Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called narībūm (singular narībum). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root, though they primarily only convey a verb's transitivity. There are only two tenses (future and non-future) with the future tense indicated by a prefix attached to the base form. Additionally, there are also two moods (indicative and imperative) although the indicative is unmarked. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular and plural) which are indicated by suffixes.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb root P-R-Ḫ (to speak, to say). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the first person nonfuture singular indicative, it is called paruḫna because that is the first person nonfuture singular indicative form of the verb.

Verb Patterns

Most verbs are typically conjugated in their full phonetic forms, known as "full verbs". However, many roots contain the radicals ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩, and ⟨ḥ⟩ which lead to conjugations that are phonetically shortened or irregular. Such verbs are known as "weak verbs".

Verb Subject Suffixes Feminine Masculine Neuter 1st Singular -na 2nd Singular -mu -mi -mas 3rd Singular -tu -ti -tas 1st Plural -ta 2nd Plural -mun -min -man 3rd Plural -tun -tin -tan

Relativized Verb Subject Suffixes Feminine Masculine Neuter 1st Singular -nēze 2nd Singular -mēzu -mēzi -mēzes 3rd Singular -tēzu -tēzi -tēzes 1st Plural -tēze 2nd Plural -mēzun -mēzin -mēzen 3rd Plural -tēzun -tēzin -tēzen

Verb Object Suffixes Feminine Masculine Neuter 1st Singular -(n)na 2nd Singular -(m)mu -(m)mi -(m)mas 3rd Singular -(k)ku -(k)ki -(k)kas 1st Plural -(t)ta 2nd Plural -(m)mun -(m)min -(m)man 3rd Plural -(k)kun -(k)kin -(k)kan

Thematic Vowels

Indicative Mood

Strong Verbs

u-class P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) nonfuture future I future II Animate 1cs paruḫ-na ta-pruḫ-na na-pruḫ-na 2fs paruḫ-mu ta-pruḫ-mu na-pruḫ-mu 2ms paruḫ-mi ta-pruḫ-mi na-pruḫ-mi 3fs paruḫ-tu ta-pruḫ-tu na-pruḫ-tu 3ms paruḫ-ti ta-pruḫ-ti na-pruḫ-ti 1cp paruḫ-ta ta-pruḫ-ta na-pruḫ-ta 2fp paruḫ-mun ta-pruḫ-mun na-pruḫ-mun 2mp paruḫ-min ta-pruḫ-min na-pruḫ-min 3fp paruḫ-tun ta-pruḫ-tun na-pruḫ-tun 3mp paruḫ-tin ta-pruḫ-tin na-pruḫ-tin nonfuture future I future II Inanimate 2ns paruḫ-mas ta-pruḫ-mas na-pruḫ-mas 3ns paruḫ-tas ta-pruḫ-tas na-pruḫ-tas 2np paruḫ-man ta-pruḫ-man na-pruḫ-man 3np paruḫ-tan ta-pruḫ-tan na-pruḫ-tan

i-class N-M-R (be bad, be immoral) nonfuture future I future II Animate 1cs namir-na ta-nmir-na na-nmir-na 2fs namir-mu ta-nmir-mu na-nmir-mu 2ms namir-mi ta-nmir-mi na-nmir-mi 3fs namir-tu ta-nmir-tu na-nmir-tu 3ms namir-ti ta-nmir-ti na-nmir-ti 1cp namir-ta ta-nmir-ta na-nmir-ta 2fp namir-mun ta-nmir-mun na-nmir-mun 2mp namir-min ta-nmir-min na-nmir-min 3fp namir-tun ta-nmir-tun na-nmir-tun 3mp namir-tin ta-nmir-tin na-nmir-tin nonfuture future I future II Inanimate 2ns namir-mas ta-nmir-mas na-nmir-mas 3ns namir-tas ta-nmir-tas na-nmir-tas 2np namir-man ta-nmir-man na-nmir-man 3np namir-tan ta-nmir-tan na-nmir-tan

a-class R-B-D (guard, protect) nonfuture future I future II Animate 1cs rabad-na ta-rbad-na na-rbad-na 2fs rabad-mu ta-rbad-mu na-rbad-mu 2ms rabad-mi ta-rbad-mi na-rbad-mi 3fs rabat-tu ta-rbat-tu na-rbat-tu 3ms rabat-ti ta-rbat-ti na-rbat-ti 1cp rabat-ta ta-rbat-ta na-rbat-ta 2fp rabad-mun ta-rbad-mun na-rbad-mun 2mp rabad-min ta-rbad-min na-rbad-min 3fp rabat-tun ta-rbat-tun na-rbat-tun 3mp rabat-tin ta-rbat-tin na-rbat-tin nonfuture future I future II Inanimate 2ns rabad-mas ta-rbad-mas na-rbad-mas 3ns rabat-tas ta-rbat-tas na-rbat-tas 2np rabad-man ta-rbad-man na-rbad-man 3np rabat-tan ta-rbat-tan na-rbat-tan

Initial-Weak Verbs

The initial radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation in the future tense

I-y, u-class Y-N-D (hunt, fish) nonfuture future Animate 1cs yanud-na nī-nud-na 2fs yanud-mu nī-nud-mu 2ms yanud-mi nī-nud-mi 3fs yanut-tu nī-nut-tu 3ms yanut-ti nī-nut-ti 1cp yanut-ta nī-nut-ta 2fp yanud-mun nī-nud-mun 2mp yanud-min nī-nud-min 3fp yanut-tun nī-nut-tun 3mp yanut-tin nī-nut-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns yanud-mas nī-nud-mas 3ns yanut-tas nī-nut-tas 2np yanud-man nī-nud-man 3np yanut-tan nī-nut-tan

I-w, i-class W-S-Ḫ (be faithful, be loyal) nonfuture future Animate 1cs wasiḫ-na nū-siḫ-na 2fs wasiḫ-mu nū-siḫ-mu 2ms wasiḫ-mi nū-siḫ-mi 3fs wasiḫ-tu nū-siḫ-tu 3ms wasiḫ-ti nū-siḫ-ti 1cp wasiḫ-ta nū-siḫ-ta 2fp wasiḫ-mun nū-siḫ-mun 2mp wasiḫ-min nū-siḫ-min 3fp wasiḫ-tun nū-siḫ-tun 3mp wasiḫ-tin nū-siḫ-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns wasiḫ-mas nū-siḫ-mas 3ns wasiḫ-tas nū-siḫ-tas 2np wasiḫ-man nū-siḫ-man 3np wasiḫ-tan nū-siḫ-tan

I-h, a-class H-L-D (fight, battle, oppose) nonfuture future Animate 1cs alad-na nā-lad-na 2fs alad-mu nā-lad-mu 2ms alad-mi nā-lad-mi 3fs alat-tu nā-lat-tu 3ms alat-ti nā-lat-ti 1cp alat-ta nā-lat-ta 2fp alad-mun nā-lad-mun 2mp alad-min nā-lad-min 3fp alat-tun nā-lat-tun 3mp alat-tin nā-lat-tin nonfuture future Animate 2ns alad-mas nā-lad-mas 3ns alat-tas nā-lat-tas 2np alad-man nā-lad-man 3np alat-tan nā-lat-tan

I-ḥ, e-class Ḥ-L-R (smite) nonfuture future Animate 1cs eler-na nē-ler-na 2fs eler-mu nē-ler-mu 2ms eler-mi nē-ler-mi 3fs eler-tu nē-ler-tu 3ms eler-ti nē-ler-ti 1cp eler-ta nē-ler-ta 2fp eler-mun nē-ler-mun 2mp eler-min nē-ler-min 3fp eler-tun nē-ler-tun 3mp eler-tin nē-ler-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns eler-mas nē-ler-mas 3ns eler-tas nē-ler-tas 2np eler-man nē-ler-man 3np eler-tan nē-ler-tan

Middle-Weak Verbs

The middle radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. Because of this change, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.

II-w D-W-L (dig, reveal) nonfuture future Animate 1cs dūl-na na-dūl-na 2fs dūl-mu na-dūl-mu 2ms dūl-mi na-dūl-mi 3fs dūl-tu na-dūl-tu 3ms dūl-ti na-dūl-ti 1cp dūl-ta na-dūl-ta 2fp dūl-mun na-dūl-mun 2mp dūl-min na-dūl-min 3fp dūl-tun na-dūl-tun 3mp dūl-tin na-dūl-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns dūl-mas na-dūl-mas 3ns dūl-tas na-dūl-tas 2np dūl-man na-dūl-man 3np dūl-tan na-dūl-tan

II-y R-Y-B (plant [seeds], place) nonfuture future Animate 1cs rīb-na na-rīb-na 2fs rīb-mu na-rīb-mu 2ms rīb-mi na-rīb-mi 3fs rīb-tu na-rīb-tu 3ms rīb-ti na-rīb-ti 1cp rīb-ta na-rīb-ta 2fp rīb-mun na-rīb-mun 2mp rīb-min na-rīb-min 3fp rīb-tun na-rīb-tun 3mp rīb-tin na-rīb-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns rīb-mas na-rīb-mas 3ns rīb-tas na-rīb-tas 2np rīb-man na-rīb-man 3np rīb-tan na-rīb-tan

II-h S-H-B (kill, slay) nonfuture future Animate 1cs sāb-na na-sāb-na 2fs sāb-mu na-sāb-mu 2ms sāb-mi na-sāb-mi 3fs sāb-tu na-sāb-tu 3ms sāb-ti na-sāb-ti 1cp sāb-ta na-sāb-ta 2fp sāb-mun na-sāb-mun 2mp sāb-min na-sāb-min 3fp sāb-tun na-sāb-tun 3mp sāb-tin na-sāb-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns sāb-mas na-sāb-mas 3ns sāb-tas na-sāb-tas 2np sāb-man na-sāb-man 3np sāb-tan na-sāb-tan

II-ḥ L-Ḥ-B (have, possess) nonfuture future Animate 1cs lēb-na ne-lēb-na 2fs lēb-mu ne-lēb-mu 2ms lēb-mi ne-lēb-mi 3fs lēb-tu ne-lēb-tu 3ms lēb-ti ne-lēb-ti 1cp lēb-ta ne-lēb-ta 2fp lēb-mun ne-lēb-mun 2mp lēb-min ne-lēb-min 3fp lēb-tun ne-lēb-tun 3mp lēb-tin ne-lēb-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns lēb-mas ne-lēb-mas 3ns lēb-tas ne-lēb-tas 2np lēb-man ne-lēb-man 3np lēb-tan ne-lēb-tan

Final-Weak Verbs

The final radical is either ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨h⟩ or ⟨ḥ⟩ and becomes a long-vowel of a quality similar to its place of articulation. The third person suffixes become -su(n) and -si(n) instead of -tu(n) and -ti(n). Like middle-weak verbs, it is not possible to tell the theme vowel of the verb.

III-w N-D-W (to begin) nonfuture future Animate 1cs nadū-na na-ndū-na 2fs nadū-mu na-ndū-mu 2ms nadū-mi na-ndū-mi 3fs nadū-su na-ndū-su 3ms nadū-si na-ndū-si 1cp nadū-ta na-ndū-ta 2fp nadū-mun na-ndū-mun 2mp nadū-min na-ndū-min 3fp nadū-sun na-ndū-sun 3mp nadū-sin na-ndū-sin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns nadū-mas na-ndū-mas 3ns nadū-sas na-ndū-sas 2np nadū-man na-ndū-man 3np nadū-san na-ndū-san

III-y R-S-Y (be good, be moral) nonfuture future Animate 1cs rasī-na na-rsī-na 2fs rasī-mu na-rsī-mu 2ms rasī-mi na-rsī-mi 3fs rasī-su na-rsī-su 3ms rasī-si na-rsī-si 1cp rasī-ta na-rsī-ta 2fp rasī-mun na-rsī-mun 2mp rasī-min na-rsī-min 3fp rasī-sun na-rsī-sun 3mp rasī-sin na-rsī-sin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns rasī-mas na-rsī-mas 3ns rasī-sas na-rsī-sas 2np rasī-man na-rsī-man 3np rasī-san na-rsī-san

III-h Ḫ-Ś-H (be correct, be true) nonfuture future Animate 1cs ḫaśā-na na-ḫśā-na 2fs ḫaśā-mu na-ḫśā-mu 2ms ḫaśā-mi na-ḫśā-mi 3fs ḫaśā-su na-ḫśā-su 3ms ḫaśā-si na-ḫśā-si 1cp ḫaśā-ta na-ḫśā-ta 2fp ḫaśā-mun na-ḫśā-mun 2mp ḫaśā-min na-ḫśā-min 3fp ḫaśā-sun na-ḫśā-sun 3mp ḫaśā-sin na-ḫśā-sin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns ḫaśā-mas na-ḫśā-mas 3ns ḫaśā-sas na-ḫśā-sas 2np ḫaśā-man na-ḫśā-man 3np ḫaśā-san na-ḫśā-san

III-ḥ K-M-Ḥ (get up, stand up, rise, wake up) nonfuture future Animate 1cs kemē-na ne-kmē-na 2fs kemē-mu ne-kmē-mu 2ms kemē-mi ne-kmē-mi 3fs kemē-su ne-kmē-su 3ms kemē-si ne-kmē-si 1cp kemē-ta ne-kmē-ta 2fp kemē-mun ne-kmē-mun 2mp kemē-min ne-kmē-min 3fp kemē-sun ne-kmē-sun 3mp kemē-sin ne-kmē-sin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns kemē-mas ne-kmē-mas 3ns kemē-sas ne-kmē-sas 2np kemē-man ne-kmē-man 3np kemē-san ne-kmē-san

Directive Mood

u-class P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) nonfuture future Animate 1cs parḫ-an-na na-parḫ-an-na 2fs parḫ-am-mu na-parḫ-am-mu 2ms parḫ-am-mi na-parḫ-am-mi 3fs parḫ-at-tu na-parḫ-at-tu 3ms parḫ-at-ti na-parḫ-at-ti 1cp parḫ-at-ta na-parḫ-at-ta 2fp parḫ-am-mun na-parḫ-am-mun 2mp parḫ-am-min na-parḫ-am-min 3fp parḫ-at-tun na-parḫ-at-tun 3mp parḫ-at-tin na-parḫ-at-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns parḫ-am-mas na-parḫ-am-mas 3ns parḫ-at-tas na-parḫ-at-tas 2np parḫ-am-mas na-parḫ-am-mas 3np parḫ-at-tas na-parḫ-at-tas

i-class N-M-R (be bad, be immoral) nonfuture future Animate 1cs namr-an-na na-namr-an-na 2fs namr-am-mu na-namr-am-mu 2ms namr-am-mi na-namr-am-mi 3fs namr-at-tu na-namr-at-tu 3ms namr-at-ti na-namr-at-ti 1cp namr-at-ta na-namr-at-ta 2fp namr-am-mun na-namr-am-mun 2mp namr-am-min na-namr-am-min 3fp namr-at-tun na-namr-at-tun 3mp namr-at-tin na-namr-at-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns namr-am-mas na-namr-am-mas 3ns namr-at-tas na-namr-at-tas 2np namr-am-mas na-namr-am-mas 3np namr-at-tas na-namr-at-tas

a-class R-B-D (guard, protect) nonfuture future Animate 1cs rabd-an-na na-rabd-an-na 2fs rabd-am-mu na-rabd-am-mu 2ms rabd-am-mi na-rabd-am-mi 3fs rabd-at-tu na-rabd-at-tu 3ms rabd-at-ti na-rabd-at-ti 1cp rabd-at-ta na-rabd-at-ta 2fp rabd-am-mun na-rabd-am-mun 2mp rabd-am-min na-rabd-am-min 3fp rabd-at-tun na-rabd-at-tun 3mp rabd-at-tin na-rabd-at-tin nonfuture future Inanimate 2ns rabd-am-mas na-rabd-am-mas 3ns rabd-at-tas na-rabd-at-tas 2np rabd-am-mas na-rabd-am-mas 3np rabd-at-tas na-rabd-at-tas

Extensions To the Verb

Causative Voice

u-class T-P-R-Ḫ (speak to) nonfuture future 1cs tapraḫ-na na-tapraḫ-na 2fs tapraḫ-mu na-tapraḫ-mu 2ms tapraḫ-mi na-tapraḫ-mi 3fs tapraḫ-tu na-tapraḫ-tu 3ms tapraḫ-ti na-tapraḫ-ti 1cp tapraḫ-ta na-tapraḫ-ta 2fp tapraḫ-mun na-tapraḫ-mun 2mp tapraḫ-min na-tapraḫ-min 3fp tapraḫ-tun na-tapraḫ-tun 3mp tapraḫ-tin na-tapraḫ-tin

i-class T-N-M-R (spoil, corrupt) nonfuture future 1cs tanmar-na na-tanmar-na 2fs tanmar-mu na-tanmar-mu 2ms tanmar-mi na-tanmar-mi 3fs tanmar-tu na-tanmar-tu 3ms tanmar-ti na-tanmar-ti 1cp tanmar-ta na-tanmar-ta 2fp tanmar-mun na-tanmar-mun 2mp tanmar-min na-tanmar-min 3fp tanmar-tun na-tanmar-tun 3mp tanmar-tin na-tanmar-tin

a-class T-R-B-D (station, employ, assign) nonfuture future 1cs tarbad-na na-tarbad-na 2fs tarbad-mu na-tarbad-mu 2ms tarbad-mi na-tarbad-mi 3fs tarbat-tu na-tarbat-tu 3ms tarbat-ti na-tarbat-ti 1cp tarbat-ta na-tarbat-ta 2fp tarbad-mun na-tarbad-mun 2mp tarbad-min na-tarbad-min 3fp tarbat-tun na-tarbat-tun 3mp tarbat-tin na-tarbat-tin

Applicative Voice

Vrkhazhian as a secundative language

Unlike most languages, Vrkhazhian has a secundative alignment with regards to ditransitive verbs. This means that the recipient of a verb is treated like the patient of a transitive verb rather than the theme.

Below is an example, in the active voice:

Kumma bēdās lêbetukkan.

Ku-mma	bēd-ās	∅-lêb-e-tu-kkan
3fs-nom	book-acc.inan.pl	nfut-have\act-3fs

"She has some books."

In the applicative voice, an oblique (optional) element is promoted to primary object:

Kumma rēbis bēdās lêbebtukkan.

Ku-mma	rēb-is	bēd-ās	∅-lêbeb-tu-kkan
3fs-nom	man-acc.masc.sg	book-acc.inan.pl	nfut-give\appl-3fs

"She gives a man some books."