Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | ''rēb-ili'' || ''rēb-īli''
  | ''rēb-ili'' || ''rēb-īli''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ surğum (chicken)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''surğ-um'' || ''surğ-ūm''
|-
! Accusative
| ''surğ-us'' || ''surğ-ūs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''surğ-un'' || ''surğ-ūn''
|-
! Equative
| ''surğ-uli'' || ''surğ-ūli''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ nātas (night)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| ''nāt-as'' || rowspan="2"| ''nāt-ās''
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Genitive
| ''nāt-aḫ'' || ''nāt-āḫ''
|-
! Equative
| ''nāt-ali'' || ''nāt-āli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ mazûm (sea, saltwater)
  |+ ḫurres (fire, light)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûm''
  | rowspan="2"| ''ḫurr-es'' || rowspan="2"| ''ḫurr-ēs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
| colspan="2" | ''maz-ûs''
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûn''
  | ''ḫurr-eḫ'' || ''ḫurr-ēḫ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûli''
  | ''ḫurr-eli'' || ''ḫurr-ēli''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ kapâs (drinking water)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''kap-âs''
|-
! Accusative
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | ''kap-âḫ''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''kap-âli''
|-
|}
|}
 
{|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ rēbim (man, husband)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''rēb-im'' || ''rēb-īm''
|-
! Accusative
| ''rēb-is'' || ''rēb-īs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''rēb-in'' || ''rēb-īn''
|-
! Equative
| ''rēb-ili'' || ''rēb-īli''
|-
|}
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ezîm (boar)
!
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-îm''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-îs''
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | ''ez-în''
|-
! Equative
| colspan="2" | ''ez-îli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
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  |
  |
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
  |+ ḫurres (fire, light)
  |+ śipês (axe)
  !
  !
  ! Singular !! Plural
  ! Singular !! Plural
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="2"| ''ḫurr-es'' || rowspan="2"| ''ḫurr-ēs''
  | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''śip-ês''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
  |-
  |-
  ! Genitive
  ! Genitive
  | ''ḫurr-eḫ'' || ''ḫurr-ēḫ''
  | colspan="2" | ''śip-êḫ''
  |-
  |-
  ! Equative
  ! Equative
  | ''ḫurr-eli'' || ''ḫurr-ēli''
  | colspan="2" | ''śip-êli''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 18:42, 6 October 2022

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ğanūm (singular ğanum). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, and equative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and inanimate. The assignment of gender to nouns is mostly non-arbitrary and determined by common, though not exhaustive, sets of criteria.

Nouns that are often feminine:

  • female humans, spirits, and deities
  • domesticated/safe animals
  • seemingly animate things like rivers, oceans, and fire
  • names of countries and groups of people

Nouns that are often masculine:

  • male humans, spirits, and deities
  • wild/dangerous animals
  • tools and weapons

Nouns that are often inanimate:

  • still-moving things like trees, mountains, and buildings
  • abstract concepts
  • etc.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The six cases are thus:

  • The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of a verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
  • The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver/target) of a verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil", "John wrote to Mary").
  • The genitive (GEN) case indicates the possessor of another noun ("That is Sam's dog", "That pencil is mine").
  • The equative (EQU) case indicates likeness or equivalence to the marked noun ("these knifelike nails", "they stood tall like kings")
rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs
Genitive rēb-in rēb-īn
Equative rēb-ili rēb-īli
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ez-îm
Accusative ez-îs
Genitive ez-în
Equative ez-îli
ḫurres (fire, light)
Singular Plural
Nominative ḫurr-es ḫurr-ēs
Accusative
Genitive ḫurr-eḫ ḫurr-ēḫ
Equative ḫurr-eli ḫurr-ēli
śipês (axe)
Singular Plural
Nominative śip-ês
Accusative
Genitive śip-êḫ
Equative śip-êli
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surğ-um surğ-ūm
Accusative surğ-us surğ-ūs
Genitive surğ-un surğ-ūn
Equative surğ-uli surğ-ūli
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-ûm
Accusative maz-ûs
Genitive maz-ûn
Equative maz-ûli
nātas (night)
Singular Plural
Nominative nāt-as nāt-ās
Accusative
Genitive nāt-aḫ nāt-āḫ
Equative nāt-ali nāt-āli
kapâs (drinking water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kap-âs
Accusative
Genitive kap-âḫ
Equative kap-âli

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the absolute state, or status absolutus, and the construct state, or status constructus. This form of the noun is marked by the removal of the case endings and a change or removal of the gender-marking vowel. The construct state is used primarily in possessive constructions to mark the head (modified or possessed) noun rather than the dependent (modifying or possessing) noun, but this form is also used in some predicative expressions. This is also the form the noun takes when possessive suffixes are attached. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the absolute state, which is the default state of all nouns.

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ē
Accusative
Genitive rēb-i rēb-ī
Equative rēb-eli rēb-ēli
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ezu ez-ê
Accusative
Genitive ez-î
Equative ez-êli
ḫurres (fire, light)
Singular Plural
Nominative ḫur ḫurr-ē
Accusative
Genitive
Equative ḫurr-eli ḫurr-ēli
śipês (axe)
Singular Plural
Nominative śipi śip-ê
Accusative
Genitive
Equative śip-êli
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative suruğ surğ-ā
Accusative
Genitive surğ-u surğ-ū
Equative surğ-ali surğ-āli
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Accusative
Genitive maz-û
Equative maz-âli
nātas (night)
Singular Plural
Nominative nāt nāt-ā
Accusative
Genitive
Equative nāt-ali nāt-āli
kapâs (drinking water)
Singular Plural
Nominative kapi kap-â
Accusative
Genitive
Equative kap-âli

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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