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===Gold to Yeisu Kasu (3100)===
===Gold (1900) to Play (4100)===
Alternate names: '''Papies; Pre-Proto-Pabappa; Pre-Pabappa; Pabappic Gold'''  
The Play language evolved from the '''Soft Hands''' dialect of Gold, also known as '''Wolf in Wool''', '''Broken Shields''', and perhaps at least one other name.  It drove out the Lazy Palms language and took relatively few loanwords. There were also several other languages spoken in this territory, including one language spoken by Star immigrants, probably a branch of [[Amade]].  
   
Starting phonology:


;Consonants:
Wolf in Wool had not yet evolved its characteristic sound, so the relative scarcity of loanwords was not due to the acoustics of the language, but rather a cultural identification with the new language being imported from overseas. Any loans that were taken in had /e o/ shifting to /ə/ for the entire time period of this language, though /ē ō/ may have been borrowed as /əi əu/ or /ai au/ or either.
  /p b m w t d n s z l č ǯ j k ġ ŋ h g ḳ ʕ/


The permissible final consonants are /k ḳ l n s ʕ/. Syllabic consonants /ṁ ṅ ŋ̇/ do, however, exist. 
#At the end of a syllable, the pharyngeal fricative ''ʕ'' disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.   
 
#Syllable-final ''k ḳ ŋ'' changed to '''kʷ ḳʷ ŋʷ'''.   
Any consonant other than /w/ can be labialized, but only in a syllable onset, meaning that they can be analyzed as clusters of consonant + /w/.  However, this setup ignores the influence of the labialized conosnants ''tʷ dʷ nʷ'', which are much more common than other labialized consonants, and evolve distinctly from them in all branches of the Gold family.
#Feeding on the above change, in compounds, if the final consonant was one of /kʷ ḳʷ/ and the first consonant of the next morpheme was one of the velars ''k ḳ h ŋ'', it also became labiovelar.  Thus for example /kk/ > /kʷkʷ/ or /kʷ:/.  It did not happen for other consonants. Prenasals  did not shift; later, the cluster /ŋʷk/ becomes /mk/, which is pronounced as spelled but later becomes [ŋk], [mpt], etc depending on dialect.
#In initial position, the labialized coronals ''tʷ dʷ nʷ'' shifted to '''t d n'''. Elsewhere, even in clusters, they decoupled to the sequences ''tu du nu''.
#At the end of a syllable, ''/ʕ/'' disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.   
#Syllable-final ''k ḳ ŋ'' changed to '''kʷ ḳʷ ŋʷ'''.  A few compound words in which the second element began with a vowel or a suppressed consonant split into doublets depending on whether the free (labiovelar) or bound (plain velar) version of the morpheme was generalized in the compound.  
#The bilabial approximant ''w'' changed to '''v''' (in internal reconstructions, also spelled "β") before a vowel.   
#The bilabial approximant ''w'' changed to '''v''' (in internal reconstructions, also spelled "β") before a vowel.   
#Then ''l lʷ'' both became '''w''' (not */v/) in all positions although it retained a rhotic allophone.   
#Then ''l lʷ'' both became '''w''' (not */v/) in all positions although it retained a rhotic allophone.  The distinction between this new /w/ sound and the one that had just changed to /v/ is important later on, as it keeps sequences like /ʕl/ from being corrupted to /ʕʷ~gʷ/ and then on to /v/, /b/, and /p/. Rather, /l/ stays as /w/.
#The  labiovelar consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ ġʷ hʷ gʷ'' became '''p ṗ b f v''' unconditionally.  
#:Notably, the sequence ''sl'' (which was pronounced as IPA [hl] or for some speakers [ɬ]) shifted here to '''sw''', and did not become */hʷ/ or */f/.  That is, it behaved as    the sequence that it was morphologically, instead of sliding with the phonetics into a new single consonant.
#Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was ''i'' or ''u'' became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants.  Thus ''bua'' became '''bʷa''', ''bia'' became '''bʲa''', and so on. ''ñ'' was assimilated as '''nʲ'''.
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS'': [[Macro-Pabap_languages#Gold_.281900.29_to_Proto-Highland_Poswob_.282668.29|Proto-Highland Poswa]] breaks off here.   
#Stressed syllabic nasals were opened to sequences containing a schwa.  
#The  labiovelar consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ   hʷ gʷ'' became '''p ṗ   f v''' unconditionally. This includes sequences like /kʷl/, despite the precedent set by /sl/ above, because in this case, /kʷl/ was already [kʷ] at the surface level in the proto-language.
#The voiced labialized stops ''  dʷ ǯʷ ġʷ'' changed to '''b''' between vowels. 
#Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was ''i'' or ''u'' became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants.  Thus ''pua'' became '''pʷa''', ''pia'' became '''pʲa''', and so on.
#The voiced palatalized stops ''  dʲ ǯʲ ġʲ'' changed to '''ǯ''' between vowels. 
#Stressed syllabic nasals were opened to sequences containing a schwa.    
#The voiced stops ''b d ǯ ġ''(including ones created by the previous two rules) changed to '''v ð ž g''' between vowels.  This change also caused the voiced labialized stops ''dʕʷ ġʷ'' to merge into '''ðʷ gʷ'''.
#The voiced fricative ''g'' assimilated to a neighboring glide /j/ or /w/, thus creating sequences of /jj/ and /ww/. The shift thus was ''gj jg gw wg'' > '''jj jj ww ww'''. This includes ''g'' after /ī/ and /ū/.
#The voiced aspirated stops ''  dʰ ǯʰ ġʰ'' (structurually [h] + consonant, plus sandhi) changed to '''  þ š x''' between vowels.
#The voiced fricatives ''d dh    g'' became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding).
#The clusters ''gj jg'' (where [j] is an allophone of /i/) changed to '''jj''' unconditionally. This new cluster sometimes became resyllabified into /ī/, but usually did not.  (Because these clusters by definition could only occur between two vowels, the new /jj/ cluster was treated like an ordinary consonant cluster.  However, /gj/ and /jg/ had sometimes occurred at word boundaries.) 
#:When I wrote this, there was no /ž/ in the language at this stage, and so it is possible that ''ž'' also shifts to '''Ø'''.  
#The voiced fricatives ''ð z g'' became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding).    
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS:'' This time period is around 3100 AD, near the beginning of the "Time of Happiness" ('''Yeisu Kasu''': 3138 - 3302 AD).  The branches of the language that fork off from mainline Bābākiam in 3138 all die out, and therefore all of their names in the history are written in Babakiam, but they could be revived as minor local languages, and there would be quite a lot of them.  
#''vʷ ðʷ gʷ'' all changed to '''w'''.
#A voiced consonant in a cluster after   /p/ or /s/ changed briefly to '''ʕ''' and then disappeared.  
#''žʲ'' became '''ž'''.  
#:This shift is responsible for important consequences in verb morphology in Poswa more than 5000 years later. Note that the inherited clusters ''gh hg'' had been merged as '''h''' already in Gold; /hg/ was morphologically equivalent to /sg/, which explains why /sg/ shows up in Play as '''š''' instead of ''s'' like the others.  Lastly, this shift explains why the Play toponym ''Fanašasa'' corresponds to Leaper ''Xʷanaxanta''.
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS:'' This time period is around 3100 AD, near the beginning of the "Era of Happiness" ('''Yeisu Kasu''': 3138 - 3302 AD).  The branches of the language that fork off from mainline Bābākiam in 3138 all die out, and therefore all of their names in the history are written in Babakiam, but they could be revived as minor local languages, and there would be quite a lot of them.  
#The voiced fricatives ''v z ž g'' changed to '''b d ǯ ġ''' before a high tone.  Unlike other languages, Play considered the long vowels to be high tones here.
#A voiced consonant in a cluster after a voiceless consonant (nearly always /p/ or /s/) disappeared. (This shift is responsible for important consequences in verb morphology in Poswa more than 5000 years later.) It was briefly /ʕ/.
#:This is how Play does /g/ > /k/ even though /g/ was a fricative. Note however that in hypothetical words like /vuau/, where a /d/ dropped out, the initial /v/ was part of a separate syllable,  not stressed, and so did not shift to /b/.
#The voiced fricatives ''v z ž g'' changed to '''b d ǯ ġ''' before a high tone.
#The post-velar fricative consonants ''ħ ʕ'', which had been developing labial compression, changed unconditionally to '''f v'''.   
#The post-velar fricative consonants ''ħ ʕ'', which had been developing labial compression, changed unconditionally to '''f v'''.   
#The velar fricatives ''h g'' were fronted to '''š ž''' unconditionally.  ''šʲ žʲ'' became '''š ž'''.
#The velar fricatives ''h g'' were fronted to '''š ž''' unconditionally.  ''šʲ žʲ'' became '''š ž'''.  This includes the /čʲ/ sequence, which had long ago become [šʲ] but was maintained in spelling because of its importantly distinct grammatical behavior.
#:Importantly, this shift included conditions in hiatus ("holes" in Play terminology), so that ''čiva'' became '''čua'''.
#The labialized voiced stops ''bʷ dʷ ǯʷ ġʷ'' changed to '''b'''.   
#The labialized voiced stops ''bʷ dʷ ǯʷ ġʷ'' changed to '''b'''.   
#The palatalized voiced stops ''bʲ dʲ ǯʲ ġʲ'' changed to '''ǯ'''.
#The palatalized voiced stops ''bʲ dʲ ǯʲ ġʲ'' changed to '''ǯ'''.
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#The voiced stops ''d ǯ ġ'' (now found only in clusters) changed to '''n nʲ ŋ''' unconditionally.
#The voiced stops ''d ǯ ġ'' (now found only in clusters) changed to '''n nʲ ŋ''' unconditionally.
#Remaining ''v'' changed to '''b'''.  
#Remaining ''v'' changed to '''b'''.  
#Remaining ''z'' changed to '''s'''.  
#Remaining ''z'' changed to '''s'''.
#The postalveolar affricate ''č'' was softened to '''š''' unconditionally.
#Newly created vowel sequences beginning with ''i'' or ''u'' collapsed into rising diphthongs, thus creating a new series of palatalized and labialized consonants.   
#Newly created vowel sequences beginning with ''i'' or ''u'' collapsed into rising diphthongs, thus creating a new series of palatalized and labialized consonants.   
#:This same shift happened twice but many words missed by the first  change were captured by this change.  Note, however, that the reflex of /buya/ is still /buya/; it did not become /bʷia/ and then /bia/.
#The labialized consonants ''bʷ žʷ'' changed to '''b''' unconditionally. (Despite the fact that a nearly identical sound change had occurred only shortly before this one, this rule was very common in verb forms that were created by the shift of /bua/ > /bʷa/ > /ba/, and likewise for other vowels.)
#The labialized consonants ''bʷ žʷ'' changed to '''b''' unconditionally. (Despite the fact that a nearly identical sound change had occurred only shortly before this one, this rule was very common in verb forms that were created by the shift of /bua/ > /bʷa/ > /ba/, and likewise for other vowels.)
#The palatalized consonants ''bʲ žʲ'' changed to '''ž''' unconditionally.  (The above shift also applies here; many verbs underwent a shift of /bia/ > /bʲa/ > /ža/.)
#The palatalized consonants ''bʲ žʲ'' changed to '''ž''' unconditionally.  (The above shift also applies here; many verbs underwent a shift of /bia/ > /bʲa/ > /ža/.) This shift did not apply to words such as '''bivu''', from earlier /buivu/, because the /i/ in this word was not [ʲ] but still a true /i/.
#A schwa ''ə'' in a word in which the following syllable had /a/ changed also to '''a'''.  Note that this is the only vowel change in the entire history of the language going back 3500 years, even before the Gold language, except for a few diphthongizations such as /ua/ > /wa/.  However, the vowel system became very unstable in the succeeding period as the language developed into Poswa and Pabappa.
#A schwa ''ə'' in a word in which the following syllable had /a/ changed also to '''a'''.  Note that this is the only vowel change in the entire history of the language going back 3500 years, even before the Gold language, except for a few diphthongizations such as /ua/ > /wa/.  However, the vowel system became very unstable in the succeeding period as the language developed into Poswa and Pabappa.
#The stress was shifted to the first syllable in all words.  
#The stress was shifted to the first syllable in all words.
 
 
<noinclude>
====Yeisu Kasu (3100) to Mevumep (4100)====
Spoken in [[Mevumep]]. 
 
 
<br>Thus the language now had the consonants
 
Labials:        /p ṗ b m f β w/
Dentals:        /þ/
Alveolars:      /t d n s z/
Postalveolars:  /č ǯ ž/
Palatals:      /j/
Velars:        /k ḳ ġ ŋ h g/
Pharyngeals:    /ħ ʕ/
 
Voiced stops had an odd distribution, occuring almost entirely in word-initial position.  Word-internally, the contrast was not between voiced and voiceless stops but between single and double voiceless ones.  These two contrasts were not related to each other, but loans from Babakiam into CV languages often treated the single voiceless stops as voiced stops in intervocalic position.   
 
There may have also been a marginal /š/ and /x/.
 
#Inherited schwa comes to be spelled '''ə'''. (A spelling change to distinguish it from IPA /e/).
#The inherited voiced spread bilabial fricative ''β'' shifted to '''v'''. 
#The voiceless ejective stops ''ṗ ḳ'' became plain voiced stops '''b ġ''' between vowels or after a nasal.  The voiced velar stop /ġ/ was not contrastive with the voiced velar fricative /g/, however, because they occurred in complementary environments.  Therefore, in some word roots, they merged.
#Vowel sequences collapse: ''ài àu'' became '''ē ō''', and ''əi əu'' become '''ī ū'''.  Likewise, ''ăi ău'' became '''ĕ ŏ'''; there was no fourth set because all diphthongs containing schwa had been moved to the low tone during the changes of the parent language.  The sequences ''ăa əa'' shift to '''ă'''.
#:This relies on the idea that a short rising tone is likely to become low, and a short falling tone is likely to become high.
#Further collapse: ''àə ìə ùə əə'' shifted to '''ā ī ū ə̄'''. (Nasal?)   
#The voiceless fricatives ''f þ s h ħ'' became '''v d z g Ø''' between vowels. This also removes ''ʕ''.
#The clusters ''sf ss sh'' became the single consonants '''f s h'''. (Note the lack of */sþ/ and */sħ/ inherited from the parent language.)
#The voiced fricative ''g'' became '''v''' adjacent to a labial vowel in either direction.
#The voiced fricatives ''d z g'' became '''ž''' adjacent to a palatal vowel in either direction.
#The voiced stops ''d ġ'' became the approximants '''r g''' unconditionally (not just intervocalically). 
#The voiceless stops ''p t č k'' became the voiced stops '''b d ǯ ġ''' intervocalically.  This shift was ignored in compounds because the only compounds in which it could occur were those which also had a grammatical alternant form with a doubled stop, which did not undergo the shift.
#The voiceless ejective stop ''ṗ'' became '''p''' before another stop.
#The clusters ''pp pt ps pk'' changed to '''p t c k''' unconditionally. These could not occur after a breve tone.
#The voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared between vowels.
#The clusters ''mb nd ŋġ'' became '''mm nn ŋŋ'''.
#The voiced velar stops ''ǯ ġ'' became '''ž g''' unconditionally.  /d/ was also a fricative in some environments, but this was not a phonemic contrast.
#The clusters ''mp nt nč ŋk'' became '''mb nd nǯ ŋg'''. 
#The voiceless fricative ''s'' disappeared before any stop or nasal.
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 14:49, 5 October 2022

Gold (1900) to Play (4100)

The Play language evolved from the Soft Hands dialect of Gold, also known as Wolf in Wool, Broken Shields, and perhaps at least one other name. It drove out the Lazy Palms language and took relatively few loanwords. There were also several other languages spoken in this territory, including one language spoken by Star immigrants, probably a branch of Amade.

Wolf in Wool had not yet evolved its characteristic sound, so the relative scarcity of loanwords was not due to the acoustics of the language, but rather a cultural identification with the new language being imported from overseas. Any loans that were taken in had /e o/ shifting to /ə/ for the entire time period of this language, though /ē ō/ may have been borrowed as /əi əu/ or /ai au/ or either.

  1. At the end of a syllable, the pharyngeal fricative ʕ disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.
  2. Syllable-final k ḳ ŋ changed to kʷ ḳʷ ŋʷ.
  3. Feeding on the above change, in compounds, if the final consonant was one of /kʷ ḳʷ/ and the first consonant of the next morpheme was one of the velars k ḳ h ŋ, it also became labiovelar. Thus for example /kk/ > /kʷkʷ/ or /kʷ:/. It did not happen for other consonants. Prenasals did not shift; later, the cluster /ŋʷk/ becomes /mk/, which is pronounced as spelled but later becomes [ŋk], [mpt], etc depending on dialect.
  4. In initial position, the labialized coronals tʷ dʷ nʷ shifted to t d n. Elsewhere, even in clusters, they decoupled to the sequences tu du nu.
  5. The bilabial approximant w changed to v (in internal reconstructions, also spelled "β") before a vowel.
  6. Then l lʷ both became w (not */v/) in all positions although it retained a rhotic allophone. The distinction between this new /w/ sound and the one that had just changed to /v/ is important later on, as it keeps sequences like /ʕl/ from being corrupted to /ʕʷ~gʷ/ and then on to /v/, /b/, and /p/. Rather, /l/ stays as /w/.
    Notably, the sequence sl (which was pronounced as IPA [hl] or for some speakers [ɬ]) shifted here to sw, and did not become */hʷ/ or */f/. That is, it behaved as the sequence that it was morphologically, instead of sliding with the phonetics into a new single consonant.
    NOTE ON POLITICS: Proto-Highland Poswa breaks off here.
  7. The labiovelar consonants kʷ ḳʷ hʷ gʷ became p ṗ f v unconditionally. This includes sequences like /kʷl/, despite the precedent set by /sl/ above, because in this case, /kʷl/ was already [kʷ] at the surface level in the proto-language.
  8. Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was i or u became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants. Thus pua became pʷa, pia became pʲa, and so on.
  9. Stressed syllabic nasals were opened to sequences containing a schwa.
  10. The voiced fricative g assimilated to a neighboring glide /j/ or /w/, thus creating sequences of /jj/ and /ww/. The shift thus was gj jg gw wg > jj jj ww ww. This includes g after /ī/ and /ū/.
  11. The voiced fricatives d dh g became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding).
    When I wrote this, there was no /ž/ in the language at this stage, and so it is possible that ž also shifts to Ø.
    NOTE ON POLITICS: This time period is around 3100 AD, near the beginning of the "Time of Happiness" (Yeisu Kasu: 3138 - 3302 AD). The branches of the language that fork off from mainline Bābākiam in 3138 all die out, and therefore all of their names in the history are written in Babakiam, but they could be revived as minor local languages, and there would be quite a lot of them.
  12. A voiced consonant in a cluster after /p/ or /s/ changed briefly to ʕ and then disappeared.
    This shift is responsible for important consequences in verb morphology in Poswa more than 5000 years later. Note that the inherited clusters gh hg had been merged as h already in Gold; /hg/ was morphologically equivalent to /sg/, which explains why /sg/ shows up in Play as š instead of s like the others. Lastly, this shift explains why the Play toponym Fanašasa corresponds to Leaper Xʷanaxanta.
  13. The voiced fricatives v z ž g changed to b d ǯ ġ before a high tone. Unlike other languages, Play considered the long vowels to be high tones here.
    This is how Play does /g/ > /k/ even though /g/ was a fricative. Note however that in hypothetical words like /vuau/, where a /d/ dropped out, the initial /v/ was part of a separate syllable, not stressed, and so did not shift to /b/.
  14. The post-velar fricative consonants ħ ʕ, which had been developing labial compression, changed unconditionally to f v.
  15. The velar fricatives h g were fronted to š ž unconditionally. šʲ žʲ became š ž. This includes the /čʲ/ sequence, which had long ago become [šʲ] but was maintained in spelling because of its importantly distinct grammatical behavior.
    Importantly, this shift included conditions in hiatus ("holes" in Play terminology), so that čiva became čua.
  16. The labialized voiced stops bʷ dʷ ǯʷ ġʷ changed to b.
  17. The palatalized voiced stops bʲ dʲ ǯʲ ġʲ changed to ǯ.
  18. Any remaining voiced stops b d ǯ ġ changed unconditionally to p t č k (except when in clusters).
  19. The voiced fricative žʷ changed to v.
  20. Tones were eliminated. However the stress accent (nouns on the penultimate syllable, verbs on the ultimate) remained and became regularized.
  21. The voiced stops d ǯ ġ (now found only in clusters) changed to n nʲ ŋ unconditionally.
  22. Remaining v changed to b.
  23. Remaining z changed to s.
  24. Newly created vowel sequences beginning with i or u collapsed into rising diphthongs, thus creating a new series of palatalized and labialized consonants.
    This same shift happened twice but many words missed by the first change were captured by this change. Note, however, that the reflex of /buya/ is still /buya/; it did not become /bʷia/ and then /bia/.
  25. The labialized consonants bʷ žʷ changed to b unconditionally. (Despite the fact that a nearly identical sound change had occurred only shortly before this one, this rule was very common in verb forms that were created by the shift of /bua/ > /bʷa/ > /ba/, and likewise for other vowels.)
  26. The palatalized consonants bʲ žʲ changed to ž unconditionally. (The above shift also applies here; many verbs underwent a shift of /bia/ > /bʲa/ > /ža/.) This shift did not apply to words such as bivu, from earlier /buivu/, because the /i/ in this word was not [ʲ] but still a true /i/.
  27. A schwa ə in a word in which the following syllable had /a/ changed also to a. Note that this is the only vowel change in the entire history of the language going back 3500 years, even before the Gold language, except for a few diphthongizations such as /ua/ > /wa/. However, the vowel system became very unstable in the succeeding period as the language developed into Poswa and Pabappa.
  28. The stress was shifted to the first syllable in all words.
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