 073. The interrogative pronouns are biha, who; bime, what; and haba, which.
  • 074. The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun ċego, self.
Yidi hi p̌ina ċego yu, I hurt myself.
  • 075. The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun nusa, self.
Neǹnusa ųsu, I myself will go.
  • 076. The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the apprpriate particles.
This is a flower, Tumu hi se kimi hi.
Those are leaves, Zum̨u hi se rik̨i hi.
  • 077. The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
eyemema, anyone, anybody; eyenumu, anything.
eṡamema, someone, somebody; eṡanumu, something.
nimema, no one, nobody; ninumu, nothing.
  • 078. There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using mu. When this phrase is used, the subject particle di is omitted.
Tumu hi se kimi mu mipi, zumu hi se mu yidi. This is your flower, that is mine.

Prepositions - Mapsan̨a मप्सन्य

  • 079. Nemuti uses prepositions, a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
a te rini, at the beach.
Te juto hi se ṡi te xota, The cup is on the table.

Conjunctions - Nobezsan̨a नोबेस़्सन्य

  • 080. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
  • 081. In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
  • 082. A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
Te tobe mu yidi pu yidi hi ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yu, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
  • 083. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
Yidi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i, I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
  • 084. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
Ċeni timu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi mu toċe, Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.


Octal Table

1
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
re wi ho ne wu xo no mi wi
9
 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
wire wiho wine wiwu wixo wino wimi howi
17
 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
howire howiho howine howiwu howixo howino howimi newi
25
 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
newire newiho newine newiwu newixo newino newimi wuwi
33
 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
wuwire wuwiho wuwine wuwiwu wuwixo wuwino wuwimi xowi
41
 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
xowire xowiho xowine xowiwu xowixo xowino xowimi nowi
49
 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
nowire nowiho nowine nowiwu nowixo nowino nowimi miwi
57
 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
miwire miwiho miwine miwiwu miwixo miwino miwimi wiwi
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