Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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*The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees '''Sam'''", "Henry gave '''Sam''' a pencil", "John wrote '''to Mary'''").
*The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees '''Sam'''", "Henry gave '''Sam''' a pencil", "John wrote '''to Mary'''").
*The genitive (GEN) case indicates the possessor of another noun ("That is '''Sam's''' dog", "That pencil is '''mine'''").
*The genitive (GEN) case indicates the possessor of another noun ("That is '''Sam's''' dog", "That pencil is '''mine'''").
*The equative (EQU) case indicates likeness or equivalence to the marked noun ("these '''knifelike''' nails", "they stood tall '''like kings'''")


{|
{|
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īn''
  | ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īn''
|-
! Equative
| ''rēb-ili'' || ''rēb-īli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''surg-un'' || ''surg-ūn''
  | ''surg-un'' || ''surg-ūn''
|-
! Equative
| ''surg-uli'' || ''surg-ūli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''arś-aḫ'' || ''arś-āḫ''
  | ''arś-aḫ'' || ''arś-āḫ''
|-
! Equative
| ''arś-ali'' || ''arś-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 85: Line 75:
  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> ezîm (boar)
  |+ ''weak masculine noun''<br> esîm (boar)
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îm''
  | colspan="2" | ''es-îm''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îs''
  | colspan="2" | ''es-îs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-în''
  | colspan="2" | ''es-în''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-îli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> mazûm (sea, saltwater)
  |+ ''weak feminine noun''<br> masûm (sea, saltwater)
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûm''
  | colspan="2" | ''mas-ûm''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûs''
  | colspan="2" | ''mas-ûs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûn''
  | colspan="2" | ''mas-ûn''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''maz-ûli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''kap-âḫ''
  | colspan="2" | ''kap-âḫ''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''kap-âli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''rēb-i'' || ''rēb-ī''
  | ''rēb-i'' || ''rēb-ī''
|-
! Equative
| ''rēb-eli'' || ''rēb-ēli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''surg-u'' || ''surg-ū''
  | ''surg-u'' || ''surg-ū''
|-
! Equative
| ''surg-ali'' || ''surg-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
|-
! Equative
| ''arś-ali'' || ''arś-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ezîm (boar)
  |+ esîm (boar)
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" |
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  ! style="width: 3.5em;" | Singular !! style="width: 3.5em;" | Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2"| ''ezu'' || rowspan="2" | ''ez-ê''
  | rowspan="2"| ''esu'' || rowspan="2" | ''es-ê''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-î''
  | colspan="2" | ''es-î''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-êli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2"| ''mazi'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  | rowspan="2"| ''masi'' || rowspan="2" | ''mas-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-û''
  | colspan="2" | ''mas-û''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''maz-âli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''kap-âli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 13:44, 6 December 2022

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ğanūm (singular ğanum). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, and equative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and inanimate. The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.

Nouns that are often feminine:

  • female humans, spirits, and deities
  • domesticated/safe animals
  • seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, and wind

Nouns that are often masculine:

  • male humans, spirits, and deities
  • wild/dangerous animals
  • seemingly animate things like storms and fire

Nouns that are often inanimate:

  • still-moving things like trees, mountains, buildings, and tools
  • abstract concepts, including actions and states
  • collective nouns regardless of animacy
  • etc.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The six cases are thus:

  • The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of a verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
  • The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil", "John wrote to Mary").
  • The genitive (GEN) case indicates the possessor of another noun ("That is Sam's dog", "That pencil is mine").
strong masculine noun
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs
Genitive rēb-in rēb-īn
strong feminine noun
surgum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surg-um surg-ūm
Accusative surg-us surg-ūs
Genitive surg-un surg-ūn
strong neuter noun
arśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative arś-as arś-ās
Accusative
Genitive arś-aḫ arś-āḫ
weak masculine noun
esîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative es-îm
Accusative es-îs
Genitive es-în
weak feminine noun
masûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mas-ûm
Accusative mas-ûs
Genitive mas-ûn
weak neuter noun
kapâs (drinking water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kap-âs
Accusative
Genitive kap-âḫ

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or status absolutus, and the construct state, or status constructus. This form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings and a change or removal of the gender-marking vowel. The construct state is used when a noun is modified by another noun that is either in the genitive case or the equative case. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ē
Accusative
Genitive rēb-i rēb-ī
surgum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surug surg-ā
Accusative
Genitive surg-u surg-ū
arśas (vessel)
Singular Plural
Nominative araś arś-ā
Accusative
Genitive
esîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative esu es-ê
Accusative
Genitive es-î
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative masi mas-â
Accusative
Genitive mas-û
kapâs (drinking water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kapi kap-â
Accusative
Genitive

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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